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Heat stress is a major constraint in broiler production systems located in humid tropical climates, where high ambient temperature and relative humidity impair growth performance, feed efficiency, and animal welfare. This systematic review synthesizes peer-reviewed studies published between January 2015 and December 2025 evaluating environmental housing designs and cooling strategies for mitigating heat stress in broiler chickens. This systematic review followed the PRISMA 2020 guidelines and synthesized peer-reviewed studies retrieved from Scopus, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect, published between January 2015 and December 2025. From 500 records initially identified, 26 studies fulfilled the predefined eligibility criteria and were included in the qualitative synthesis. The findings demonstrate that evaporative cooling systems, tunnel ventilation, and automated climate control technologies consistently reduced indoor temperature (2–6°C) and improved body weight gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR), and mortality rates under hot-humid conditions. However, cooling efficiency was strongly influenced by ambient humidity, necessitating integrated and adaptive environmental control approaches. Smart sensor-based systems further enhanced microclimate stability and thermal uniformity within broiler houses. Beyond performance improvements, optimized environmental management reduced physiological stress indicators, including heterophil-to-lymphocyte ratios and corticosterone levels. Overall, integrated, humidity-adaptive, and energy-efficient cooling strategies are essential to sustain productivity, welfare, and climate resilience in tropical broiler production systems.

Cattle farming plays a strategic role in rural economic development by generating employment, supplementary household income, and contributing to food and nutritional security. However, in Indonesia, most smallholder cattle enterprises remain traditional and small-scale, leading farmers to treat livestock farming primarily as a secondary livelihood. While previous studies have largely focused on technical adoption and production performance, limited attention has been given to farmers’ psychological interest as a foundation for sustaining livestock enterprises. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the level of community interest in cattle farming and examine the influence of farmers’ characteristics (age, education level, herd size, number of family dependents, farming experience, and primary income) on such interest. A quantitative survey was conducted involving 34 cattle farmers in Taji Village, Jabung District, Malang Regency, selected using total sampling. Data were collected through structured questionnaires and analyzed using multiple linear regression. The findings reveal that community interest in cattle farming is generally high, as reflected in emotional (3.93), cognitive (3.81), and conative (3.74) dimensions measured on a four-point Likert scale. Regression results indicate that age has a significant positive effect (p = 0.022), whereas farming experience has a significant negative effect (p = 0.025) on interest levels. Other variables show no statistically significant influence. These findings highlight that psychological engagement in cattle farming is shaped more by demographic and experiential factors than by formal education or income level. The study contributes to the literature by positioning interest as a psychological determinant of livestock sustainability. Policy implications emphasize the urgency of risk-mitigation extension programs to address farmer burnout, incentivized intergenerational knowledge transfer, and cooperative-based institutional support to ensure smallholder livestock sustainability.

Poultry agribusiness is a key driver of food security and rural economic development in developing countries. However, the sector remains vulnerable to infectious diseases such as avian influenza and Newcastle disease, which can disrupt production systems and supply chain continuity. Although previous studies have examined poultry disease control, biosecurity, and supply chain disruption, evidence on how risk and crisis communication supports outbreak management and resilience in developing-country poultry agribusiness remains fragmented. This study applied a systematic literature review (SLR) approach under PRISMA guidelines to synthesize risk and crisis communication strategies in poultry disease management and their contribution to supply chain resilience. Only seven relevant studies published between 2020 and 2025 met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed using the PICO framework. Quality assessment using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT), combined with systematic data extraction in Microsoft Excel 2021, was conducted to improve methodological transparency and consistency. The novelty of this review lies in integrating communication strategies, enabling and constraining factors, digital tools, One Health perspectives, and public–private collaboration within a single analytical synthesis. The findings indicate that participatory, transparent, and coordinated communication can support disease prevention and crisis preparedness, particularly when strengthened by stakeholder trust, policy support, training, and accessible information channels. However, limited digital literacy, inadequate infrastructure, and cultural barriers may reduce communication effectiveness. Overall, this review highlights the need for inclusive communication systems and collaborative governance to strengthen poultry supply chain resilience in developing countries, while recognizing that the small evidence base limits broad generalization.

