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This study aims to describe and analyze the transformation process from maritime empires to nation-states in Southeast Asia, as well as the factors that drove it and its impact on regional societies. The study uses a literature study method by collecting and analyzing data from various relevant primary and secondary sources. The results show that Southeast Asia has a long history of maritime empires such as Srivijaya, Majapahit, and Malacca, which became centers of trade, the spread of religion, and the formation of early social structures. The transformation to nation-states was influenced by the influx of European influence, the growth of nationalism, and changes in economic structures. The transformation process included changes in the formation of national borders, government systems, the development of state institutions, as well as changes in social structures, the spread of education, and shifts in cultural values. The impacts of the transformation included increased state sovereignty, economic development, and improvements in the quality of life for the people, but also brought challenges such as ethnic tensions, corruption, and socioeconomic inequality. This study concludes that the transformation process is a complex journey that shapes the characteristics of modern nation-states in Southeast Asia today.

This study analyzes the role of constitutional courts in maintaining the rule of law through a comparative study between the Constitutional Court of Indonesia and the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany (Bundesverfassungsgericht). Using a juridical-normative approach with comparative methods, the research examines legal documents, court decisions, and academic literature related to the rule of law and constitutionalism. Secondary data were sourced from scientific journals, laws, and key court decisions, including the Lüth Case (1958), Brokdorf Case (1985), and Lisbon Treaty Case (2009) in Germany, as well as Indonesia's Constitutional Court Decision No. 91/PUU-XVIII/2020 on the Job Creation Law. The study shows that both countries consider the constitution as the highest norm and position their constitutional courts as guardians of the rule of law. However, Germany’s court enjoys high compliance, whereas Indonesia faces challenges due to weak legal culture, political intervention, and low integrity in law enforcement. The German court has developed the living constitution doctrine, while Indonesia remains more formalistic and reactive. This study concludes that the success of constitutional courts depends on institutional independence, compliance by state institutions, and a societal legal culture that respects the constitution.

Indonesia's rapid population growth, particularly among adolescents, has raised concerns regarding its social and reproductive health implications, including rising rates of unintended pregnancies, premarital sexual activity, and the spread of sexually transmitted infections (STIs). In response to these issues, the government issued Government Regulation (GR) No. 28 of 2024 as a derivative of Law No. 17 of 2023 on Health. One of its provisions regulates the provision of contraceptives for school-aged children and adolescents. This study aims to examine the implications of this provision in relation to religious values, social morality, and the direction of national health policy. The research employs a normative qualitative approach using juridical-philosophical analysis, along with an assessment of public responses, religious leaders’ perspectives, and the views of state institutions regarding the regulation. The findings indicate that Article 103 paragraph (4) letter e has sparked controversy due to the use of the term "provision," which is perceived as ambiguous and contradictory to religious norms particularly Islamic teachings and is viewed as potentially legitimizing premarital sexual behavior among students. These findings highlight the necessity for the government to reassess regulations that conflict with religious and local cultural values. Furthermore, the study advocates for strengthening preventive reproductive health education grounded in religious and moral principles, rather than directly providing contraceptives within school settings.

In an era of increasingly open and developing information, the image of state institutions is a reflection of a government and can affect public trust. Therefore, LAN RI Public Relations carries out Digital Public Relations activities using social media so that LAN RI can maintain its image in the eyes of the public. The purpose of this research is to describe Regina Luttrel's SOME theory in the activity of using social media in maintaining the image of the institution. The theory used in this research is the SOME theory which has the dimensions of Share, Optimize, Manage, and Engange (Regina Luttrell). This research also uses image theory which consists of Perception, Cognition, and Motive dimensions (Walter Lippmann). This study concludes that LAN Public Relations in the Concept of The Circular Model of SOME implements Share by utilizing various social media platforms. Content is organized through a curation process that is tailored to the institution's guidelines to create relevant and informative communication. Through Optimize, the effectiveness of message delivery is measured based on data analytics with strategies that consider platform algorithms. In the Manage stage, LAN's PR team monitors and analyzes emerging issues, ensuring a quick response to sensitive issues. Engage efforts are demonstrated through surveys, quizzes, discussion forums, and employee personal branding efforts that strengthen public engagement while building trust.

