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ABSTRACT There must be a fair and balanced application of the legal rights and responsibilities that arise from the employment relationship between employers and employees. Employers' continued activities of withholding diplomas from workers, even after the employment relationship has ended, may have negative consequences for workers and limit their ability to find new career possibilities. The purpose of this research is to examine the employment agreement's provisions on the parties' respective roles and responsibilities in the workplace, and to determine whether or not employees have any recourse if their employers choose to retain their diplomas even after the job relationship has ended. Normative legal research using conceptual, factual, and regulatory approaches is the study technique used. Holding workers' diplomas is illegal, violates their human rights, and goes against labor laws and regulations, according to the report. Legislation protects employees both preemptively, via government oversight and normative regulation, and punitively, via processes for resolving disputes in industrial relations and the imposition of administrative, civil, and criminal penalties. Companies cannot legitimately withhold diplomas; thus, this practice must end in order to provide legal clarity and respect for workers' dignity. Keywords : Legal Protection, Workers, Diploma.

Terrorism is a serious threat to the security and unity of the Indonesian nation. Events such as the suicide bombing at the Medan Police Headquarters in 2019 show that acts of terror are increasingly complex and require swift and appropriate handling. For this reason, the government passed Law Number 5 of 2018 concerning the Eradication of Criminal Acts of Terrorism as a legal basis that strengthens the authority of the apparatus, including the Gegana Detachment of the Indonesian National Police Mobile Brigade Corps (Brimob), in carrying out counter-terrorism operations. This study aims to determine and analyze how the implementation of Law No. 5 of 2018 is carried out by the Gegana Detachment in the North Sumatra Regional Police area, identify obstacles faced in operations, and formulate strategies to increase the effectiveness of the implementation of the law. The results of the study show that the implementation of this law has been implemented through preventive, preemptive, and repressive approaches, such as sterilization of places of worship, social activities "Love Sunday", security patrols, and anti-terror training simulations. However, implementation in the field still faces various obstacles, including limited modern equipment, lack of cross-agency coordination, and low public participation. Therefore, personnel capacity building, infrastructure modernization, and strengthening inter-agency synergy are needed to achieve more effective counterterrorism efforts in North Sumatra.

Terrorism is a serious threat to the security and unity of the Indonesian nation. Events such as the suicide bombing at the Medan Police Headquarters in 2019 show that acts of terror are increasingly complex and require swift and appropriate handling. For this reason, the government passed Law Number 5 of 2018 concerning the Eradication of Criminal Acts of Terrorism as a legal basis that strengthens the authority of the apparatus, including the Gegana Detachment of the Indonesian National Police Mobile Brigade Corps (Brimob), in carrying out counter-terrorism operations. This study aims to determine and analyze how the implementation of Law No. 5 of 2018 is carried out by the Gegana Detachment in the North Sumatra Regional Police area, identify obstacles faced in operations, and formulate strategies to increase the effectiveness of the implementation of the law. The results of the study show that the implementation of this law has been implemented through preventive, preemptive, and repressive approaches, such as sterilization of places of worship, social activities "Love Sunday", security patrols, and anti-terror training simulations. However, implementation in the field still faces various obstacles, including limited modern equipment, lack of cross-agency coordination, and low public participation. Therefore, personnel capacity building, infrastructure modernization, and strengthening inter-agency synergy are needed to achieve more effective counterterrorism efforts in North Sumatra.

Illegal street racing is a persistent issue in Indonesia, including Bungo Regency, endangering road users and violating traffic laws. This study, based on a case study at the Traffic Unit of Bungo Police Resort, aims to explore the police's role in addressing illegal street racing from an Islamic criminal law perspective. Using a qualitative juridical-empirical approach, the study examines legal regulations, institutional practices, and Islamic jurisprudence. Data was gathered from legal sources and literature related to law enforcement and Islamic criminal law. The results reveal that the police play a strategic role in combating street racing through preventative, preemptive, and repressive tactics. Repressive measures include law enforcement based on the Indonesian Traffic and Road Transportation Law, while preventive actions involve community outreach, traffic education, and regular patrols. From an Islamic criminal law viewpoint, illegal street racing is categorized as jarimah ta‘zīr, where authorities impose sanctions to maintain public order and prevent harm (mafsadah), aligning with the maqasid al-shariah goals of preserving property and life. The study concludes that effective and sustainable action against street racing requires collaboration between law enforcement, communities, and religious perspectives.