This study aimed to determine the effect of different levels of beef liver addition on the nutritional, physicochemical, and color characteristics of chicken patties. Beef liver, an underutilized animal by-product with high nutritional value, was incorporated at different levels (0%, 20%, 40%, and 60%) into chicken patty formulations. The experiment was conducted using a Completely Randomized Design with four treatments and five replications. The collected data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and followed by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT). The results showed that the addition of beef liver had no significant effect (P>0.05) on protein content, water activity (aw), and b* values, but had a highly significant effect (P<0.01) on moisture content, fat content, cooking loss, texture, and color characteristics (L* and a*). Increasing beef liver levels improved the nutritional profile and modified the physical and visual characteristics of the patties. These findings demonstrate the potential of beef liver as a value-added functional ingredient for developing nutritious chicken patties while promoting the sustainable utilization of underutilized livestock by-products.

Gatot, a fermented-cassava food, is the culinary icon of Gatot Tourism Village in Sumberpucung Subdistrict, Malang Regency. Cafe Koka, the pioneering gatot business in the area, faces two problems that hold back its growth. Its drying process still relies on sunlight, so production stops during the rainy season and the failure rate reaches 30–40%, while product presentation lacks adequate display facilities, lowering its appeal and selling value. This community-service program installed a 5 kg-per-batch cabinet dryer and two display refrigerators, accompanied by dried-gatot packaging development and staff training. The work followed a Plan-Do-Check-Act cycle combined with participatory mentoring over eight months, evaluating production and marketing indicators. After the program, drying time dropped from 2–4 days to about 4–5 hours, the product failure rate fell to 8–10%, and drying uniformity rose to about 90%. On the marketing side, impulse purchases increased by more than 40%, customer satisfaction with product display reached 4.5 of 5 (n=50), and monthly revenue grew about 175% owing to the new packaged-gatot line. Combining production and marketing technology strengthened the self-reliance of this local-food micro-enterprise.

Changes in labor regulations through the Job Creation Law have brought significant changes to the employment system in Indonesia, particularly in terms of labor flexibility. This study aims to analyze labor flexibility after the implementation of the Job Creation Law from the perspective of Human Resource Management (HRM). The research method used is a qualitative approach through a literature study with thematic analysis of 16 scientific journals, books, and regulations related to labor flexibility and strategic Human Resource Management (HRM) practices. The results show that labor flexibility has positive impacts on companies in improving operational efficiency, productivity, and adaptability to market changes. However, on the other hand, such flexibility also creates several challenges, including job uncertainty, decreased job security, and reduced protection for contract and outsourced workers. From the HRM perspective, companies are required to create a balance between business interests and labor protection in order to maintain harmonious industrial relations. This study is expected to provide a more comprehensive understanding of labor flexibility as part of human resource management strategies in the post-labor deregulation era in Indonesia.

The Rumah Padat Karya Program in Surabaya City is one of the local government policies to reduce poverty through job creation and empowerment of low-income communities (MBR). This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the Rumah Padat Karya Program in reducing poverty rates in Surabaya and to assess its alignment with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly Goal 1 (No Poverty), Goal 8 (Decent Work and Economic Growth), and Goal 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities). The study employs a formal evaluation approach with a formative evaluation type, given that the program is still ongoing. Data were collected through interviews, observation, and documentation, and analyzed qualitatively. The evaluation was conducted using William N. Dunn’s (2003) criteria, comprising effectiveness, efficiency, adequacy, equity, responsiveness, and appropriateness. The results indicate that the program is fairly effective in reducing poverty and unemployment through local workforce absorption and the productive utilization of previously idle government assets. However, limitations remain, including budget constraints, inter-district facility disparities, weak inter-agency coordination, and suboptimal business mentoring and market access. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the mentoring system, equalize facilities, and enhance cross-sector collaboration so that the program can run more optimally and sustainably.  

