Regional development is a key strategy for enhancing community welfare. However, the dynamics of growth in each region are shaped by distinct characteristics of rural and urban areas. Rural areas face unique challenges in adapting to changing times, given their economic structures are largely dominated by agriculture and limited infrastructure. In contrast, cities tend to have more diversified economies, supported by industry, services, and better access to education and technology. The socio-economic disparities between rural and urban areas pose a significant challenge in regional development. The quality of life for communities in both regions is often affected by disparities in income, healthcare, education, and employment opportunities. Ongoing modernization and urbanization lead to transformations in social and economic structures in cities and rural areas. A comparative socio-economic analysis of rural and urban areas can provide valuable insights into how these differences impact regional development strategies. This study can also inform policies aimed at achieving balanced development between rural and urban areas, thereby promoting more equitable distribution of community welfare

Political economic analysis in handling economic inequality in Indonesia reveals that although the Gini Ratio shows a decline, economic inequality remains a serious issue. Inequality is seen from the uneven distribution of income, access to education, and economic opportunities. The purpose of this study is to analyze the role of political economy in handling economic inequality and to open up policies that have been implemented in Indonesia. The research method used is qualitative research with a descriptive analytical approach. The government has launched various policies such as social assistance and infrastructure development, but implementation challenges such as resources, corruption, and lack of coordination between institutions still hamper the effectiveness of these policies.

Purpose of the Study :This study aims to explore the challenges of multiculturalism in Indonesia within the context of citizenship and the recognition of local cultures. It focuses on how cultural diversity can be managed to form an inclusive national identity and address issues such as marginalization, homogenization, and ethnic conflicts. Methodology : The research employs a literature review and qualitative analysis of primary and secondary sources. Data was gathered through a review of existing literature, interviews with community leaders, and observation of public policies related to multiculturalism in Indonesia. Findings : The study reveals that marginalization of local cultures and homogenization due to globalization are major challenges. Conflicts between ethnic groups have also increased due to tensions related to cultural and economic differences. Current public policies do not fully reflect the country's cultural diversity. Conclusion : To address these challenges, it is necessary to strengthen multicultural education, preserve local cultures, and foster intercultural dialogue. Effective management of globalization's impact is also crucial to maintaining cultural diversity. With these measures, Indonesia can build an inclusive and harmonious national identity while reinforcing social cohesion.

Kebijakan publik merupakan keputusan strategis pemerintah yang dapat dipengaruhi oleh berbagai aktor melalui proses advokasi. Advokasi kebijakan menjadi sarana penting untuk mendorong perubahan sosial yang adil dan inklusif. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengkaji secara teoritis dan praktis peran aktor, tujuan, langkah, dan media dalam advokasi kebijakan publik. Metode yang digunakan adalah studi pustaka, dengan menganalisis literatur relevan guna memahami dinamika strategi advokasi. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa advokasi adalah tindakan terstruktur untuk memengaruhi kebijakan melalui strategi komunikasi, mobilisasi publik, hingga kerja sama dengan pemangku kepentingan. Keberhasilan advokasi ditentukan oleh kejelasan tujuan, pemanfaatan data, strategi komunikasi efektif, dan kolaborasi antar aktor. Media, baik konvensional maupun digital, memainkan peran penting dalam menyuarakan isu dan membangun dukungan publik. Diskusi menekankan pentingnya pendekatan sistematis, taktis, dan strategis dalam menghadapi kompleksitas sosial dan perkembangan teknologi. Kesimpulannya, integrasi empat elemen utama dalam advokasi menjadi kunci untuk mewujudkan kebijakan publik yang responsif dan demokratis.

Personal data protection has become an urgent legal issue in the digital era, especially with the increasing risks of data misuse. This study aims to analyze and compare the legal frameworks of Indonesia's Personal Data Protection Law No. 27 of 2022 and the United Kingdom's Data Protection Act 2018 in protecting the rights of data subjects. Using a normative juridical method with a comparative legal approach, this study examines key principles, enforcement mechanisms, and institutional structures in both legal systems. The research finds that while both laws emphasize individual data rights and accountability, the UK has a more established institutional framework (ICO) compared to Indonesia, which still lacks an independent supervisory authority. The novelty of this research lies in offering bilateral legal harmonization insights and adaptation strategies for Indonesia to meet international standards like GDPR while maintaining cultural and institutional relevance. The study concludes that Indonesia must strengthen its legal institutions and adopt a phased approach to regulatory convergence through establishing an independent data protection authority, capacity building, public legal awareness programs, and regional cooperation frameworks. It recommends a gradual harmonization roadmap starting from ASEAN PDP Framework implementation to eventual GDPR-style reforms to improve data protection effectiveness in the digital age.

This research aims to analyze digital bank customer protection regarding cases of fund losses in accounts based on Indonesian positive law, examining the legal framework governing consumer protection in digital banking services. The urgency of this study stems from the rapid advancement of information technology in the banking sector, which is creating new challenges and cases, including instances of customer fund losses from accounts through system failures and cyber attacks. This research employs a qualitative approach with an empirical normative design, analyzing legal provisions, regulations, and their practical implementation in protecting digital bank customers. The findings reveal that digital banks are specifically regulated in POJK No. 12/POJK.03/2021 and must apply consumer protection principles according to POJK No. 6/POJK.07/2022, including transparency, fair treatment, reliability, confidentiality, and data security. The study demonstrates that fund losses due to system failures or hacking constitute violations of electronic system reliability and security principles as regulated in the ITE Law, with consumer protection guaranteed by Law No. 8 of 1999 and Law No. 10 of 1998 on Banking. This research contributes new insights into the intersection of digital banking regulation and consumer protection law, revealing gaps in current enforcement mechanisms, particularly regarding third-party cyber crimes, and proposes enhanced protective measures for Indonesia's growing digital banking sector. This study recommends strengthening regulatory enforcement mechanisms, expanding bank liability frameworks for external cyber crimes, and enhancing cybersecurity infrastructure to ensure comprehensive customer protection in digital banking.

