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Background: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a disease that cannot be completely cured or cannot even be completely cured. The vile shard plant is empirically used by the community to treat diabetes (DM). This study aims to conduct phytochemical screening and test the activity of 96% ethanol extract of kejibeling leaves (Strobilanthes crispus (L.) Bl.) as a herbal antidiabetic in male white mice (Mus musculus) with alloxan induction. Method: This research is an experimental laboratory research with a true experimental posttest control design using a completely randomized design (CRD) with 5 treatments and 5 replications. Treatment P1 (without treatment) as normal control (N), P2 as positive control (+), P3 as negative control (-), P4 kejibeling leaf extract 250 mg/kg BW, P5 kejibeling leaf extract 500 mg/kg BW. Result:The results of phytochemical screening showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, terpenoids and steroids. SPSS results show that the data is normally distributed (p>0.05) and homogeneous (p>0.05). The results of the ANOVA on the treatment of giving keji beling leaf extract 250 mg/Kg BW showed a sig. 0.393 (p>0.05) and treatment of 500 mg/Kg BW obtained a sig value. 0.517 (p>0.05). Conclusion:The conclusion from the research results shows that administering doses of 250 mg/kg BW and 500 mg/kg BW of keji beling leaf extract can reduce blood sugar levels in mice. It is hoped that the results of this research will be useful for the community as an antidiabetic therapy using kejibeling leaves (Strobilanthes crispus (L.) Bl.).

Bitter melon (Momordica charantia) is a medicinal plant traditionally used to control blood glucose levels and improve digestive health. These benefits are closely associated with its bioactive metabolite content. This article aims to characterize the bioactive metabolites of bitter melon and to review their potential bioactivity in glycemic control and digestive function. The method employed includes a literature-based characterization of metabolites, identification of major classes of active compounds, and evaluation of analytical techniques commonly applied in natural product research, such as phytochemical screening, chromatography, and spectroscopic analysis. The results indicate that bitter melon contains various bioactive metabolites, including flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, triterpenoids, and polyphenols, which contribute to blood glucose reduction by enhancing insulin sensitivity and inhibiting glucose absorption. Furthermore, these compounds support digestive health by improving digestive enzyme activity, exhibiting anti-inflammatory effects, and maintaining gut microbial balance. In conclusion, bitter melon represents a promising source of natural bioactive compounds with significant potential for application in health and pharmaceutical development.

Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) is a plant known to contain various bioactive compounds with potential antioxidant properties as well as xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitory activity. This study aimed to evaluate the phytochemical content, antioxidant activity, and XO inhibitory potential of ethanol extracts from the leaves, stems, and their combination. Phytochemical screening revealed that all extracts contained alkaloids, flavonoids, and terpenoids, while phenolic compounds were detected only in the leaf extract and the combined leaf–stem extract. Antioxidant activity assays demonstrated that all extracts exhibited very strong antioxidant activity, with IC₅₀ values below 50 ppm, indicating a significant potential to scavenge free radicals. In the XO inhibition assay at a concentration of 200 ppm, the ethanol extract of lemongrass stems showed the highest inhibitory activity at 81.37%, followed by the leaf extract at 48.08% and the combined leaf–stem extract at 33.65%. Overall, these findings suggest that the ethanol extract of lemongrass stems is the most promising natural source of antioxidants and has the greatest ability to inhibit xanthine oxidase activity, indicating its potential development as a functional ingredient for health applications.

Leaves of Etlingera walang (Blume) RMSm have been empirically used in traditional medicine to relieve stomach disorders and are known to contain secondary metabolites with potential antimicrobial properties. Salmonella typhi infection can cause typhoid fever with symptoms such as diarrhea and abdominal pain, while Candida tropicalis is a fungus that can infect the gastrointestinal tract and lead to digestive disturbances. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial and antifungal activities of the ethanolic extract of E. walang leaves against S. typhi and C. tropicalis. The antimicrobial assay was carried out using the disk diffusion method at extract concentrations of 25%, 50%, and 100%, with chloramphenicol and ketoconazole as positive controls, and DMSO as the negative control. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and tannins. However, the results showed that the extract did not produce inhibition zones against either test microorganism. Extract evaluation indicated a moisture content of 12.23%, total ash 13.39% (above the standard), acid-insoluble ash 1.25%, total plate count 1.8 × 10 ⁴ , and mold and yeast count 1.0 × 10 ³. The findings suggest that although the ethanolic extract of E. walang leaves contains secondary metabolites and is traditionally used for stomach ailments, it does not exhibit antimicrobial activity against S. typhi or C. tropicalis.

