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Verbal sexual harassment among adolescents is a form of non-physical violence that is often overlooked, yet it has significant impacts on psychological health and social development. Parenting style is suspected to be one of the factors influencing adolescents' vulnerability to verbal sexual harassment. This study aims to examine the relationship between parenting styles and the occurrence of verbal sexual harassment among adolescents at SMKN Widang. This study employed a quantitative design with a cross-sectional approach. The sample consisted of 166 participants selected using a simple random sampling technique. Data were collected using questionnaires on parenting styles and verbal sexual harassment. Data analysis was conducted using the Contingency Coefficient test with a significance level of 0.05. The results showed that the majority of respondents experienced democratic parenting (70.5%). The incidence of verbal sexual harassment was most frequently reported in the “often” category (43.4%) and “sometimes” category (42.2%). Statistical analysis yielded a p-value of 0.001 (p < 0.05), indicating a significant relationship between parenting styles and the occurrence of verbal sexual harassment. Permissive parenting was associated with a relatively higher risk. Therefore, the implementation of democratic parenting and open communication is recommended as preventive efforts.

Adolescence is a period of development characterized by rapid physical, emotional, and social changes, making adolescents vulnerable to various forms of violence, including sexual harassment. This phenomenon occurs in various contexts, including family, school, community, and digital environments, and has serious impacts on adolescents' psychological, social, and academic well-being. This study aims to comprehensively examine the phenomenon of sexual harassment among adolescents and its implications for guidance and counseling services in educational settings. The method used is a literature review by reviewing various relevant scientific articles from the past six years obtained through electronic databases. The analysis process was carried out using content analysis techniques by grouping findings based on main themes, namely forms of sexual harassment, risk factors, impacts, and the role of guidance and counseling services. The results of the study indicate that sexual harassment among adolescents occurs in various forms, both directly and through digital media, with complex causal factors encompassing individual, family, social, and cultural aspects. The impacts are not only physical, but also psychological and social in the long term. Guidance and counseling services play a crucial role in preventive, curative, and developmental efforts through education, mentoring, and strengthening students' social skills. The implications of this research emphasize the importance of strengthening guidance and counseling services as a systematic strategy in creating a safe and responsive school environment to cases of sexual harassment in adolescents.

This article examines the handling of sexual harassment offenses within Indonesia’s criminal justice system, which faces complex challenges, particularly when restorative justice (RJ) is used as an alternative mechanism for case resolution. This study analyzes the implementation of RJ in sexual harassment cases at the Sleman Resort Police (Polres Sleman), referring to the Indonesian National Police Regulation No. 8 of 2021 on the Handling of Criminal Acts Based on Restorative Justice. The analysis focuses on how this policy is applied at the operational level and how its practice interacts with the normative provisions set forth in Law No. 12 of 2022 on Sexual Violence Crimes (UU TPKS), which explicitly prohibits non-judicial settlement for several categories of sexual violence. Using a qualitative approach through interviews, observations, and document analysis, the study finds that RJ continues to be applied at Polres Sleman despite its potential conflict with the prohibitions stipulated in the UU TPKS. At the operational level, the legal culture of police officers plays a significant role in encouraging the use of RJ, driven by pragmatic considerations such as efficiency in case resolution, social pressure from the community, and officers’ perceptions of the seriousness of sexual harassment cases. As a result, victims’ rights often fail to become the central focus, even though victimology emphasizes the importance of victim recovery and protection. The study concludes that regulatory harmonization, increased sensitivity of law enforcement officers toward sexual violence issues, and strengthened victim protection mechanisms are essential to ensure that the application of RJ does not undermine substantive justice.

Sexual harassment is a criminal act carried out by two people by force with the intention of satisfying lust or an act of revenge. Sexual harassment in the church community is an act that violates Christian teachings where it is carried out outside the basis of marriage. Sexual harassment is carried out by force between men and women outside the husband and wife couple, namely between parents and children or between father and child. The Church has an important role in this. The Church seeks to heal, support, treat, and even accompany victims of sexual abuse through pastoral actions. Sexuality is no longer something taboo to talk about, therefore it is important for the church, government, and even families to discuss sexuality from an early age as an effort to prevent criminal acts or sexual violence. Society must have a sense of empathy and sympathy for victims of sexual violence, as an effort to heal and accept the reality experienced by victims. The church must really act in a real way in spiritual and psychological and social healing of victims.