The deployment of TNI soldiers has sparked controversy due to concerns over the strengthening of militarism in civilian institutions. This action has raised alarm among various human rights groups and political analysts who argue that it undermines the democratic principles of civilian control over military forces. The Attorney General's Office (AGO), the TNI, and the Chief of Police have publicly addressed the issue, especially the deployment of TNI soldiers to guard the AGO Complex, as well as the High Prosecutors' Offices (Kejati) and District Prosecutors' Offices (Kejari) across Indonesia. The order for this deployment was issued in the TNI Commander’s Telegram Number TR/442/2025 on May 6, 2025. This order is part of a broader effort to increase security at critical state institutions, especially in light of recent security threats. The deployment of soldiers is part of a follow-up to the cooperation agreement between the TNI and the AGO, which was formalized in the Memorandum of Understanding NK/6/IV/2023/TNI dated April 6, 2023. The agreement outlines eight points of cooperation, which include: (1) Education and training for TNI personnel in law enforcement procedures; (2) Exchange of information for law enforcement purposes, ensuring better collaboration between the military and civilian law enforcement agencies; (3) The assignment of TNI soldiers to assist in guarding AGO facilities and other law enforcement offices; and (4) Other security-related assistance, such as providing military expertise to ensure the integrity and safety of AGO operations. While the cooperation between the TNI and AGO is framed as an effort to enhance security and operational efficiency, critics argue that this deployment could lead to the militarization of civilian functions, potentially causing conflicts of interest and compromising the impartiality of the judicial system.

This research examines the impact of Indonesia's sugar import policy during the period 2020–2024 through the case study of Thomas Trikasih Lembong. Employing a qualitative methodology with an instrumental case study approach, the study seeks to capture the complexities of strategic commodity trade policies in Indonesia. The analysis reveals that the issuance of sugar import permits to PT Andalas Putra was conducted in violation of existing legal frameworks, particularly Presidential Regulation No. 48/2013, resulting in state financial losses estimated at Rp 400 billion. These irregularities highlight not only weak adherence to regulatory standards but also minimal coordination among relevant government agencies, reflecting the broader challenge of weak good governance implementation. The distributional consequences of this policy were also significant. While downstream industries benefited from increased sugar availability and lower input costs, domestic sugarcane farmers and the national sugar industry suffered substantial losses. The oversupply condition triggered by import policy mismanagement led to a decline in local sugar prices, producing welfare transfers that disproportionately disadvantaged rural farming communities. These findings underscore the structural vulnerability of agricultural stakeholders when state institutions fail to balance industrial and farming interests in policy formulation. Furthermore, the imposition of a 4.5-year prison sentence on the policymaker involved has sparked discourse on the criminalization of public policy, raising debates over the line between policy failure and corruption in governance. In light of these findings, the study provides several recommendations. These include strengthening inter-agency coordination mechanisms, developing early warning systems to monitor commodity market dynamics, reforming the regulatory framework governing import permits, and designing adaptive policy instruments capable of mitigating welfare risks while optimizing strategic commodity management. Overall, this study contributes to the discourse on governance, accountability, and policy reform in Indonesia’s strategic trade sector, particularly in relation to sugar as a vital commodity.