This study aims to analyze defaults in cooperation agreements and examine the rights and obligations of the parties in dispute resolution. The urgency of this research arises from the increasing occurrence of defaults in cooperation agreements, which have significant legal and economic consequences for business relationships and economic stability. Using a normative juridical approach, the research examines provisions of the Indonesian Civil Code and relevant legal doctrines, focusing on dispute resolution mechanisms through litigation and alternative methods. Primary legal sources include the Civil Code (KUHPerdata), Law No. 30/1999 on Arbitration, and Supreme Court regulations, while secondary sources comprise legal journals and court decisions. The findings show that default in cooperation agreements results in legal consequences such as compensation, agreement termination, and performance enforcement. Several procedural conditions must be met, including the seriousness of the breach and timely legal action. The study provides a novel contribution by combining normative legal analysis with practical considerations in resolving contractual disputes within the Indonesian legal framework. It concludes that cooperation agreements must clearly define mutual obligations and dispute resolution procedures to ensure legal certainty and fairness. The research recommends that parties include specific clauses addressing default and adopt alternative dispute resolution mechanisms to reduce litigation and maintain business relationships.

High employee turnover intention can be a big problem for several company. Recruiting replacements for employees who want to resign can be costly. The purpose of this study is to identify the effect of Servant Leadership on Perceived Organizational Support, Job Embeddedness, Job Satisfaction and Turnover Intention, the effect of Perceived Organizational Support, Job Embeddedness, Job Satisfaction on Turnover Intention with the moderating role of Perceived Supervisor Support. This research was conducted using purposive sampling method involving 225 respondents. Data were analyzed using the Structural Equation Model (SEM) with SmartPLS 4. The findings in this study are in the moderating effect of Perceived Supervisor Support strengthening the relationship of Job Embeddedness on Turnover Intention. Meanwhile, the other moderating variables have no effect on Turnover Intention. Managerial implications contained in this study for workers in companies and researchers by applying Servant Leadership in companies, increasing Perceived Organizational Support, increasing Job Embeddedness, increasing Job Satisfaction in order to reduce the level of Turnover Intention.

Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) play a crucial role in supporting the national economy, particularly in the fisheries sector. This study was conducted through a direct interview with a fish farming MSME, GG Sawah Farm, managed by Legiono. The purpose was to explore the dynamics of catfish and pangasius farming businesses, including business history, capital needs, marketing strategies, and the challenges faced. The findings reveal that despite its promising economic potential, the business encounters various obstacles such as feed costs, seed availability, and climate changes. However, through innovations such as the use of alternative feed, social media marketing, and product diversification into the frozen food sector, the enterprise has managed to survive and grow. This study recommends improving production efficiency, increasing financial support, and encouraging collaboration with stakeholders to enhance the sustainability and development of small-scale fish farming businesses in Indonesia.

The research aims to analyze the concept of social work punishment based on the National Criminal Code (KUHP) and formulate an ideal model for its implementation from the perspective of criminal law reform policy. The research background originates from the conditions of correctional institutions experiencing overcrowding and over-capacity, coupled with negative societal stigmatization towards convicts, which demonstrates the continued dominance of an absolute and retributive punishment paradigm. The research urgency lies in the necessity of an in-depth study of social work punishment as one of the new legal instruments in the National Criminal Code that prioritizes restorative and rehabilitative values. The research methodology employs a normative juridical approach with descriptive specifications, conducted through a literature study and qualitative analysis of primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials. The research novelty focuses on a comprehensive examination of social work punishment within the context of Indonesian criminal law reform. The research findings indicate that social work punishment in the National Criminal Code represents a penalization aimed at restorative and rehabilitative objectives, signifying a paradigm shift in punishment goals, with its ideal implementation model being a product of criminal legal politics that utilizes a rational approach to achieve social order and community welfare in accordance with the procedural mechanism outlined in Article 85 of the National Criminal Code.
 
Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menganalisis konsep pidana kerja sosial berdasarkan KUHP Nasional dan merumuskan model ideal penerapannya dalam perspektif kebijakan pembaruan hukum pidana. Latar belakang penelitian bermula dari kondisi lembaga pemasyarakatan yang mengalami overcrowding dan overcapacity, serta stigmatisasi negatif masyarakat terhadap terpidana, yang menunjukkan masih dominannya paradigma pemidanaan bersifat absolut dan sekadar pembalasan. Urgensi penelitian terletak pada perlunya kajian mendalam tentang pidana kerja sosial sebagai salah satu instrumen hukum baru dalam KUHP Nasional yang mengedepankan nilai restoratif dan rehabilitatif. Metode penelitian menggunakan pendekatan yuridis normatif dengan spesifikasi deskriptif, melalui studi kepustakaan dan analisis kualitatif terhadap bahan hukum primer, sekunder, dan tersier. Kebaharuan penelitian fokus pada kajian komprehensif pidana kerja sosial dalam konteks pembaruan hukum pidana Indonesia. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pidana kerja sosial dalam KUHP Nasional merupakan pemidanaan bertujuan restoratif dan rehabilitatif, yang menandakan pergeseran paradigma tujuan pemidanaan, dengan model ideal penerapannya merupakan produk politik hukum pidana yang menggunakan pendekatan rasional untuk mencapai ketertiban dan kesejahteraan masyarakat sesuai mekanisme prosedural Pasal 85 KUHP Nasional.