This study discusses in depth the factors that cause and efforts to overcome the crime of trafficking in persons (TPPO) in the jurisdiction of the East Nusa Tenggara Police (NTT), which is known to have the highest number of trafficking cases in Indonesia. Using a juridical-empirical approach through interviews with nine resource persons consisting of law enforcement officials, women and child protection institutions, and the community, this study shows that although the substance of the law is quite adequate, its implementation is still weak and has not been able to cause a deterrent effect for perpetrators. Limited human resources, supporting facilities, and weak coordination between institutions are the main obstacles in the law enforcement process. Countermeasures are carried out through three main aspects, namely preemptive (counseling, socialization, and community economic empowerment), preventive (port supervision, formation of a monitoring team for illegal job vacancies, and cross-sector cooperation), and repressive (investigation, arrest, and legal process against perpetrators). This research also emphasizes the importance of increasing the capacity of the apparatus, synergy between agencies, and public education as sustainable steps in reducing the number of trafficking and protecting victims as a whole.

CPU scheduling is a core function in modern operating systems that significantly impacts system performance and efficiency. Among various scheduling algorithms, Priority Scheduling is widely used and exists in two main variants: non-preemptive and preemptive. The non-preemptive mode allows a process to run to completion, while the preemptive mode can interrupt a running process for a higher-priority one. Understanding the behavioral differences between these modes is crucial but often challenging through manual calculations. To address this, an interactive web-based application was developed to simulate and visualize both preemptive and non-preemptive Priority Scheduling algorithms. The research method involved designing the system logic based on the core principles of each scheduling variant, followed by implementation using standard web technologies: HTML, Tailwind CSS, and JavaScript. The application allows users to input custom process data or load predefined case studies, select the scheduling mode, and instantly receive a comprehensive analysis. The results include a dynamically generated Gantt chart, a detailed performance metrics table (including turnaround time and waiting time), and a step-by-step execution log. Through a comparative analysis of a specific case study, the application is proven to be an effective educational tool. It accurately simulates both modes and visually demonstrates the impact of preemption on execution order, resource utilization, and key performance metrics, thereby simplifying the learning process for students and educators.

Street crime is a conventional crime that occurs in public spaces and disturbs people's sense of security. The National Police of the Republic of Indonesia has an important role in dealing with this crime through preventive, preemptive, and repressive strategies. This article uses a descriptive qualitative approach based on a literature study. The results of the analysis show that the effectiveness of the police force is influenced by the availability of resources, community participation, and cross-sectoral coordination. Efforts such as Operation Cipta Condition have proven to be able to reduce the crime rate, but there are still obstacles such as a lack of personnel and technological facilities. Therefore, a multidimensional approach that involves the support of the government, the community, and strengthening the criminal justice system is key to tackling street crime effectively and sustainably.

The rise of trade in protected wildlife threatens the preservation of biodiversity in Indonesia, especially in the Aceh and North Sumatra regions. This is because punishment does not provide a deterrent effect to the perpetrators and the involvement of officials in its implementation, so that law enforcement against the trade in protected wildlife has not been felt effective in the eyes of the public. In this thesis, the author wants to know the extent of the effectiveness of law enforcement carried out by Forestry Civil Servant Investigators (PPNS) against protected wildlife trade through issues related to law enforcement, obstacles in law enforcement and efforts that have been made to overcome these obstacles. This research was conducted in Section I of the Sumatra Regional Environmental and Forestry Law Enforcement Center. The research method used is a case study with a qualitative approach. Data was collected through interviews with PPNS Forestry and related parties, as well as analysis of documents related to protected wildlife trafficking cases. The results of the study show that the effectiveness of law enforcement by PPNS Forestry has been quite effective, although it is still faced with several obstacles in its implementation. Law enforcement against the trade in protected wildlife starts from preemptive, preventive, repressive and judicial actions. Light punishment, the use of undercover buy techniques, proof of evidence, involvement of officials, facilities and infrastructure, human resources and public awareness are still factors that hinder law enforcement. Therefore, efforts have been made to overcome these obstacles by revising the law, strengthening intelligence networks, adding and increasing human resources, coordinating with related agencies and socializing to the community. The author recommends that socialization be carried out to law enforcement officials regarding the equality of perception in the implementation of Law Number 32 of 2024 and establish close cooperation with the TNI and Polri intelligence networks and make strict rules against officers involved in the trade of protected wildlife.