Citrus hystrix DC., commonly known as kaffir lime, is a citrus plant widely distributed in Southeast Asia including Indonesia, Thailand, India, and China. Its leaves are traditionally used as food flavoring and herbal medicine due to their distinctive aroma and therapeutic potential. This study was conducted to identify the presence of secondary metabolite compounds in kaffir lime leaves through qualitative phytochemical screening. Fresh leaves were extracted and tested using standard phytochemical methods with specific reagents to detect alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, tannins, saponins, steroids, and terpenoids. The screening process was carried out through colorimetric reactions that indicate the presence of specific metabolite groups. The results showed that kaffir lime leaves positively contain several classes of secondary metabolites, including alkaloids (brownish-black precipitate with Bouchardat reagent), flavonoids (red color with Mg and concentrated HCl), saponins (stable foam formation after shaking with HCl), steroids (green color with acetic anhydride), terpenoids (reddish-purple color with concentrated H2SO4), and tannins (greenish-black color with FeCl3). The findings confirm that kaffir lime leaves are rich in bioactive compounds that may contribute to pharmacological activities such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and therapeutic properties. These results support the traditional use of kaffir lime leaves as natural medicine and highlight their potential as a source of natural bioactive compounds for further pharmaceutical and nutraceutical development. This study provides preliminary scientific evidence and encourages more detailed quantitative and isolation studies on the active components of Citrus hystrix.

Fungal infections are a common health problem in tropical regions, including Indonesia, since humid conditions support microbial growth. Candida tropicalis is a pathogenic species frequently identified as the cause of both superficial and systemic candidiasis. The rising resistance to synthetic antifungal agents such as fluconazole and ketoconazole highlights the need for safer and more effective alternative therapies. Propolis, a resinous substance produced by Trigona sp. bees from various plant sources, contains flavonoids, phenolics, and terpenoids with important biological activities, including antimicrobial and antifungal effects. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of ethanol extract of propolis from Balikpapan against the growth of Candida tropicalis using the disk diffusion method. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, tannins, and terpenoids in the extract. Antifungal activity testing showed that concentrations of 80%, 90%, and 100% significantly inhibited fungal growth, with the largest inhibition zone of 27.93 mm observed at 100% concentration. Statistical analysis using ANOVA confirmed significant differences among treatments. Thus, ethanol extract of Trigona sp. propolis from Balikpapan demonstrates strong potential as a natural antifungal agent. These findings support the use of propolis as a natural-based therapeutic alternative for fungal infections and contribute to the development of herbal pharmaceutical products.

This study investigated the phytochemical screening and antibacterial activity against various microorganisms including E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterococcus faecalis, and Candida albicans. Active compounds were isolated and identified from Aleppo Oak Gallnut, obtained from the Iraqi plant Quercus Infectoria L. Plant extracts were prepared using a continuous extraction apparatus, Soxhlet, with a successive solvent system based on polarity differences, including petroleum ether (60-80°C), ethanol (78°C), and hot aqueous extracts. Acid hydrolysis was performed on the raw ethanol and hot water extracts to obtain free phenolic compounds, including Gallic acid, Apigenin, Rutin, Kaempferol, Chlorogenic acid, and Caffeic acid, using high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) techniques. The inhibitory activity of Aleppo Oak Gallnut extracts (Ethanol and Hot Aqueous) after acid hydrolysis was tested using four concentrations (25%, 50%, 75%, 100%) against various microorganisms. The Ethanol extract exhibited a significant inhibitory effect on Enterococcus faecalis. The Hot Aqueous extract showed a modest inhibitory effect on Enterococcus faecalis. The Ethanol extract demonstrated strong inhibition against Klebsiella pneumoniae. The Hot Aqueous extract at 100% and 75% showed high inhibition. The Ethanol extract exhibited significant inhibitory effects against Staphylococcus aureus at 100%. The Hot Aqueous extract at 75% and 100%  demonstrated weaker inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus. The Ethanol extract demonstrated weaker inhibition against E. coli, and the Hot Aqueous extract showed no effect at 50%  and 25%, and slight inhibition at 100%  and 75%. For Candida albicans, the Ethanol extract showed minimal inhibition at all concentrations and no effect at 25%. The Aqueous extract had a slight effect at 100%  and no inhibition at 75%, 50%, and 25%.