Abstract. This study aims to examine the causes, forms, and strategies for combating violence against female Indonesian migrant workers (PMI) from a legal, sociological, and gender perspective. The background of this research is based on the vulnerability of female PMI to various forms of physical, psychological, sexual, and economic violence, which occurs from the pre-placement stage to the post-placement stage, as well as the long-term impact on mental health, human rights, and socio-economic reintegration. The method used is empirical legal with primary data collection through in-depth interviews with female PMI victims of violence and accompanying institutions, as well as secondary data in the form of literature reviews, laws and regulations, and scientific publications. The analysis was conducted using descriptive qualitative methods, integrating human rights theory, Feminist Legal Theory, and international migration policy. The results of the study show that the vulnerability of female migrant workers is caused by economic factors, education, patriarchal culture, non-transparent recruitment processes, the characteristics of work in the informal sector, power imbalances with employers, and weak legal protection in the destination country. The forms of violence experienced include beatings, sexual harassment, threats, social isolation, wage withholding, and structural exploitation practices. Protection efforts implemented include preventive approaches through training, legal education, legal document guarantees, and assistance from law enforcement agencies, as well as repressive approaches through action against perpetrators of violence and bilateral cooperation with destination countries. This study emphasizes the importance of comprehensive and sustainable protection for female Indonesian migrant workers, covering all stages of labor migration as well as strengthening digital-based monitoring systems, officer capacity, and cross-sector collaboration to ensure the safety, dignity, and fulfillment of the human rights of female Indonesian migrant workers.  

This study is motivated by the emergence of public controversy surrounding the alleged sexual harassment case involving the preacher Gus Elham, which has sparked widespread debate about ethical boundaries in da’wah activities. This phenomenon reflects a moral and social crisis in contemporary da’wah practices, particularly in relation to power relations, child protection, and the moral responsibility of religious figures as public role models. This study aims to analyze violations of da’wah ethics in this case from moral and social perspectives, as well as to identify its impact on public trust in preachers and religious institutions. The method used is a descriptive qualitative approach through the analysis of online news, public statements, social media posts, interview recordings, and da’wah-related content associated with the case. The findings indicate that the actions in question not only violated norms of decency but also revealed a failure to understand principles of child protection and ethics of da’wah based on akhlakul karimah. Socially, the case demonstrates a moral crisis affecting religious authority and an increase in public skepticism toward religious figures. The implications of this study emphasize the importance of formulating stricter da’wah codes of ethics, strengthening ethical literacy among preachers, and integrating child protection values into da’wah practice to prevent similar cases from recurring.

The advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology has generated significant benefits while simultaneously creating new opportunities for cyber-based sexual offenses, particularly through deepfake technology, which enables the manipulation of a person's face into pornographic content without consent. This study examines criminal liability for perpetrators of AI-based sexual harassment and legal protection for victims in deepfake pornography cases, focusing on a case involving a student at Udayana University, Bali. This research employs a normative legal method by analyzing primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials. The findings indicate that although Indonesian law does not yet explicitly regulate deepfake technology, perpetrators can still be prosecuted under the Electronic Information and Transactions Law, Pornography Law, Sexual Violence Law, and the new Criminal Code. Criminal intent is established through the deliberate manipulation, creation, and dissemination of non- consensual sexual content. Furthermore, victims are entitled to legal protection, including psychological recovery, privacy rights, restitution, and content removal. This study highlights the urgency of developing specific regulations addressing AI-related sexual crimes, enhancing forensic digital capabilities, and strengthening victim-centered protection mechanisms. The research contributes to the legal discourse on emerging digital crimes and emphasizes the need for adaptive legal frameworks in the AI era.  

This research is motivated by the increasing number of cases of child sexual abuse that cause serious psychological impacts in the form of trauma and emotional development disorders. The purpose of this study is to describe and analyze the process of religious guidance through Islamic religious education counseling for child victims of sexual abuse, which includes four main aspects, namely: (1) planning religious guidance, (2) implementing religious guidance activities, (3) strengthening religious guidance, and (4) supervision in the guidance process. This study uses a qualitative method with data collection techniques through interviews, observations, and documentation. The validity of the data is tested using triangulation and member check techniques. The results of the study indicate that religious guidance planning is carried out by compiling programs, scheduling activities, and evaluating the results of guidance. The implementation of activities is carried out through religious counseling, psychological approaches, and integration of spiritual values to help children understand and internalize religious teachings independently. Strengthening guidance is carried out through spiritual counseling services, psychological assistance, and legal assistance for victims. Meanwhile, supervision of guidance is carried out through optimizing the role of the community in community-based child protection groups as an integrated system to create a safe and child-friendly environment.