Mangrove forests are high-value coastal ecosystems that have the potential to be developed as sustainable ecotourism destinations. This study aims to analyze the development of Mangrove Forest Tourism in Kampung Kayu Ara Permai, Sungai Apit District, Siak Regency based on the three pillars of sustainable tourism of the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), namely environmental, economic, and socio-cultural sustainability. The method used is a descriptive qualitative approach through literature studies and semi-structured interviews with regional managers. The results of the study show that this area has a good mangrove ecosystem with nine species and an average Tourism Suitability Index (IKW) of 76.89% (Suitable/S2 category). From an economic perspective, eight non-timber forest products (NTFPs) downstream products and community-based homestay models have created an equitable distribution of benefits for residents. The socio-cultural dimension is supported by the authenticity of the coastal Malay tradition that is still preserved. However, the three dimensions face challenges in the form of the absence of protection regulations, the absence of a government fixed budget, and low public participation in management evaluation. This study recommends the issuance of regional regulations, the establishment of tourism BUMDes, and the strengthening of community participation as the foundation for sustainable ecotourism development.  

Abstract. PT XYZ, a wooden furniture manufacturing company, served as the research site for this study which applied the Theory of Constraints (TOC) method to analyze production performance and identify bottlenecks. The company faces capacity imbalances between workstations, resulting in production targets that have not been achieved optimally. Data collection involved direct observation and interviews with related parties in the production area. The analysis was conducted by comparing the required capacity with the available capacity at each production workstation. The findings reveal that solid processing, machining, sanding, assembling, painting, and packing have sufficient available capacities to meet production requirements, thus categorized as non-bottleneck processes. In contrast, the panel processing station is identified as the main bottleneck due to its highest workload among all processes. By implementing the Theory of Constraints, the company can identify major constraints and establish improvement priorities to enhance production flow smoothness. It is expected that improvements in bottleneck processes will increase production efficiency, balance capacity among workstations, and support more optimal achievement of production targets. Keywords: bottleneck; capacity; manufacturing; production performance; theory of constraints   Abstrak. PT XYZ sebuah perusahaan manufaktur furnitur kayu, menjadi lokasi penelitian ini yang menggunakan metode Theory of Constraints (TOC) untuk menganalisis kinerja produksi dan mengidentifikasi bottleneck. Perusahaan menghadapi ketidakseimbangan kapasitas antar stasiun kerja yang menyebabkan target produksi belum terdengar secara optimal. Pengumpulan data meliputi observasi langsung dan wawancara dengan pihak terkait di area produksi. Analisis dilaksanakan dengan membandingkan kapasitas yang dibutuhkan terhadap kapasitas yang tersedia pada setiap stasiun kerja produksi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa proses pembahanan solid, machining, sanding, assembling, painting, dan packing memiliki kapasitas yang tersedia yang masih mampu memenuhi kebutuhan produksi, sehingga termasuk kategori non-bottleneck. Sebaliknya, stasiun kerja pembahanan panel diidentifikasi sebagai bottleneck utama karena memiliki tingkat beban kerja tertinggi di antara seluruh proses. Dengan penerapan Theory of Constraints, perusahaan dapat mengidentifikasi kendala utama dan menentukan prioritas perbaikan untuk meningkatkan kelancaran aliran produksi. Diharapkan perbaikan pada proses bottleneck dapat meningkatkan efisiensi produksi, menyeimbangkan kapasitas antar stasiun kerja, serta mendukung pencapaian target output perusahaan secara lebih optimal. Kata kunci: bottleneck; kapasitas; kinerja produksi; manufaktur; theory of constraints

