This corpus-based study explores the acquisition patterns of English modal verbs by Indonesian EFL (English as a Foreign Language) learners through a comprehensive analysis of learner language data. The study utilizes a specialized learner corpus consisting of 2.5 million words drawn from both written and spoken productions of 450 Indonesian learners, covering various proficiency levels. The research focuses on examining the frequency patterns, semantic distributions, and error types associated with modal verb usage across the learner corpus. The study employs a combination of quantitative corpus linguistic methods and qualitative error analysis to uncover developmental trends and persistent difficulties in acquiring English modals. The findings highlight a significant underuse of epistemic modality, which expresses degrees of certainty, and an overreliance on core modals like "can," "will," and "must." Additionally, learners systematically avoid more complex modal constructions that are semantically nuanced and less frequent in their linguistic output. The analysis also reveals notable cross-linguistic influences from Indonesian, particularly in the areas of politeness marking and the expression of certainty. These interference patterns suggest that Indonesian learners may transfer modal expressions from their native language, leading to specific errors in the usage of English modals. Based on the findings, the study proposes a usage-based pedagogical framework that integrates corpus-informed instruction with explicit semantic mapping of modal meanings. This framework encourages teachers to address modal verb acquisition by emphasizing frequency-based approaches, contrastive semantic analysis, and corpus-driven awareness-raising activities. The research suggests that by focusing on the form-meaning-function relationships of modals in authentic contexts, learners can better understand and produce English modals accurately and appropriately. The findings have significant implications for enhancing modal verb instruction in EFL classrooms, especially for Indonesian learners.

Plants contain several active ingredients beneficial for health, one of which is the persimmon plant, known for its tannins and phenolic compounds. This research aims to determine the effect of Black Persimmon Leaf Extract (Diospyros nigra) as an alternative for lowering glucose levels in White Rats (Rattus norvegicus). This is a True Experimental research, which controls all external variables that could affect the experimental results. There are four control groups: a negative control using glucose and positive controls using extracts with concentrations of 15%, 30%, and 60%. The research data were measured using a UV-Vis Spectrophotometer and analyzed using One Way ANOVA with SPSS. The results of the Shapiro-Wilk normality test showed a significance value >0.05; Levene's Test for homogeneity showed a significance value >0.05; the One Way ANOVA test showed a significance value <0.05; and the Tukey HSD test showed a significance value >0.05. The objective of this research is to test the effectiveness of black persimmon leaves (Diospyros nigra) as an alternative to lowering blood glucose levels in white rats (Rattus norvegicus). Sample absorbance data were obtained using UV-VIS Spectrophotometry and analyzed using One Way ANOVA in SPSS.

This study discusses the ethics of Muslim entrepreneurship in facing the challenges of modern capitalism. Capitalism, characterized by profit orientation, individualism, and materialism, often clashes with the moral and spiritual principles of Islam. Muslim entrepreneurs are expected to uphold the values of honesty, trustworthiness, justice, and excellence (ihsan) in their business practices, even under pressure from efficiency demands and free-market competition. This research uses a qualitative approach with a library research method to explore practical strategies that Muslim entrepreneurs can apply to remain ethical and compliant with Islamic law. The findings show that Islamic ethical principles serve not only as moral guidance but also as a competitive strength in capitalist economic systems.

The reproductive organs are a highly sensitive area that requires careful hygiene and care, especially among adolescent girls who are susceptible to reproductive health issues such as vaginal discharge. One key preventative measure is consistent personal hygiene practices, particularly in maintaining vaginal hygiene. This practice is crucial to ensuring the area remains healthy, balanced, and free from infectious agents that can cause abnormal vaginal discharge or other health issues if left untreated or neglected. The primary objective of this community service initiative was to raise awareness and understanding of the importance of maintaining reproductive organ hygiene and health among adolescent girls. This activity was implemented and executed in two main phases. The first phase included an educational session delivered by fourth-semester nursing students, focusing on the importance of personal hygiene and reproductive health for adolescent girls. The second phase included an open discussion forum where participants were encouraged to ask questions, share experiences, and clarify their understanding of the material presented. The results showed a positive response from the participants. Most of them demonstrated increased awareness and understanding of reproductive hygiene and expressed their intention to consistently integrate proper care practices into their daily routines. This suggests that educational interventions, particularly those involving interactive communication, are effective in increasing knowledge and fostering health-conscious behaviors among adolescents. In conclusion, this program successfully contributed to improving participants' knowledge and attitudes in maintaining reproductive health, which is important for their overall well-being and long-term disease prevention efforts.

The Boba Beverage business was established with the aim of meeting the public demand for boba drinks that are currently popular. Boba is a tapioca ball that is often the filling of bubble tea drinks. To achieve its vision and mission, Estela Boba needs the right strategy to increase sales and compete with other boba beverage companies that have entered the market. The purpose of this study is to analyze the strategies used by Estela Boba in increasing sales through the use of modern technology. The research method used is a qualitative method with interview and observation techniques. The data sources used are primary data and secondary data. The final result of the research is that there are several strategies used while running the “es te la” business.