The rapid advancement of digital technology has reshaped the behavior and communication patterns of young people, including church youth who are highly active on social media. However, the lack of digital literacy and legal awareness often leads to the spread of hoaxes, unethical online behavior, and the risk of digital sexual harassment. This Community Service Activity (PKM) titled “Strengthening Digital Legal Literacy for Church Youth: Anti-Hoax Awareness and Prevention of Online Sexual Harassment under Indonesia’s ITE Law No. 1 of 2024” was carried out at HKBP Bethesda Perumnas Mandala Church, aiming to enhance youth understanding of the ITE Law and encourage responsible social media use. The activity was conducted through an interactive seminar and discussion involving 30 participants, focusing on three core topics: understanding the ITE Law, anti-hoax education, and digital sexual harassment prevention. The results showed a significant increase in participants’ awareness of digital ethics, legal responsibility, and strategies for online safety. Participants actively engaged in discussions, demonstrating high enthusiasm and comprehension of the material. This activity proves that collaboration between universities and churches can effectively promote digital legal literacy and moral awareness among the younger generation, supporting the creation of a safe, ethical, and law-abiding digital environment.

This study examines criminal liability for the crime of exhibitionism in Indonesia and the forms of protection provided to its victims. Exhibitionism is a deviant behavior in the form of exposing genitals to others without consent, which is classified as a form of sexual harassment. Although often considered a minor act or even just "fun", exhibitionism has serious psychological impacts on victims, such as trauma, fear, anxiety, and long-term mental disorders, especially if it occurs repeatedly or is experienced by minors. From a legal aspect, the crime of exhibitionism can be prosecuted through several articles in the Criminal Code (KUHP), including Article 281 which regulates indecent acts in public, and Article 289 if the exhibitionism is carried out with violence or threats of violence. In addition, Law Number 44 of 2008 concerning Pornography can also be used as a legal basis, especially if the exhibitionism is carried out through digital media. If the victim is a child, Law Number 35 of 2014 concerning Child Protection will increase the perpetrator's punishment. The criminal liability of exhibitionists depends heavily on their mental state. Under Indonesian criminal law, a person can only be held criminally responsible if they are legally capable of being held accountable. If a perpetrator is proven to have a serious mental disorder based on a psychiatric expert's testimony, they may be subject to special measures instead of criminal punishment, such as rehabilitation in a mental hospital. Protection for victims of exhibitionism must be comprehensive. This includes facilitating the reporting process to authorities, prompt handling by law enforcement, providing counseling or psychological support, protecting the victim's identity, and educating the public to prevent exhibitionism. Integrating legal aspects, mental health, and public education is crucial in breaking the chain of this crime.

Cases of child sexual abuse in Indonesia continue to increase each year. In the Special Region of Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta City ranks among the areas with the highest incidence. A preliminary study conducted at SD Negeri Dalem revealed that students had a low level of understanding about sexual abuse, with some having experienced it firsthand. One promising and age-appropriate intervention is the use of animated video media. To determine the effect of animation-based sex education on knowledge and self-awareness in preventing sexual harassment among students at SD Negeri Dalem Yogyakarta in 2025. This study employed a quantitative method with a pre-experimental one-group pre-test post-test design. A sample of 50 students from grades 3 to 6 was selected using proportionate stratified random sampling. The research instruments consisted of questionnaires measuring knowledge and self-awareness. Data were analyzed using univariate analysis and bivariate analysis with the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. The Wilcoxon test showed a significant effect on the improvement of knowledge (p-value = 0.012), indicating that the null hypothesis (Ho) was rejected and the alternative hypothesis (Ha) was accepted. However, there was no significant effect on self-awareness (p-value = 0.672), meaning the null hypothesis was accepted and the alternative hypothesis was rejected. The number of students in the “good” knowledge category increased from 10 students (20.0%) to 22 students (44.0%) after the intervention, while those in the “good” self-awareness category increased from 30 students (60.0%) to 34 students (68.0%). Animated video education is effective in increasing students' knowledge about the prevention of sexual harassment; however, it is not yet sufficient to significantly improve self-awareness. This indicates that enhancing self-awareness requires more in-depth, repeated, and interactive educational methods.

