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The increasing demand for electricity and high dependence on the utility power grid have driven the adoption of photovoltaic (PV) power generation as an environmentally friendly alternative energy source. This study aims to analyze the techno-economic feasibility of a load-sharing PV power generation system, focusing on technical analysis, operational costs, electricity bill savings, and environmental impacts. The research was conducted using quantitative methods to compare energy from photovoltaic generation and the grid, carbon emission calculations using an emission factor of 0,87 kgCO₂/kWh, and economic evaluation through parameters such as Net Present Value (NPV), Return on Investment (ROI), Cost of Energy (COE), and Payback Period (PP). The research results indicate that the photovoltaic panel generation system enables reducing utility grid energy consumption and reducing carbon emissions by 4,85 tons of CO₂ in 2024, increasing to 8,45 tons of CO₂ in 2025. The economic analysis indicates that the NPV value is not yet optimal; however, the ROI stands at 15%, the COE is Rp. 980.08/kWh, and the Payback Period is 6,56 years. The system is feasible for long-term investment. Overall, the implementation of the photovoltaic power plant demonstrates good potential in supporting carbon emission reduction, increasing the utilization of renewable energy, and reducing dependence on fossil-based energy.

Boiler merupakan komponen vital dalam operasional Pemnagkit Listriik Tenaga Sampah, Dimana sampahmenjadi bahan bakar Utama yang diolah menjadi panas yang dipergunakan untuk mendidihkan airdidalam boiler. Operasional boiler memerlukan pengawasan ketat terhadap parameter suhu, tekanan, danlevel air untuk mencegah risiko kecelakaan kerja dan inefisiensi energi. Namun, sistem pemantauankonvensional seringkali masih bergantung pada pengecekan manual yang berisiko terjadi kesalahanmanusia (human error). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk merancang dan mengimplementasikan sistemkontrol otomatis boiler berbasis Internet of Things (IoT) menggunakan mikrokontroler ESP32 sebagai unitpemroses utama. Sistem ini dilengkapi dengan sensor suhu, sensor tekanan, dan Level Switch untukmendeteksi level air secara real-time. Data dari sensor dikirimkan ke aplikasi Blynk melalui jaringan Wi-Fi, yang memungkinkan operator melakukan pemantauan dan pengendalian jarak jauh melaluismartphone. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa sistem mampu mengotomatisasi pengisian air danpengeluaran uap dengan tingkat akurasi yang tinggi serta latensi pengiriman data yang minimal.Implementasi sistem ini diharapkan dapat meningkatkan standar keselamatan kerja, efisiensi operasional,dan memperpanjang usia pakai komponen boiler melalui pemeliharaan preventif yang lebih akurat.Kata Kunci: Boiler, IoT, ESP32, Sistem Kontrol Otomatis, Monitoring Real-time.

The energy that is stored in water can be used to generate electricity by taking advantage of the potential energy available, like the energy from waterfalls and the movement of flowing water. Micro-hydropower plants (PLTMH) are one solution to address the energy crisis, particularly in electricity. VDI 2221 is a method that German engineers use as a guideline when designing construction projects. The VDI (Verein Deutsher Ingeneure or German Engineers Association) design process involves several stages: task description, design concept determination, physical design, and detailed design. Based on the solution principle matrix table, 3 variants were obtained, each of which has criteria. Of the 3 variants that have been evaluated, variant 2 was obtained with results that met the requirements. The cost analysis table shows that the total cost for designing a prototype test equipment for a micro-hydroelectric power plant (PLTMH) based on a laboratory-scale crossflow turbine is Rp 10,032,000. This cost includes instrumentation, control and electrical panels, measuring instruments, pipe instruments, frame and casing, and unforeseen costs.

This research focuses on optimizing the control system to improve voltage stability in a 10 kW Solar Power Plant (PLTS) located in a tropical region. The main issue addressed is voltage fluctuation caused by the intermittent nature of solar radiation (200–1200 W/m²) and temperature variations (20–50°C), which result in up to 12% overshoot in the inverter. The proposed method implements a Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controller optimized using the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm with real-time irradiation input data. The research integrates a 100 Hz digital low-pass filter to mitigate sensor noise under low irradiation conditions. Simulation results show that the PID-PSO system successfully reduces overshoot from 12.1% to 4.2% under high irradiation, and decreases settling time from 0.62 seconds to 0.31 seconds. The digital filter effectively reduces measurement deviation from 7.2% to 2.8% at 200 W/m² irradiation. The PSO optimization achieved optimal convergence within 37 iterations with an Integral of Time-weighted Absolute Error (ITAE) value of 0.18. This study concludes that the implementation of PID-PSO with a digital filter significantly enhances the voltage stability of the PLTS by 20.3% compared to conventional PID control and is ready to be applied in tropical-region smart grid systems.