Kasturi ice is a traditional beverage from Riau, made from the kasturi fruit (Mangifera casturi). This drink has a unique taste, combining sweet and sour flavors with a distinctive aroma. More than just a thirst quencher, kasturi ice is a symbol of cultural heritage that carries historical, philosophical, and social values. Amidst globalization and the rise of modern beverage products, the existence of kasturi ice has been declining. This study aims to uncover the cultural values contained in kasturi ice and explore strategies for its preservation. A qualitative approach was used through observation, interviews, and documentation of social activities. The results indicate that preserving kasturi ice can be achieved through innovative, educational, and participatory approaches to ensure its relevance in the modern era. Kasturi ice should be seen as part of the cultural identity of the Malay community in Riau that must be preserved and passed down to future generations.

Economic improvement is improving the economic level or condition of society to improve the standard of living through the use of energy, time and valuable goods. The community's efforts to fulfill their daily needs are in the form of clothing, food and shelter. This service uses a descriptive qualitative approach. From the results of research activities carried out in Marjandi Pematang Village, Gunung Meriah, it can be concluded that efforts to improve the village economy through duck egg production have quite large potential..

This study aims to examine the aspect of justice in the administration and settlement of bankrupt assets by the Curator, particularly concerning the repayment of receivables to creditors in the context of auction minutes issued by the KPKNL Samarinda. The research adopts a normative juridical method, legislation approach and conceptual approach, and is connected to a case study approach focusing on the auction process in the bankruptcy case of PT Karebet Mas Indonesia (in bankruptcy). The results of this study indicate that the Curator, in administering and settling unsold bankrupt assets, may proceed with a private sale (underhand sale) with the approval of the supervising judge, based on a limit value obtained from an independent appraiser’s valuation, provided that at least two public auctions have been conducted without success. The distribution of assets to creditors must observe the principle of pari passu pro rata, which ensures equal treatment according to their respective priorities.In the event that the settlement process of the bankrupt estate has been declared completed, yet the creditors have not received full repayment of their claims, the general provisions under Article 1131 of the Indonesian Civil Code shall apply, namely that all of the debtor’s assets constitute collateral for the fulfillment of their debts. This study recommends an amendment to Law Number 37 of 2004 concerning Bankruptcy and Suspension of Debt Payment Obligations, to regulate in a detailed, specific, and comprehensive manner the requirements for the underhand sale of bankrupt assets by the Curator. Such regulation is necessary to ensure justice and legal certainty for bankrupt debtors and creditors, particularly regarding the repayment of claims for concurrent creditors.

This research was motivated by the problem of children's low ability to coordinate hand and vision movements, which directly impacts their activities and fine motor skills. This study aims to describe the activities of teachers and children and analyze the development of fine motor skills in group A students at Hidayatullah Kindergarten Barito Kuala. This study used a Classroom Action Research (CAR) approach with a qualitative design and was conducted over four meetings. The results showed a significant increase in teacher activities and the development of children's fine motor skills. Teacher activities that initially received a score of 18 in the fairly good category increased to a score of 32 in the very good category at the fourth meeting. Meanwhile, at the beginning of the intervention, only 7% of children were in the Very Well Developed (BSB) category. After the first intervention, the percentage of children in the BSB category increased to 27% or five children. A more significant increase occurred at the fourth meeting, with 14 children or 82% falling into the BSB category. The intervention used a project-based learning model combined with a demonstration method in stringing activities using natural materials. Based on the results obtained, it can be concluded that this model is effective in improving fine motor skills in early childhood. This combination of approaches encourages active child engagement and provides meaningful and contextual learning experiences, contributing to optimal fine motor development.
 

This study aims to examine in depth the factors that drive Bukittinggi City to become one of the leading tourist destinations in Indonesia. Using a qualitative approach through direct observation methods and semi-structured interviews with tourism industry players, local communities, and tourists, this study explores the contribution of socio-cultural characteristics of communities, geographical conditions, and the role of government to strengthening tourism attractions. The results of the study show that the character of the people of Bukittinggi who are friendly, communicative, and have a collective spirit in welcoming tourists gives a deep impression and creates a positive experience. In addition, the physical beauty of the city surrounded by mountains, valleys, and historical relics is the main attraction that other cities are difficult to match. Iconic places such as Jam Gadang, Sianok Gorge, and the historical site of Lobang Japan add educational and visual value to the city's travel experience. Good accessibility and supporting infrastructure that continues to be developed by the government, such as adequate roads, tourist information centers, and tourist-friendly accommodation, further strengthen Bukittinggi's position in the national tourism map. The study also highlights the importance of digital and social media promotion strategies in reaching younger generations of travelers, especially millennials who are looking for authentic and sustainable travel experiences. The combination of local cultural richness, natural beauty, active community participation, and supportive government policies makes Bukittinggi not only a tourist destination, but also an example of an adaptive and innovative community-based tourist city. Therefore, it is not an exaggeration if Bukittinggi is dubbed as one of the best and most potential tourist destinations in Indonesia.