This study discusses the communication strategy implemented by the Karanganyar Police Public Relations Department in delivering an anti-hoax campaign during the 2024 Regional Head Election (Pilkada) through the Instagram platform. The background of this study departs from the phenomenon of the rampant spread of false information ahead of the election, which has the potential to trigger disinformation, polarization, and disrupt social order and stability. Hoaxes during political periods can erode public trust in state institutions, so strategic efforts are needed to address this through effective public communication. The purpose of this study is to analyze the effectiveness of the digital communication strategy used by the Karanganyar Police Public Relations Department in increasing public literacy, encouraging public participation, and maintaining the quality and stability of information circulating in the digital space. This study uses a descriptive qualitative method with data collection techniques through in-depth interviews with Public Relations personnel, direct observation of campaign activities on Instagram, and documentation of published content. The strategy analysis refers to the Cutlip, Center, and Broom model which includes four stages: fact-collecting, planning, implementing communication actions, and evaluation. The results show that the use of Instagram was chosen because of its ability to reach a young audience, the flexibility of content formats, and opportunities for two-way interaction. The campaign content was dominated by educational materials presented visually through infographics, digital posters, and short videos, ensuring the anti-hoax message was clearly and persuasively conveyed and easily shared by users. Evaluations showed an increase in public engagement, including comments, content sharing, and participation in online discussions, as well as a significant decrease in the number of hoax reports circulating in the Karanganyar region during the campaign period. This study recommends optimizing the use of Instagram features such as live broadcasts, reels, and interactions through polls or quizzes, along with increasing the creativity of the Public Relations team to further enhance the effectiveness of digital public communication in the future.

The digital era has brought significant changes in the way humans access, store, and share information. Amidst these technological advances, major challenges have emerged to the protection of individual privacy rights. Personal information is increasingly easy to collect and process by various parties, both by state institutions, technology companies, and individual users. On the other hand, the need for freedom of information is also increasing, especially in the context of transparency, public participation, and data openness. The balance between cybersecurity and freedom of information is a crucial issue that must be addressed comprehensively. This paper aims to examine the protection of privacy rights in the digital era by highlighting the tension between data security efforts and demands for information openness. The method used is a literature study with a qualitative approach. The results of the study show that privacy protection requires clear regulations, such as the Personal Data Protection Law in Indonesia, as well as public awareness in protecting personal data. On the other hand, freedom of information must still be maintained so that it is not misused to violate individual rights. Therefore, a balanced approach is needed between regulation, education, and technology to create a digital space that is safe, fair, and respects human rights.  

Extortion in the distribution of social assistance for the Family Hope Program (PKH) is one of the structural problems that hinders the effectiveness of the program in empowering the poor. This practice not only harms the recipients of assistance, but also violates the principles of social justice. This article aims to examine the case of extortion in PKH from a victimology perspective, focusing on its impact on victims, both psychologically and socio-economically. This study uses an empirical legal methodology using a field research approach and a sociological legal approach. The data obtained was processed qualitatively which was then analyzed descriptively. The results of the study show that victims of extortion experience greater losses, not only in the form of loss of funds, but also in the form of damage to trust in social and state institutions. In addition, this study proposes several steps to revitalize justice in handling extortion cases, including increasing supervision, public education, and bureaucratic reform that can restore public trust in the PKH program. Thus, revitalizing justice in this context is expected to create a more just social environment and reduce the practice of extortion in the future.

This paper explores how climate change has contributed to the armed conflict in Darfur, Sudan, by emphasizing the human security perspective. Prolonged drought, desertification, and resource scarcity have intensified tensions between farming and pastoralist communities. Using a case study method and the Human Security framework, this study finds that ecological stress acts as a threat multiplier in conflict-prone areas. Data from IPCC, SIPRI, and UNHCR reports highlight how environmental degradation worsens structural vulnerabilities and fuels horizontal violence. The analysis shows that climate change is not only an environmental issue but also a serious security concern in fragile states. The failure of state institutions to equitably manage natural resources exacerbates the crisis. Therefore, a long-term, multi-sectoral policy response is urgently needed. Integrating climate resilience into international security strategies is essential to protect basic human rights.