Human trafficking is a serious crime that continues to evolve at both national and international levels. In Belu Regency, East Nusa Tenggara, human trafficking has become a major issue, particularly concerning the illegal trafficking of Indonesian migrant workers (IMWs). This research employs a juridical-empirical approach, using interviews and document studies as data collection techniques. The findings of this study reveal that: (1) The factors contributing to human trafficking in Belu Regency can be categorized into internal and external factors. Internal factors include the perpetrators' motivation to gain quick financial benefits without considering the consequences and the victims' poor economic conditions and lack of awareness of their rights. External factors encompass poverty, low levels of education, limited job opportunities, and weak law enforcement, which creates opportunities for the perpetrators. (2) The modus operandi of the perpetrators involves deception, such as promising high-paying jobs with good working conditions, which ultimately leads to the exploitation of victims. (3) Efforts to combat human trafficking involve preemptive, preventive, and repressive measures. Preemptive efforts include public awareness campaigns, preventive measures focus on monitoring illegal recruitment activities, and repressive measures involve law enforcement actions against the perpetrators.

Legal protection for daily cooperatives is very important to ensure that their duties are carried out fairly, in accordance with applicable regulations, and without violating the rights of cooperative members. However, in the implementation of this task, there are often unwanted situations, such as violent crimes that can threaten the safety and integrity of daily cooperative employees. The inability to pay debts can trigger emotions and frustration on the part of borrowers, which in turn can trigger acts of violence against daily cooperative employees in the city of Kupang. Based on the above background, the following problem formulation is proposed: (1) What are the factors that encourage the occurrence of acts of violence against cooperative employees when carrying out collection duties? (2) What is the form of legal protection provided by the government to cooperative employees when carrying out collection duties?. This research was carried out in Kupang City, precisely at the PNM Mekaar Office, Kelapa Lima Kupang Branch. This research is an empirical legal research, which is carried out with a legislative approach and a case approach. The data were analyzed in a descriptive-qualitative manner. Based on the results of the research conducted, it was obtained that: (1) factors that encourage acts of violence against cooperative employees when carrying out collection duties, including: (a) Internal factors, including; (a) morality and education, (b) low consumer income factors, (c) consumer economic pressure, (d) uncontrolled emotions, (e) the influence of alcohol. b) External factors, including; (a) risky environmental factors, (b) social factors. (2) Forms of legal protection provided by the government to cooperative employees when carrying out collection duties, including: (a) Preemptive protection: can mean taking preventive measures. (b) Preventive Protection: This protection involves various policies, regulations, and mechanisms. (c) Repressive protection: actions taken to address, stop, or punish unlawful acts. The author's advice is to report the incident of violence to your superior, cooperative management, or the authorities as soon as possible. Make sure to follow the cooperative's internal procedures related to complaints and handling of violence.

This study aims to find out and analyze the legal protection of marine animals in Alor Regency from Law No. 05 of 1990 concerning the Conservation of Biological Natural Resources and Their Ecosystems. The type of research used in this study uses an empirical method or called field research, which is to examine the applicable legal provisions and what happens in reality in society. The results of the discussion in this study show that, (1) the factors that cause the taking of marine animals (akar bahar) are: weak community income, weak community legal awareness factors, motive factors of perpetrators, weak supervision factors, crime scene factors (crime scenes) are difficult to detect, (2) efforts made to protect marine animals (akar bahar) are: preemptive legal protection efforts, preventive legal protection efforts,  efforts to protect the law in a repressive manner.

This study aims to find out and analyze the criminological review of the crime of trafficking in persons studied in Ende Regency The type of research used in the study is empirical juridical research. Empirical Juridical Research, where prospective researchers conduct research in the field. Data collection technique by conducting interviews with 3 resource persons. As well as the data analysis techniques used, namely descriptive-qualitative analysis. The results of this study show that: (1) The factors that cause the occurrence of trafficking in Ende Regency. Namely, (a) Financial emotional pressure, (b) Lack of legal and moral awareness, (c) Poverty and economic inequality, (d) Lack of education and employment opportunities, (e) social and cultural, (f) family. (2) Efforts to combat trafficking in Ende Regency. In an effort to overcome trafficking in Ende Regency through 3 efforts, Preemptive, Preventive, and Repressive.