Higher education is a scientific institution which has the task of carrying out education and teaching above secondary level as well as providing education and teaching based on Indonesian national culture in a scientific manner. Sexual harassment behavior is an act of harassment that can occur directly or indirectly. Where the action involves another person in unwanted sexual activity, either verbally, or actions carried out by someone to control or manipulate another person. In general, the perpetrator of sexual harassment feels that he has power that can dominate the victim, and instills that there is nothing the victim can do, because the perpetrator has certain power. Sexual harassment on campus occurs due to a legal vacuum in preventing, handling and protecting victims of sexual harassment in the tertiary environment. In cases of sexual harassment that occur among students, it can occur due to a lack of education and counseling regarding sexual activity, it can also be caused by environmental factors where the perpetrator of the harassment feels they have the opportunity to carry out acts of harassment in the university environment. This research was conducted using qualitative methods which included observation, in-depth interviews, researchers have explored the nuances and complexities related to these issues, and researchers are ready to understand perceptions and anticipatory strategies regarding whether or not the Pancasila and Citizenship Education (PPKn) study program can help in handling sexual harassment by PPKn students at FKIP Mulawarman University.

Online media play a significant role in shaping public perception through framing processes, particularly on sensitive social issues such as protests. This study aims to analyze and compare how two Indonesian online news platforms, Kompas.com and Indozone.id, framed the student protest at Dongduk Women’s University in South Korea. This research employs a qualitative descriptive approach using Robert N. Entman’s framing model, which includes four elements: defining problems, diagnosing causes, making moral judgments, and suggesting remedies. The data were derived from two news articles published in November 2024. The findings reveal that Kompas.com applied a more critical and comprehensive framing approach, emphasizing social context, historical cases of sexual harassment, and the importance of safe spaces for women. In contrast, Indozone.id focused on the virality aspect, providing minimal analysis and omitting moral and solution-oriented framing. These differences reflect the editorial orientation of each platform and highlight the need for media literacy in an era dominated by algorithm-driven journalism. The study underscores how media framing influences public understanding of gender justice and women's education issues.

The phenomenon of catcalling is a form of verbal sexual harassment that is often trivialized by society, even though this practice reflects the existence of symbolic power that places women in a subordinate position in public spaces. Catcalling demonstrates the enduring dominance of patriarchal culture, which is embedded through language and actions that appear ordinary yet subtly demean women's dignity. This study aims to describe the forms and characteristics of catcalling, examine catcalling as a manifestation of symbolic violence, and identify the social and psychological impacts experienced by victims. This study uses a descriptive qualitative approach with data collection techniques through direct observation and in-depth interviews with young women at Taman Literasi Blok M. Based on Pierre Bourdieu's theory of symbolic violence, this study concludes that catcalling not only has an emotional impact but also reinforces gender inequality that is internalized in social norms. This practice occurs through a symbolic process that is inherited and normalized in everyday interactions.

This study uses a qualitative method to examine legal protection for female workers who experience discrimination in employment relationships. Discrimination against women in the workplace remains prevalent, taking forms such as unequal pay, limited opportunities for promotion, and sexual harassment, all of which affect their safety and comfort at work. Legal protection for female workers is regulated by various laws, including the Manpower Act, the Human Rights Act, and ILO conventions ratified by Indonesia. However, the implementation of these protections is often ineffective due to weak law enforcement, limited awareness among female workers regarding their rights, and the persistence of patriarchal culture. This study aims to analyze the extent to which legal regulations and their implementation function effectively, as well as the obstacles female workers face in claiming their rights. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, literature review, and document analysis. The findings indicate the need to strengthen labor inspection institutions and provide legal education for female workers to achieve justice in employment relationships.  

Catcalling or verbal sexual harassment is a social phenomenon that is rampant in Indonesia. It involves unwanted sexualized remarks that dehumanize the victim and can have a psychological impact. Although Law Number 12 of 2022 on Criminal Acts of Sexual Violence (UU TPKS) has regulated non-physical sexual harassment in Article 5, its application in the field still faces various obstacles. This study aims to determine the legal formulation of the application of sanctions against perpetrators of verbal sexual harassment (catcalling). This research uses an empirical normative approach. The results show that the legal formulation of the application of sanctions against perpetrators of verbal sexual harassment has progressed with explicit regulation in Article 5 of Law Number 12 of 2022 concerning Criminal Acts of Sexual Violence (TPKS Law). To realize substantive and effective justice, it is necessary to improve the formulation of sanctions, integrate non-criminal sanctions, increase the capacity of law enforcers, and strengthen public education.