This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of various doses of 6.25% Poly Aluminium Chloride (PAC) and 0.1% polymer flocculant in reducing Total Suspended Solids (TSS) and assessing pH changes in coal stockpile wastewater at PT PLN Nusantara Power UP Paiton Unit 9. Stockpile wastewater typically contains high levels of suspended solids originating from water spray activities that carry fine coal particles. The coagulation–flocculation process was performed using the jar test method with PAC dosages of 35 ppm, 50 ppm, and 65 ppm, along with flocculant dosages of 6 ppm and 7 ppm. pH and TSS were analyzed before and after treatment to assess process effectiveness. The results indicate that a PAC dosage of 35 ppm combined with a 6 ppm flocculant achieved the highest TSS removal efficiency of 98.15%. Increasing PAC dosage resulted in reduced performance due to overdosing effects, leading to charge destabilization and impaired floc formation. These findings highlight the importance of optimizing coagulant dosage to improve stockpile wastewater quality for safe reuse in operational activities.

Micro-Hydro Power Plant (MHPP) is a renewable energy solution suitable for remote rural areas with river flow availability. This study was carried out in Kampung 17, Batulawang Village, West Java, through the Community Service Program of HMM ITPLN, by designing and implementing a simplified MHPP system. The analysis indicates a hydraulic power potential of 1.511 kW with an effective head of 3.08 m and a discharge of 0.005 m³/s. Of this potential, the maximum utilized power reached 1.108 kW, equivalent to 73.32% of hydraulic energy utilization. The system is capable of producing approximately 26.6 kWh per day or around 798 kWh per month, matching the total demand of 12 households and one mosque in Kampung 17. If this demand were supplied by the national grid (PLN) under the R-1/TR 1300 VA category at Rp1,444.70 per kWh, the monthly cost would amount to approximately Rp1,152,870. Hence, the MHPP enables annual savings of around Rp13.8 million while ensuring local energy independence

Biomass is one of the materials that can be utilized as fuel. To ensure optimal quality, effective management of biomass is required to maximize its potential. One possible approach is the application of a biomass stove fueled by rubber wood pellets. By integrating a thermoelectric generator, data can be obtained to determine whether all aspects meet the established standards. This system is designed to generate electrical energy from combustion heat, supported by components such as a buck-boost converter and a 3V DC lamp. Testing was carried out using proximate and ultimate analyses on the fuel as well as the Water Boiling Test (WBT) on the stove, referring to SNI 8021:2020 and SNI 8021:2014 standards. The results showed that rubber wood pellets contained 7.64% moisture and had a calorific value of 4050 kcal/kg. The stove demonstrated an efficiency of 23.53%–37.28% and a fuel consumption rate of 0.61–0.77 kg/hour, both of which meet the requirements. In addition, the thermoelectric generator produced a voltage of 3.6 V and an electric current of 0.05 A, which are higher than those reported in previous studies (2.06 V and 0.01 A, respectively). Therefore, this thermoelectric biomass stove system is considered successful and feasible for further development as an alternative energy application.

The use of palm oil waste as boiler fuel is one of the innovative solutions in supporting the use of renewable energy while reducing the environmental impact of palm oil industry waste. Waste such as palm shells, mesocarp fibers, and empty oil palm bunches have high energy potential through direct combustion and other thermal technologies. This study aims to evaluate the potential use of palm oil waste as boiler fuel based on its calorific value, combustion efficiency, and environmental impact. The methods used include analysis of the physical and chemical characteristics of waste, boiler performance tests, and exhaust gas emission evaluation. The results show that palm oil waste has a high calorific value (15–20 MJ/kg), which makes it an efficient alternative fuel. In addition, the use of this waste is able to reduce dependence on fossil fuels while minimizing carbon emissions, thereby supporting the greenhouse gas emission reduction target. From an operational perspective, the use of palm oil waste in industrial boilers can increase combustion efficiency by up to 75–85%, depending on fuel conditions and boiler design. This makes palm oil waste not only economically valuable, but also strategic in supporting the transition to clean energy. Another advantage is that waste management becomes more targeted, because solid waste that is usually only an environmental burden can be reused as an energy source. However, some of the challenges that need to be considered include relatively high ash levels, the potential for corrosion in boiler equipment, and the need for emission control technology to comply with environmental standards. With the right mitigation strategy, palm oil waste can be processed into sustainable and environmentally friendly energy.

