Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a significant healthcare-associated pathogen, capable of spreading through contaminated aerosols generated by medical equipment such as nebulizers. The increasing prevalence of MRSA infections, coupled with challenges in effective disinfection, highlights the urgency of identifying optimal disinfection methods. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of chlorhexidine in reducing MRSA contamination in nebulizer equipment, focusing on determining the optimal concentration for disinfecting nebulizers to minimize airborne transmission. This study employed an in vitro experimental design. The study population consisted of MRSA isolates obtained from clinical sputum specimens. The samples included nebulizer equipment inoculated with MRSA suspensions standardized to 10⁷ CFU/mL. Disinfection was carried out using chlorhexidine at concentrations of 2.5%, 4%, and 5%, each diluted in 70% alcohol. Control groups were rinsed with sterile saline and 70% alcohol. Post-disinfection, the nebulizer surfaces were swabbed and cultured on Mueller-Hinton agar to quantify colony-forming units (CFUs). Data were analyzed using paired t-tests and one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post-hoc test, with a significance level set at p 0.05. The results show that chlorhexidine 2.5% reduced bacterial counts to an average of 1 CFU/plate, and 4% chlorhexidine reduced it to 49 CFU/plate. Chlorhexidine 5% resulted in an average of 1,430.6625 CFU/plate. Statistical analysis revealed significant reductions with 2.5% and 4% chlorhexidine compared to controls (p0.01), whereas 5% Chlorhexidine did not show a significant difference. These findings suggest that lower concentrations of chlorhexidine may be sufficient for effective disinfection in nebulizer equipment, addressing the risk of MRSA spread through airborne particles.

Digital transformation in health education opens up innovative opportunities to improve clean and healthy living behavior skills in the adolescent population. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of education through digital media in improving clean and healthy living behavior skills in guidance studio students in Malaysia. The research method uses a mixed-method approach with a participatory action research design that integrates cooperative learning as the main strategy. The subjects of the study involved 32 students of Sanggar Bimbingan Kampung Pandan Malaysia consisting of 18 male students and 14 female students with an age range of 12-16 years. The intervention was carried out for 12 weeks using the "PHBS Digital Learning" application platform that integrates interactive multimedia features, quizzes, virtual simulations, and group discussion forums. Data collection was carried out through validated pre-test and post-test instruments with a Cronbach's Alpha reliability of 0.847. The results showed a significant increase in the composite knowledge score of 56.0% with a very large effect size (Cohen's d = 4.22), while practical skills increased by an average of 63.2% across all indicators. The digital platform facilitated 847 discussion posts with high engagement levels, reaching an average usage duration of 47.3 minutes per session. The transformation of student attitudes experienced a substantial increase from an average score of 2.3 to 4.2 on a scale of 1-5, with behavioral sustainability maintained by up to 78.1% of students in the follow-up evaluation. This study proves that digital media has high effectiveness in improving clean and healthy living behavior skills through the integration of cooperative learning and digital technology that creates a comprehensive and sustainable learning ecosystem.

Market monopoly is an economic phenomenon that can have an impact on business competition and public welfare. In Islam, monopoly has certain limitations in accordance with the principles of justice and social welfare. This study aims to analyze Ahmad bin Hanbal's thoughts on market monopoly and examine contemporary cases in Indonesia, namely the 2023 cooking oil monopoly. Using qualitative research methods based on literature studies, this article explores Ahmad bin Hanbal's views on market mechanisms in Islam and how its principles can be applied in the context of a modern economy. The results of the study show that Ahmad bin Hanbal rejects monopolistic practices that are detrimental to society and hinder healthy business competition. A study of the cases of non-subsidized cooking oil in Indonesia shows that the monopolistic practices that occur are contrary to the values of Islamic economic justice. Therefore, stricter regulations and policies oriented towards public welfare are solutions that need to be considered by stakeholders.

This study aims to evaluate the application of restorative justice (RJ) in reducing recidivism in Indonesia, focusing on its effectiveness, implementation challenges, and potential development in the adult criminal justice system. The method used was a qualitative approach with interviews with judges, prosecutors, and mediators at the Bogor District Court as well as case studies of RJ implementation. The results show that although restorative justice (RJ) offers a more rehabilitative solution compared to conventional approaches, its application in Indonesia is still limited by a lack of understanding of legal officers, social resistance, and limited resources. For example, while in New Zealand the recidivism rate of RJ participants is only 17%, in Indonesia, barriers such as lack of mediator training and limited mediation facilities reduce the effectiveness of the program. This study concludes that the implementation of restorative justice (RJ) can reduce recidivism if followed by increased resource capacity, training of legal officers, and community support. The contribution of this research to science is to provide insights into the implementation of RJ in the Indonesian context, as well as suggest measures to overcome the challenges, in order to improve a more rehabilitative criminal justice system.