Indonesia's biodiversity holds great potential for drug development, including through the use of traditional medicinal plants such as tapak liman (Elephantopus scaber L.), suruhan (Peperomia pellucida L. Kunth), and temu ireng (Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb.). These plants have been used in traditional medicine and are known to contain bioactive compounds with potential anticancer properties. Tapak liman contains compounds capable of inducing apoptosis in cancer cells. Suruhan is known to have cytotoxic and immunomodulatory effects, while temu ireng contains compounds with antioxidant and anticancer activity. This study aims to identify and quantify the bioactive compounds in these three plants using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and to explore their therapeutic potential in cancer treatment. The results of GC-MS analysis successfully identified six main compounds that have potential as anticancer agents, namely Phytol, Caryophyllene, Apiol, Germacrone, Germacrene B, and one additional compound. Temu ireng contains Germacrone, Germacrene B, and Caryophyllene, while suruhan contains Caryophyllene, Apiol, and Phytol. Meanwhile, tapak liman shows the presence of bioactive compounds that support cytotoxic activity. The focus of this study is on the interaction of bioactive compounds with the Bcl-2 protein, which plays a role in inhibiting apoptosis in cancer cells. Additionally, molecular analysis revealed that Germacrone, Germacrene B, Caryophyllene, and Apiol can also bind to the p53 protein, known as a guardian of the genome and a trigger for apoptosis. These findings suggest that the three plants have high potential as natural sources of anticancer agents. Further in vitro and in vivo studies are recommended to test the biological efficacy of these compounds in the context of cancer therapy, thereby bridging traditional knowledge with modern scientific approaches in the development of natural-based medications.

Malaria remains a significant public health issue in Indonesia, particularly in endemic areas such as Keerom Regency, Papua. Efforts to control this disease face challenges due to Plasmodium resistance to synthetic drugs, highlighting the need for safer and more effective alternative treatments. This study aims to identify the secondary metabolite content of several local plants traditionally used as antimalarial remedies. An experimental laboratory study was conducted using phytochemical screening methods. The plants examined included turmeric rhizome (Curcuma longa), meniran leaves (Phyllanthus niruri), papaya leaves (Carica papaya), sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata), and brotowali (Tinospora crispa). Extraction was carried out using the maceration method with 96% ethanol as the solvent. The results showed that all samples contained secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, and saponins, which are known for their antiplasmodial activity. Extract yields ranged from 18% to 24%, with turmeric rhizome showing the highest yield. These findings suggest that local plants from Keerom Regency hold potential as raw materials for the development of herbal antimalarial drugs. This study serves as a preliminary step for further in vitro and in vivo bioactivity testing.

This study aimed to identify the secondary metabolite compounds present in the ethanol extract of Plukenetia volubilis L. (sacha inchi) shells through phytochemical screening and LC-MS analysis. The extraction was performed using the maceration method with 95% ethanol as solvent, resulting in a yield of 47.33%. Qualitative phytochemical tests revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, saponins, and glycosides in the extract. Further LC-MS analysis tentatively identified several phenolic and flavonoid compounds with known biological activities, including sinapinic acid, 1-o-sinapoylglucose, and azelaic acid from the dicarboxylic acid group. The presence of these compounds highlights the potential of sacha inchi shell extract as a natural antioxidant and antidiabetic agent. These findings support the valorization of sacha inchi agricultural waste as a promising raw material for pharmaceutical and nutraceutical applications.

Breadfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) leaves are widely used in traditional medicine in Southeast Asia. Phytochemical screening of breadfruit leaves showed that the plant is rich in chemical contents that have potential as a source of natural medicine. The biological activity of breadfruit leaf phytochemicals showed potential in the treatment of various diseases. The benefits of phytochemicals (Development of natural medicines, Discovery of new chemical compounds, Development of cosmetic and food products, Improvement of quality of life through the use of natural products and Conservation of rare and endemic plants). this research uses the method Phytochemical screening of breadfruit leaves involves several stages: Extraction, Fractionation, Identification. The results stated that breadfruit leaves contain Steroid / Terpenoid compounds which indicate positive results in concentrated green, Saponin negative results that only precipitate not, Tannin positive results in blackish color, Flaphonoid positive results in red color and Alkoloid positive results in brown color.  