Climate change has emerged as one of the most pressing and multifaceted threats to national security across the globe, including in Indonesia. The consequences of climate change extend far beyond environmental degradation, posing significant risks to critical sectors such as food security, water resources, social cohesion, and the overall stability of national defense systems. Rising temperatures, shifting precipitation patterns, and the increasing frequency of extreme weather events-such as floods, droughts, and storms-have direct and indirect impacts that undermine the resilience of communities and the functionality of state institutions. In Indonesia, a country characterized by its vast archipelago and diverse ecosystems, the climate crisis presents unique challenges. The vulnerability of coastal regions to sea-level rise threatens the livelihoods of millions, while disruptions in agricultural productivity jeopardize food availability and economic stability. Moreover, these environmental stresses exacerbate social inequalities and can trigger internal displacement, heightening the risk of social unrest and conflict. Such dynamics underscore the critical intersection between environmental changes and national security concerns.

Corruption is a very serious form of crime that destroys the system of government, hinders development, and reduces public trust in state institutions. In terms of law enforcement in the country, the Attorney General's Office has an important position as an institution authorized to investigate and prosecute corruption cases. Based on Law Number 16 of 2004 together with Law Number 11 of 2021, the Attorney General's Office not only acts as a public prosecutor, but also as an investigator in corruption cases. This article aims to discuss the role and authority of the Attorney General's Office from a legal political perspective, as well as to analyze the various challenges faced in efforts to eradicate corruption. This research uses a normative juridical approach and legal politics, with a literature method through the study of laws and regulations, official documents, and scientific literature. The results of the study show that formally, the Attorney General's Office has a strong legal basis in handling corruption cases, including the authority to investigate, prosecute, and execute court decisions. However, in practice, the AGO faces various obstacles such as a weak legal system, a culture of impunity, political intervention, and limited human resources. To improve the effectiveness of law enforcement, it is necessary to strengthen institutional capacity, the independence of law enforcement officers, the utilisation of information technology, and synergy between law enforcement agencies. Anti-corruption education, public involvement in monitoring, budget transparency, and international cooperation are also important parts of the overall corruption eradication strategy. With a holistic approach, the Attorney General's Office is expected to be at the forefront of realising fair, transparent and accountable law enforcement.

The Constitutional Court is a state institution that emerged from the amendments to the 1945 Constitution, as part of the efforts to strengthen the principles of the rule of law and constitutional democracy in Indonesia. This institution plays a crucial role in upholding legal regulations, ensuring proper checks, and balancing the power between institutions and the state. This research aims to examine the position, authority, and contributions of the Constitutional Court within Indonesia's governance system. A normative approach is generally used, along with analyses of laws, Constitutional Court decisions, and various related legal literature. The results of the study show that the Constitutional Court not only acts as the gatekeeper of the structure, but also as the sole translator of the structure, which has an important influence on the dynamics of relations between state institutions and the development of constitutional law in Indonesia. The Constitutional Court participates in the protection of citizens' rights, the improvement of the electoral system, and the upholding of the principles of democracy and real justice.

Land Ownership in Indonesia, is regulated in Article 5 of the Basic Agrarian Law (UUPA) No. 5 of 1960. UUPA regulates various types of land rights in Indonesia, such as ownership rights, lease rights, use rights, and business use rights. This regulation aims to distribute natural resources, ensure legal certainty over land, and protect the rights of communities affected by land use policies. Meanwhile, Malaysia has a land ownership legal system influenced by British law due to its colonial period. In this context, land law in Malaysia is regulated by various laws, including the National Land Code (NLC) 1965, which regulates land rights, land registration, and land-related rights. In Malaysia, land is divided into several categories of rights, such as freehold and leasehold. The land registration system in Malaysia is more centralized, and land regulations are also implemented through state institutions. Unlike Indonesia, which prioritizes customary rights in land management, Malaysia tends to prioritize national land regulation and administration through a more modern and structured system.

Within the framework of the legal norm system of the Republic of Indonesia, Pancasila occupies a position as the fundamental norm and the highest legal norm. The hierarchy below it is occupied by the 1945 Constitution. As the basic norm of the state, the discourse on the potential for constitutional amendments, especially related to the 1945 Constitution, is an issue that often arises in public discourse. Constitutional amendment is a process of changing the constitution of a country. This process can have significant implications for state institutions, including the structure and function of state institutions, for example in Indonesia. The results of the analysis show that constitutional amendments can have positive and even negative implications for state institutions. In the reform era, amendments to the 1945 Constitution have resulted in significant changes in the structure of the country's higher institutions.