Abstract. This research aims to analyze the effectiveness and reliability of production machines in the process of making public street lighting poles (PJU) at PT. XYZ The main problem faced by the company is high machine downtime so that production targets are not achieved. Therefore, a method is needed that is able to measure machine effectiveness as a whole and identify the main causes of production losses. The method applied includes Overall Equipment Effectiveness (OEE) to measure machine effectiveness based on three components, namely availability, performance and quality. The Total Productive Maintenance (TPM) approach is used to identify factors causing low effectiveness through Six Big Losses analysis. Apart from that, Mean Time To Repair (MTTR) and Mean Time Between Failure (MTBF) are calculated to determine the level of machine reliability. The data used includes machine working hours, downtime, operating time, production quantities, defective products, as well as machine damage and repair data. The analysis results are expected to show the level of machine effectiveness and identify the dominant factors causing downtime. Based on these results, improvement proposals are prepared to reduce downtime, increase machine reliability and improve production productivity Keywords: Overall Equipment Effectiveness (OEE), Total Productive Maintenance (TPM), Six Big Losses, Downtime, Efektivitas   Abstrak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis efektivitas dan keandalan mesin produksi pada proses pembuatan tiang penerangan jalan umum (PJU) di PT. XYZ Permasalahan utama yang dihadapi perusahaan adalah downtime mesin yang tinggi sehingga target produksi tidak tercapai. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan metode yang mampu mengukur efektivitas mesin secara menyeluruh dan mengidentifikasi penyebab utama kerugian produksi. Metode yang diterapkan meliputi Overall Equipment Effectiveness (OEE) untuk mengukur efektivitas mesin berdasarkan tiga komponen, yaitu availability, performance, dan quality. Pendekatan Total Productive Maintenance (TPM) digunakan untuk mengidentifikasi faktor penyebab rendahnya efektivitas melalui analisis Six Big Losses. Selain itu, dilakukan perhitungan Mean Time To Repair (MTTR) dan Mean Time Between Failure (MTBF) untuk mengetahui tingkat keandalan mesin. Data yang digunakan mencakup jam kerja mesin, downtime, waktu operasi, jumlah produksi, produk cacat, serta data kerusakan dan perbaikan mesin. Hasil analisis diharapkan dapat menunjukkan tingkat efektivitas mesin dan mengidentifikasi faktor dominan penyebab downtime. Berdasarkan hasil tersebut, disusun usulan perbaikan untuk mengurangi downtime, meningkatkan keandalan mesin, dan memperbaiki produktivitas produksi Kata kunci: Overall Equipment Effectiveness (OEE), Total Productive Maintenance (TPM), Six Big Losses, Downtime Mesin, Efektivitas Mesin

Somongari Tourism Village in Indonesia's Purworejo Regency is the site of this research on the ways in which community-based creative economy development could promote ecotourism. As a destination rich in natural, cultural, and historical assets, Somongari demonstrates significant potential to integrate creative industries into tourism practices. Examining community involvement, entrepreneurship, and government, this study used a qualitative descriptive technique to gather data via observation, recording, and interviews.Findings reveal that creative economy initiatives—such as culinary innovation, agro-tourism, cultural storytelling, and digital promotion—strengthen destination attractiveness while generating income for residents. Innovation, inclusion, and intergenerational colaboration are greatly enhanced when women and youths are involved. Community ownership and fair distribution of benefits are reinforced via participatory governance and collective management. Limited product diversi-fication, reliance on seasonal tourism, and limitations in management competence are some of the difficulties that continue to exist. The study concludes that community-based creative economy development provides a strategic pathway for sustainable tourism by integrating economic empowerment, cultural preservation, and social participation. Strengthening entrepreneurship, enhancing digital marketing, diversifying tourism products, and fostering stakeholder collaboration are essential to improving competitiveness and resilience. This study contribute to the discourse on sustainable rural tourism by demonstrating how creative economy initiatives can serve as instruments of empowerment and sustainable destination development.

This study aims to analyze the implementation of digital marketing in Sharia cooperative retail business units to increase sales volume. Advances in information technology have driven changes in consumer behavior, leading to an increasing reliance on digital media for product information and transactions. This situation requires Sharia cooperatives to adapt through the implementation of effective digital marketing strategies. This study employed a qualitative method with a case study approach. Data were obtained through observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation. The research informants consisted of cooperative administrators, retail business unit managers, and consumers who interacted with the cooperative's digital marketing media. Data analysis techniques used the Miles and Huberman model, which includes data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. The results show that the implementation of digital marketing through social media, WhatsApp Business, and digital promotions can expand market reach, enhance interaction with consumers, and drive increased sales volume. However, obstacles remain, including limited human resources and consistency in digital content management. Therefore, improving the digital competency of cooperative managers is necessary to optimize digital marketing strategies.

This research examines the influence of Price, Income, Taste, Promotion, Location, and Product Quality on consumer demand at Coffee Shops in Pekanbaru City. The population consists of Coffee Shop customers in Pekanbaru City. A nonprobability sampling method with Accidental Sampling technique was applied, involving 100 respondents. Data were analyzed using SEM-PLS approach through SmartPLS 4.0 software. The findings reveal that Price, Promotion, and Product Quality significantly influence consumer demand. In contrast, Income, Taste, and Location do not show a significant effect. Among all variables, Product Quality emerges as the most dominant factor affecting consumer demand at Coffee Shops in Pekanbaru City. Therefore, coffee shop managers in Pekanbaru City need to improve taste consistency, menu variety, presentation, and product quality standards to maintain and increase consumer demand. This research is expected to provide business owners with a basis for formulating more appropriate, competitive, and sustainable customer satisfaction-oriented marketing strategies in the local market.