Sexual harassment cases in university environments have become a serious issue that not only harms victims physically and psychologically but also undermines academic and humanitarian values. This article aims to analyze the implementation of legal aid services in addressing criminal acts of sexual harassment within higher education institutions, particularly in terms of victim protection, legal assistance, and the restoration of victims’ rights. This study employs an empirical or socio-legal approach by examining existing legal regulations and the practical implementation of legal services by campus-based legal aid institutions. The findings reveal that although several universities have established task forces or sexual violence service units, their implementation still faces challenges such as limited resources, low legal awareness, and a prevailing culture of silence among students. Therefore, institutional strengthening, continuous awareness campaigns, and victim-centered campus policies are necessary to ensure comprehensive access to justice. Legal aid services must not only be reactive but also preventive and educational, as part of a broader effort to create a safe and violence-free academic environment.  

Personal data dissemination is a new type of crime that has emerged in the digital world. The rapid development of technology has led to various innovations in data storage, one of which is through barcode technology. Although it provides convenience, this technology also opens up new gaps in cybercrime, especially the misuse and dissemination of personal data stored in barcodes. The impacts of the spread of personal data include damage to personal reputation due to the widespread dissemination of personal data on the internet, the emergence of cyber bullying and sexual harassment, personal data that has the potential to be sold, and the distress and psychological trauma experienced by victims of personal data dissemination. The purpose of this study is to analyze how law enforcement against perpetrators of abuse of the spread of personal data stored in barcodes is reviewed from the ITE Law and the PDP Law, and identify preventive efforts that can be made to prevent these crimes. This research uses a normative juridical approach method used to examine applicable legal norms related to personal data protection. With a statute approach, books, scientific journals, and the internet. The results showed that, although the ITE Law does not specifically regulate barcode technology, the protection of personal data stored in barcodes is still subject to the provisions of the ITE Law and Law Number 27 of 2022 concerning Personal Data Protection.

Sexual harassment against children in Islamic boarding schools is a serious issue that demands special attention, particularly in the context of legal protection for victims. This study aims to analyze the position and role of child victims in the dynamics of sexual harassment crimes within pesantren, as well as to identify forms of legal protection that can be provided through a victimological approach. One of the cases highlighted in this research occurred at Bani Ma’mun Islamic Boarding School, located in Gembor Udik Village, Cikande Sub-district, Serang Regency, which illustrates the weak protection afforded to children in religious educational environments. By employing an empirical juridical method and referring to secondary data such as legislation, legal documents, and academic literature, this study finds that child victims often do not receive optimal protection, either in the criminal justice process or in terms of psychosocial support. The victimological perspective emphasizes the importance of fulfilling victims' rights, including the right to security, physical and mental rehabilitation, and social reintegration. In this context, protection efforts should not only focus on imposing sanctions on perpetrators but also include the formulation of policies oriented toward the recovery of victims. Therefore, this study recommends strengthening institutional capacity within pesantren to develop and implement comprehensive child protection mechanisms, including regulatory reform and more responsive law enforcement toward victims of sexual crimes. This research is expected to contribute to the development of a legal framework that is more victim-oriented within Indonesia’s criminal justice system.

The development of information and communication technology has changed the pattern of human interaction, which was initially done face-to-face, to digital. The positive impact of internet usage is to facilitate connection and access to information, but it can also result in negative impacts such as cybercrime. The purpose of this research is to determine the crime of cyberstalking reviewed from Law Number 1 of 2024 concerning the Second Amendment to Law Number 11 of 2008 concerning Information and Electronic Transactions (ITE). This research is normative legal research that is prescriptive and uses a statutory approach, case approach, and conceptual approach. The collection of legal materials uses literature study techniques or document studies using syllogistic analysis techniques and using deductive thinking patterns. From the research, it was found that cyberstalking can be in the form of stalking followed by sexual harassment, privacy interference and continuous threats. In addition, cyberstalking is regulated in Law Number 1 of 2024 concerning Information and Electronic Transactions. However, this law has not been clearly or specifically regulated regarding stalking in the digital realm. Therefore, we need strict regulations regarding cyberstalking crimes.