Phytochemistry is a method used to determine the compounds found in plant essence. Phytochemical identification is carried out using chemical substances used in a reaction to determine the collection of secondary metabolite compounds. Indonesia is a country that has various types of medicinal plants, one of which is the leaves of Katang-katang (Ipomoea pes-caprae). Katang-katang is a tropical vine that is easy to find and belongs to the Convolvulaceae family. The utilization of this medicinal plant is one of the alternatives in an effort to treat a disease.  Along the road in the sandy beach area, many of these plants are found growing creeping on the edge of the shoreline, this plant has a trumpet-like flower and is known as Katang-katang (Ipomoea pes-caprae). (Ipomoea pescaprae L.). Empirically, people often use katang-katang plants to treat infections in wounds, relieve pain, and as antioxidants. The active compounds of katang-katang as antibacterial are terpenoids, steroids, saponins, tannins and flavonoids. The active compound that plays the most role is thought to be the flavonoid compound content.

Waru leaves (Hibiscus tiliaceus) are one of the herbal plants that grow well in Indonesia. Empirically, waru leaves have many benefits for treating flu, accelerating the maturation of boils, tonsillitis, and can be used as a hair fertilizer. This study aims to determine the content of waru leaves (Hibiscus tiliaceus). Waru leaves (Hibiscus tiliaceus) are extracted by maceration with methanol solvent. The extraction results then go through a color reaction compound test process and confirmation test. Testing of color reaction compounds includes steroids, saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, and tannins. This study aims to analyze the chemical compound content contained in waru leaves (Hibiscus tiliaceus) extracted using methanol solvent. This research method includes maceration extraction and chemical compound screening tests using chemical reagents. The results showed that waru leaves extracted using methanol solvent contain steroids, alkaloids, tannins, and saponins. It can be concluded that the chemical compounds contained in hibiscus leaves (Hibiscus tiliaceus) are relevant to human health.

Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is a fruit plant that is easy to grow in almost all climates. The utilization of this plant as a traditional medicine is very varied and all parts of the pomegranate plant (Punica granatum L.) can be used as medicine, one of which is pomegranate leaves. This study aims to determine the content contained in pomegranate leaves. Pomegranate leaves were extracted by maceration with 96% ethanol solvent. The extraction results then go through a color reaction compound test process. Testing of color reaction compounds includes saponins, steroids/terpenoids, flavonoids, alkaloids, and tannins. This study aims to analyze the content of chemical compounds contained in pomegranate leaves extracted using 96% ethanol. This research method includes maceration extraction and chemical compound screening tests using chemical reagents. The results showed that pomegranate leaves extracted using 96% ethanol solvent and phytochemical screening showed positive results on alkaloid compounds, steroids/terpenoids, flavanoids, tannins but on saponin metabolites showed negative results.

Cassia alata L or generally knowles as Chinese leaves contain phytochemical compounds, one of which is flavonoids which have the potential as antioxidants, antioxidants can be used to prevent diseases with oxidative stress. The purpose of this study was to determine the content of phytochemical screening and qualitative testing of antioxidant activity ethanol ekstract of Chinese leaves (Cassia alata L) using the DPPH method. This study is a qualitative study with an extraction process using the maceration method with 96% ethanol solvent. Phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity testing were carried out by adding specific reagents. The results of phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity testing of Chinese leaves (cassia alata L) ekstract contain bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, saponins, tannins and antioxidant activity testing with DPPH reagents showed that Chinese leaves (cassia alata L) extract has antioxidant activity which is indicated by a change of the color from purple to yellow. From the results obtained, it can be concluded that the flavonoid compound content in Chinese leaves (cassia alata L) extract can potentially act as an antioxidant.

The study entitled “Cream Formulation of Methanol Extract of Tapak Kuda (Ipomoea pes-caprae (L.) R. Br.) Leaves) As an anti-inflammatory in male white mice (Mus musculus)” using laboratory experimental methods with posttest control group design, data analysis using SPSS 25.0 with One Way ANOVA test and Duncan test. The percentage of extract yield obtained was 3.12%, phytochemical screening test showed the presence of secondary metabolite compounds alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins and steroids. Cream preparation of methanol extract of Tapak Kuda leaves at concentrations of 2.5%, 5% and 10% showed anti-inflammatory activity and the maximum dose to reduce edema diameter was 10% concentration with a percentage inhibition of 87.97%. Data analysis with One Way ANOVA test with a significance value ≤ 0.05 which indicates the presence of anti-inflammatory activity in Ipomoea pes-caprae tread leaf methanol extract cream.