Ketidaksesuaian kualitas pada proses assembly sepatu kulit kerap memicu siklus rework berulang yang menguras sumber daya waktu maupun biaya produksi secara signifikan. Penelitian ini mengkaji mekanisme pengendalian cacat yang diterapkan pada Product D-01 di Lini C PT XYZ, dengan menggunakan DMAIC sebagai kerangka perbaikan utama serta Pareto, P-Chart, Fishbone Diagram, 5 Whys, Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA), dan Cost of Quality (COQ) sebagai alat pendukung. Data primer bersumber dari catatan produksi internal perusahaan, pengamatan lapangan, dan wawancara terstruktur bersama pengawas produksi dan staf quality control. Pengukuran baseline menunjukkan bahwa Lini C menyumbang volume cacat paling tinggi di antara seluruh lini yang ada, dengan Product D-01 mencatat 10.487 pair cacat dari total output 80.387 pair, sehingga menghasilkan defect rate sebesar 13,05%. Distribusi Pareto mengidentifikasi wrinkle, incorrect colour, dan not straight sebagai tiga kategori cacat paling kritis. Penilaian FMEA menetapkan Risk Priority Number tertinggi sebesar 245 pada perilaku operator yang terburu-buru selama proses lasting dan brushing. Tindakan korektif mencakup pemasangan SOP visual, implementasi checklist QC pra-shift, verifikasi kondisi mesin secara rutin, dan penyediaan sampel referensi warna serta bentuk yang terstandar. Pemantauan selama dua periode berikutnya mengkonfirmasi penurunan defect rate secara bertahap menjadi 12,80% dan kemudian 11,65%, disertai penurunan estimasi biaya kegagalan internal dari Rp 2,36 juta menjadi Rp 1,86 juta per periode.

This study aims to determine adolescents’ acceptance of mackerel turbin quiche, identify the best formulation of the product, and analyze its nutritional content. This study used an experimental method. The results showed that the mackerel turbin quiche product that was well accepted by adolescents was F1, which used 250g of mackerel, 125g of tofu, and 375g of red beans. The best formulation of mackerel turbin quiche used ingredients divided into three (3) parts: crust, filling, and custard. The quiche crust consisted of 500g wheat flour, 300g margarine, 135g powdered sugar, 15g powdered milk, and 2 egg yolks. The filling consisted of 250g mackerel, 375g red beans, 125g tofu, and 100g onion. The custard consisted of 1000 ml UHT milk, 10 egg yolks, 6g salt, 3g ground pepper, and 3g ground nutmeg. Each 45g serving of mackerel turbin quiche contained 194.34 Kcal of energy, 21.60g carbohydrates, 10.09g fat, and 5.69g protein. It can be concluded that mackerel turbin quiche can be used as a healthy snack alternative for adolescents.

In today's rapidly developing era, advances in digital technology have brought significant changes to various fields, including the music industry. Music production processes that once relied heavily on analog equipment can now be carried out digitally through various software applications, one of which is Fruity Loops Studio (FL Studio). FL Studio is a digital music production software that is relatively easy for beginners to learn and is widely used in the creation of digital music. This technology enables individuals to create, record, edit, and produce music more efficiently without requiring expensive studio equipment. Therefore, proficiency in digital music production technology has become a relevant and essential skill for professional, educational, and creative industry purposes. Training in recording, mixing, and mastering techniques using FL Studio is one approach to enhancing the competencies of youth communities engaged in music activities. One of the target groups of this program is the K-Tong Lasiana Youth Community, a community actively involved in music creation, particularly ethnic music. However, their musical works are still primarily focused on live performances and have not been widely produced in digital recording formats due to limited knowledge and skills in digital music production. As a community service initiative, this training program is designed to equip community members with fundamental knowledge and practical skills in digital music production, enabling them to create high-quality musical works and distribute them through various digital platforms so that they can reach a broader audience.