This research aims to explore the potential implementation of restorative justice in the resolution of press offense disputes in Indonesia, with a focus on Law No. 40/1999 on the Press. The urgency of this research arises from the need to reduce the burden on the increasingly heavy judicial system and increase the effectiveness of media dispute resolution. In this context, restorative justice can be a more humane and efficient alternative to conventional litigation approaches. The scope of the problem includes the lack of regulations supporting restorative mechanisms in the Press Law, as well as practical challenges in implementing mediation in Indonesia. The main findings show that restorative justice can help restore social relations between the parties involved, in a more constructive way, rather than simply imposing punishment. The novelty of this research lies in identifying the potential application of restorative justice in the context of press disputes, as well as the role of the Press Council as a mediator in dispute resolution mechanisms. The method used in this research is legal analysis and comparison of legal systems in other countries, as well as a study of restorative justice theory and its application in press disputes in Indonesia.

Education is an essential component in an individual’s life which plays a role in providing self-development, determining the future, and forming national identity. In the educational process, reading skills are an important aspect because reading is the key to gaining knowledge. A high interest in reading will encourage students to learn independently and broaden their horizons. However, interest in reading is often influenced by internal factors such as understanding the benefits of reading, and external factors such as the social environment and the availability of learning media.  Games Book-based learning media is one solution to increase students’ reading interest. This media combines game elements with learning, creating an interactive and fun learning atmosphere. Games Books are also able to stimulate creativity, increase learning motivation, and support collaborative learning. In its implementation, this media is designed to attract students’ attention with educational games such as mazes, puzzles, puzzles and other games. As a result, the use of this media has proven to be effective in increasing students’ reading interest. This research aims to explore the potential of using Games Books in increasing students’ reading interest, especially at the elementary school level. With a creative educational approach, it is hoped that this media can make a positive contribution to the learning process, support the achievement of educational goals, and create meaningful learning experiences.
 

This study aims to examine the role of family environment in motivating elementary school students to learn. Family education is the initial foundation in the formation of learning motivation that contributes greatly to students' academic success. The research method used is qualitative with data collection techniques through observation, interviews, and documentation. The results showed that a harmonious family environment, parental attention, and providing motivation consistently had a significant effect on increasing students' learning motivation. Factors such as managing study time, monitoring academic progress, and developing children's personalities are important aspects in supporting learning. We conclude that parents' active involvement in creating a conducive learning atmosphere and providing internal and external motivation can improve students' learning success. The findings are expected to enrich insights into the importance of the family's role in students' education.
 

This study aims to analyze the role of technology-based learning media in increasing the reading interest of elementary school (SD) students in the digital era. Using a qualitative approach, data was collected through in-depth interviews, observations, and document analysis in several schools that have implemented technology in the learning process. So that data collection techniques are obtained from the results of observations, interviews, and literature studies. The results showed that the use of media such as e-books, educational apps, and interactive videos significantly increased students' interest in reading, with students showing higher enthusiasm for the reading material presented interactively. In addition, support from teachers and parents is very important in creating a conducive learning environment. These findings confirm that the integration of technology in learning not only makes the learning process more interesting, but also contributes to the improvement of literacy elementary school students. This research is expected to provide insight for educators and policymakers in designing more effective learning strategies.
 

This research aims to identify patterns of social media usage, evaluate the effectiveness of social media campaigns, and explore the role of social media in voter education. This research discusses the influence of social media on public participation in the 2024 elections in Indonesia. Social media has become one of the main tools in political communication, both for candidates, political parties, and voters. This study uses a mixed-methods approach with surveys of 500 respondents from various regions in Indonesia, complemented by content analysis of political campaigns on social media platforms such as Instagram, Facebook, and TikTok. The level of voter participation who are actively engaged in online political discussions is also proven to be higher compared to those who are less active on social media. The issues found in the field include: 1. What are the social media platforms most commonly used by the public in the context of elections? 2. How is social media used to educate voters about political issues, candidates, and the electoral process? 3. What are the main challenges faced in using social media for electoral participation? The research method used is the quantitative method. This method involves the collection of data that can be measured and statistically analyzed. The research results show that social media plays a significant role in increasing political awareness among the public, especially among young voters. However, the research also found that information disseminated through social media is often unverified, which can negatively influence public opinion.

This study explores the factors influencing coffee cultivation and its impact on farmers' income in Jenetallasa Village. The research applies qualitative methods through semi-structured interviews with 30 coffee farmers and 3 coffee traders. Key factors such as land area, capital, labor, and environmental conditions are analyzed. The findings reveal that these factors significantly influence coffee yield and farmer income. The study highlights the necessity of improving agricultural practices and marketing strategies to enhance farmers' economic stability.