The existence of the police is essential in overcoming criminal acts of terrorism, because the police are structured in such a way from the regions to the center and are also in accordance with the duties and functions of the police in creating public security and enforcing the law. The problem raised in this research is: what are the steps taken by the National Police in tackling criminal acts of financing terrorism? What are the obstacles to the National Police in dealing with criminal acts of terrorism?This research is directed towards normative, or doctrinal, juridical legal research which is also referred to as library research or document study, because it is mostly carried out on secondary data in libraries. The results of the research and discussion explain the role of the National Police in overcoming criminal acts of terrorism, namely maintaining public security and order, which is a dynamic condition of society as one of the prerequisites for implementing the national development process in order to achieve national goals which are characterized by ensuring security, order and the rule of law, as well as fostering it. peace, which contains the ability to foster and develop the potential and strength of society in warding off, preventing and overcoming all forms of law violations and other forms of disturbance that can disturb society. The National Police's efforts to tackle terrorism include repressive efforts, preventive efforts and preemptive efforts. The obstacle for the National Police in tackling terrorism is that it is hampered by the synergy of cross-sectoral cooperation, namely between the police, regional government and other related agencies.    

Sexual violence is an incident that cannot be separated from women and children. The rise in incidents of sexual violence against women and children in the city of Kupang is a fluctuating phenomenon. The Kupang City Police PPA Unit noted that, in 2021 there were 42 cases of violence against women and children, in 2022 it decreased to 39 cases, and increased in 202 to 42 cases. This research aims to determine the factors that cause sexual violence against women and children, and determine the obstacles to solving criminal acts of sexual violence against women and children in Kupang City, as well as efforts to overcome them. This research uses empirical juridical methods, with the type of data used being primary data based on the results of interviews and documentation, as well as secondary data used to complement primary data. The results of this research show that (1) The factors causing sexual violence behavior are sexual desire, lack of sex education, social and environmental factors, and misuse of technology. (2) Obstacles experienced in resolving cases of sexual violence include insufficient evidence, individual factors, and the perpetrator running away. (3) The countermeasures that have been carried out are in the form of preemptive, preventive and repressive measures.

This research investigates the role of teachers in creating transformative education, with the aim of shaping the Golden Generation. The study utilizes a qualitative approach to explore various aspects of this process, focusing on the contributions of teachers in reshaping the educational landscape to meet the needs of future generations. The research methodology employed is qualitative descriptive, aiming to uncover new meanings, explain conditions, determine event frequencies, and categorize information. Data is collected through a literature review from various online sources such as books, journals, and relevant references. The findings of the research indicate that teachers are responsible not only for imparting knowledge but also for developing students' critical thinking, creativity, and adaptability skills. The study highlights the importance of innovative teaching methods, teacher professionalism, and educational ecosystem support in preparing students to face future challenges. As a preemptive step towards the Golden Generation, the research emphasizes continuous collaboration among educators, policymakers, and stakeholders to create an educational environment that fosters students' holistic development. The results of this research contribute to the discourse on educational transformation and provide guidance for pedagogical practices aligned with the aspirations of future generations.  

This research aims to analyze the factors that cause criminal acts of embezzlement of ownership of land rights. The research method used in this research is empirical legal research using data collection techniques through direct observation and interviews with the litigants. The results of the research show that the factors that cause criminal acts of embezzlement of ownership of land rights include economic factors, lack of the concern of land owners regarding the wealth they own, the ignorance of the victim's heirs regarding land ownership, the current high price of land has resulted in people starting to look for their land, as well as the factor of selling or exchanging land at that time using a belief system, resulting in the transfer of land rights. there is no evidence of the land. Overcoming criminal acts of embezzlement of ownership of land rights in three ways: preemptive efforts, preventive efforts and repressive efforts, namely by taking more potential steps to avoid conflicts in the land sector..

The purpose of this research is to analyze the criminological review of the forms and efforts to overcome violence against children in Kupang City. This research is an empirical juridical research that uses data collection techniques through interviews, documentation studies to obtain primary and secondary data on Criminology Review of Forms and Efforts to Overcome Violence Against Children in Kupang City, the data is descriptively qualitative. The results of this study indicate that the forms of violence that occur in Kupang City, physical violence, namely all acts of torture, beatings and abuse of children with or without the use of objects that cause physical injury or death to children, emotional / psychological violence, namely situations of feeling unsafe and comfortable experienced by children. Sexual violence is when children are sexually abused/treated and also involved or take part in or see activities of a sexual nature with the aim of pornography, body movements, movies or something that aims to exploit sex where someone satisfies their sexual appetite for others. Economic abuse is the abuse of a child's labor for work and other activities for the benefit of their parents or others. Child neglect/exploitation is the attitude and behavior of parents who do not provide proper attention to the child's growth and development process. Efforts made against cases of child abuse are preemptive efforts, initial efforts made by the police to prevent the occurrence of a criminal act, preventive efforts, preventive measures taken by the authorities before the occurrence of a criminal act, repressive efforts, countermeasures made by the authorities after a criminal act has occurred.