Background:  Air pollution has become a serious issue, prompting considerations on obtaining essential substances known as antioxidants for the body. Preventive measures can be taken by utilizing herbal plants such as binahong and mint, known for their antioxidant properties.Objective: Measure the activity of the radical barrier of DPPH powder drink. Method: This study was a genuine research type. Results: Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, and saponins in the positive samples. The inhibition activity results for single formulations were as follows: binahong formulation 83,835%, mint formulation 85,011%, formulation (1 : 1) 83,043%, formulation (1 : 2) 83,210%, and formulation (2 : 1) 81,259%. Organoleptic tests indicated that formulation III was acceptable based on sensory evaluation. Conclusion: The powdered drink combination of binahong and mint leaves contains antioxidant compounds: alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and saponins. The highest DPPH radical scavenging activity was observed in the single mint leaf formulation and the lowest barrier is in combination powder drinks with (1 : 1) formulation, and formulation (1:1) was most acceptable based on sensory evaluation and there is no influence of variation between powdered drink formulation series..    

Indtoduction : Free radicals that come from sunlight can cause cell damage and death because they are carcinogenic. SPF is the effectiveness of a sunscreen in protecting the skin from the sun. Kawista stem bark (Limonia acidissima Groff) has potential as a sunscreen. Purpose: to analyze the SPF value of ethanol extract, n-hexane fraction, ethyl acetate fraction and water fraction. Method :  Extraction by maceration method with 96% ethanol and fractionation by liquid-liquid extraction method. Phytochemical screening. SPF analysis by spectrophotometric method with the Mansur equation. One-way ANOVA statistical analysis. Results: The SPF values ​​of ethanol extract, ethyl acetate fraction, water fraction and n-hexane fraction respectively along with sunscreen protection categories were SPF 12.77 (maximum protection), SPF 11.77 (maximum protection), SPF 11.67 ( maximum protection) and SPF 7.146 (extra protection). Conclusion: The highest SPF value was found in ethanol extract as a semi-polar solvent. The lowest SPF value was obtained in the n-hexane fraction as a non-polar solvent.

As a tropical country, Indonesia has many types of biodiversity, including plants that are spread throughout Indonesia, approximately as many as 40,000 species with 7,500 species of which can be used as medicinal plants which are applied for medical needs and biological and chemical research. One of the topics discussed in this journal is the gotu kola leaf, known as the Latin name (centella asiatica). This plant contains tannins, flavonoids, vitamin A and vitamin C with various properties including accelerating the wound healing process, other benefits such as improving brain and nerve function. It should be noted that this efficacy is due to the presence of secondary metabolites in the gotu kola leaf and to find out, alkaloid, flavonoid, and saponin tests were carried out using dried gotu kola leaves and then divided into two bottles of 200 ml of methanol and N-hexane solution and then macerated for 3 days. . After the maceration process is complete, a thick extract of gotu kola leaves is produced and then continued with testing for alkaloids, flavonoids, and saponins which will later get results that aim to be the first step to determine secondary metabolite compounds and be useful as information on the utilization of the efficacy of gotu kola leaves as well as research in biology and chemistry.

Javanese long pepper (Piper retrofractum Vahl) is a native Indonesian spice that is found in many regions in Indonesia, especially in Madura. The cultivation of Javanese long pepper plants is spread across four large areas in Madura, that are Sumenep, Pamekasan, Sampang, and Bangkalan. Empirically, herbal chilies have been proven to be able to treat various diseases. This is closely related to the macronutrient content and bioactive compounds contained in herbal chilies. This research has carried out proximate analysis, phytochemical screening and phenolic content analysis of herbal chilies originating from four regions in Madura. The analysis results showed that Sumenep herbal medicine chili extract had the highest number of calories at 8,434 kcal. Meanwhile, Bangkalan herbal medicine chili extract has the lowest number of calories, namely 8,227 kcal. The results of this research also showed that Javanese long pepper contain six active compounds, five of which have been successfully tested with positive results (+) or have been proven to contain alkaloids, terpenoids, tannins, flavonoids, and carotenoids. Saponin compounds showed negative results (-) or there were no saponin compounds in Madurese herbal chilies. The total phenolic content of local Madurese herbal chilies from Pamekasan, Sampang, Sumenep and Bangkalan respectively, 44.63; 27.70; 25.49; and 22.70 mg GAE/g. The results showed that there were significant differences between the areas of the Javanese long pepper in terms of water content, protein content, fat content, carbohydrate content and phenol content (p<0.05).