Introduction: The Beyond Use Date (BUD) is the expiration date for a drug product after its primary packaging has been opened, mixed, or prepared. The BUD differs from the expiration date printed on the manufacturer's packaging and is not always listed on the drug, so many people still don't fully understand this concept.Objective: To evaluate the level of knowledge of Prolanis patients regarding the Beyond Use Date (BUD) at the Purwokerto Utara I Community Health Center before and after being given counseling. Methods: A quantitative descriptive method with a cross-sectional design was used on 20 Prolanis patient respondents. Primary data collection consisted of questionnaires administered before (pretest) and after (posttest) the lecture-based counseling using flyers. Data analysis was performed using univariate analysis. Results: The level of knowledge of Prolanis patients regarding Beyond Use Date before counseling showed that the majority were in the poor category with 16 respondents (80.0%) and the sufficient category with 4 respondents (20.0%). After being given counseling, there was an increase in the good category with 6 respondents (30.0%), but the majority were still in the poor category with 14 respondents (70.0%).Conclusion: The level of knowledge of Prolanis patients regarding Beyond Use Date (BUD) at Purwokerto Utara I Health Center before counseling was mostly in the poor category, and after counseling there was an increase although most were still in the poor category.

This community service program aimed to promote a community-based environmental care movement through the planting of productive trees in Meunasah Panggoi Village, Muara Dua District, Lhokseumawe City. The program was implemented over four weeks using a Community-Based Participatory (CBP) approach, actively involving local residents in the planning, observation, seedling procurement, tree planting, and initial maintenance stages. The observation results indicated that vegetation cover in the village was still limited, highlighting the need for sustainable greening efforts. A total of 25 productive trees, including mango, longan, coconut, guava, and avocado, were successfully planted at several strategic locations. The activity involved village officials, youth groups, and community members, thereby strengthening public participation in environmental conservation. The program not only increased vegetation cover but also reinforced the spirit of mutual cooperation, enhanced collective awareness of environmental preservation, and encouraged the productive use of available land. The productive trees are expected to provide long-term ecological, social, and economic benefits by improving environmental quality and generating harvests that can be utilized by the community. Therefore, community-based greening represents an effective strategy for supporting sustainable environmental development at the village level.

The fashion industry produces large amounts of textile waste, necessitating sustainable design solutions such as zero-waste fashion design. This study examines the application of zero-waste fashion using the fabric manipulation tucking technique to ready-to-wear clothing. The objective of this study is to determine how the tucking technique can be applied to zero-waste pattern design to produce efficient and aesthetically pleasing clothing. The research method used is Research and Development (R&D) with the ADDIE development model.The research results include five stages: In the analysis stage, the author examines the concepts of zero waste, the tucking technique, and ready-to-wear clothing. In the design phase, two zero-waste pattern concepts with variations of tucking were created as trials. Development was carried out through design validation and revisions based on expert input. Implementation was carried out with product production based on the refined final design. Finally, evaluation was carried out through product validation and final revisions until the product was finished. The results show that zero-waste design using the tucking technique can be implemented systematically, reducing waste and enhancing product uniqueness.Recommendations in this study highlight the importance of tucking stitch direction, accurate placement of zero-waste patterns, and the use of excess fabric as an additional tucking accent to reduce looseness and optimize fabric usage. Selection of appropriate fabrics to support the aesthetic results and effectiveness of the Tucking technique in ready-to-wear fashion products.

A bustier plays a crucial role in supporting the body, enhancing its shape, and enhancing aesthetics, especially when worn with a kebaya or evening gown. This study aims to analyze the results of bustier production using three different types of boning, such as needle-inserted boning, sewn-in boning, and steel boning, to determine the most optimal type of boning. The method used is Research and Development (R&D), encompassing data collection, product design, validation, testing, and product revision. This study found that the bustier with inserted boning achieved fairly good results with an average score of 3.00, which equates to 75.00% and falls into the “acceptable” category, while the bustier with sewn-in boning demonstrated the most optimal results. Based on validation testing by two expert validators, this product received an average score of 3.64 out of a total of 4, with a 90.91% acceptability rate, which falls into the “highly acceptable” category. The bustier with steel boning received an average score of 2.82, or 70.45%, which also falls into the “acceptable” category. Steel boning is not yet widely available, so its availability should be confirmed before production begins. Installing both sewn boning and steel boning requires precision. Therefore, it is recommended that you first practice structural sewing techniques.