The Constitutional Court of Indonesia is a judicial institution with the authority to review laws against the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, resolve disputes between state institutions, decide on the dissolution of political parties, and adjudicate election result disputes. In exercising its authority, the Constitutional Court functions not only as the guardian of the constitution but also as a protector of human rights. This article aims to analyze how the procedural law of the Constitutional Court, as regulated under Law Number 24 of 2003 and its amendments, serves as a crucial instrument to ensure fair, transparent, and accountable proceedings in cases involving constitutional rights. This study adopts a normative juridical approach by examining legislation, legal doctrines, and Constitutional Court decisions that have had a significant impact on the protection of human rights. The analysis reveals that several rulings of the Court have expanded interpretations of human rights, although challenges remain regarding the consistency of procedural application and the effectiveness of decision enforcement. Therefore, strengthening the procedural law of the Constitutional Court is essential for ensuring the substantive and sustainable protection of human rights in Indonesia.  

This study aims to discuss the implementation of a democratic system within the presidential institution using a literature study approach. The findings and discussions in this research explain an event analyzed by the researcher based on previous literature studies that have been examined by earlier scholars. The results of this study indicate that Indonesia, as a constitutional state, implements a clear division of power among state institutions to ensure stability in governance. This principle of the rule of law is not only applied in Indonesia but is also a widely accepted concept in many countries worldwide. The establishment of state institutions is based on legitimate authority as stipulated by law, with the President holding a strategic role as the head of state, as regulated in the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. This study concludes that to maintain a democratic system of governance, a well-structured administrative framework is necessary, emphasizing government accountability. This ensures that every policy and action taken is always based on legal principles and carried out transparently and responsibly.

To maintain order the and continuity of democracy in Indonesia, legal and constitutional stability are essential. This article discusses the strategic functions of state institutions, including the executive, legislative, and judiciary, in ensuring the supremacy of law and constitutionalism. This paper investigates how cooperation between state institutions can strengthen a stable legal system that is responsive to socio-political changes using qualitative methodologies, such as desk studies and analysis of laws and regulations. This paper also emphasizes that state institutions face political pressure, regulatory inconsistencies, and interventions in the law enforcement process. This study offers policy suggestions to improve institutional capacity in maintaining legal and constitutional stability by comparing practices in other democratic countries. These study expected to help strengthennof Indonesian constitutional system to more than responsive to advances while maintaining the supremacy of law and democracy.

The Constitutional Court (MK) has a strategic role in maintaining the stability of the Indonesian constitutional system through its main function as a guardian of the constitution. This article aims to analyze the influence of the Constitutional Court on constitutional stability, both through legal testing of the 1945 Constitution, the resolution of authority disputes between state institutions, and through supervision of the implementation of elections. Using a normative juridical approach, this article reveals that the Constitutional Court has made a significant contribution in maintaining balance between state institutions, ensuring electoral justice, and upholding the supremacy of the constitution. Nevertheless, challenges such as the independence of judges and the implementation of judgments remain issues that require attention. This article recommends strategic steps to enhance the role of the Constitutional Court in strengthening the stability of Indonesia's constitutional system.

This research aims to analyze the effectiveness of developments in the implementation of Trias Politica principles in the performance of high state institutions in Indonesia. Trias Politica, which refers to the separation of powers into executive, legislative and judiciary, is an important foundation in a democratic government system. Through a qualitative approach, this research evaluates how the division of power has transformed since the implementation of political reform in Indonesia, as well as its impact on the performance of state institutions in carrying out their duties and functions. The research results show that although there have been significant developments in the implementation of Trias Politica, several challenges such as overlapping authority, lack of synergy between institutions, and political influence remain obstacles. However, the application of the principle of separation of powers has generally increased accountability, transparency and efficiency in the performance of high state institutions. This research recommends strengthening coordination between institutions and more stringent legal reforms to improve the performance of state institutions as a whole.