This article examines Herbert Marcuse's thoughts in One Dimensional Man as a critique of the dominance of technology and capitalism in shaping the one-dimensional consciousness of modern humans. Using a critical philosophical approach, this study examines how digital technology, which was originally projected as an instrument of liberation, has actually transformed into a subtle means of oppression through the mechanisms of false needs and irrational rationality. Instead of opening up a space for emancipation, technological developments often deepen human attachment to the logic of the consumption-oriented digital capitalist system. The main goal of this research is to reawaken critical awareness and human negation in the midst of virtual reality that increasingly dominates life in the Society 5.0 era. The results of the study show that digital humans tend to experience existential alienation, where deep reflection and authentic freedom are reduced by the flow of instant information, pseudo-entertainment, and consumptive lifestyles. This condition makes individuals trapped in a cycle of obedience to a system that seems rational, when in fact it covers structural dominance. The discussion emphasized the importance of emancipation efforts through the rejection of the dominant system and the reactivation of critical potential as a path to true freedom. Emancipation is understood not only as a release from the shackles of technology, but also as an effort to revive reflective consciousness that is able to negate false values. Thus, Marcuse's thought remains relevant to reading the crisis of contemporary human consciousness while providing a philosophical foundation for the formation of a reflective, independent, and autonomous subject.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis optimasi parameter Photovoltaic (PV) serta daya keluaran dari pembangkit listrik tenaga surya berbasis Genetic Algorithm. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode pengumpulan data melalui studi literatur, simulasi perangkat lunak, serta pengujian model matematis. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan analisis kuantitatif dan komputasional yang berfokus pada pencarian nilai optimal dari parameter-parameter utama sistem PV, seperti tegangan, arus, dan resistansi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dalam proses optimasi sistem PV, tahapan yang dilakukan meliputi pemodelan karakteristik PV, penyusunan fungsi objektif untuk memaksimalkan daya, penerapan algoritma genetika dalam mencari nilai parameter optimal, serta analisis hasil optimasi. Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan bahwa algoritma genetika mampu meningkatkan efisiensi daya keluaran PV dibandingkan metode konvensional, serta menghasilkan parameter yang lebih sesuai terhadap kondisi iradiasi tertentu. Namun, dalam implementasi metode ini juga ditemukan beberapa kendala, seperti kompleksitas perhitungan dan kebutuhan waktu komputasi yang relatif tinggi. Selain itu, diperlukan penyesuaian lebih lanjut untuk penerapan algoritma ini dalam skala sistem pembangkit yang lebih besar.

The increasing need for electrical energy in Indonesia encourages the development of new renewable energy (EBT), including hydroelectric power plants (PLTA) as an environmentally friendly solution. This research was conducted at the Mentawa Dam, West Toili District, Banggai Regency, Central Sulawesi, to analyze the potential of water energy that can be utilized as a source of micro-hydro power plants (PLTMH). This dam currently functions as irrigation and a tourist attraction, but has significant potential to generate sustainable electrical energy. The research methods include measuring water discharge using the float method, measuring the height of the water fall (head) with an altimeter and GPS, and analyzing the potential for electrical power using the formula P = η ⋅ ρ ⋅ g ⋅ Q ⋅ H. The measurement results show an average water discharge of 3.01 m³ / s and a water fall (head) of 6.56 meters. With a turbine efficiency of 80%, the potential electrical power that can be generated reaches 154.76 kW. This study recommends the use of Kaplan turbines in Mentawa Dam, which are ideal for large discharge conditions and low to medium heads, and can adapt to discharge fluctuations, making it an optimal choice to maximize energy potential. This research is expected to provide sustainable energy solutions for the people of Toili Barat District and support the development of the tourism sector.

A power generation system must be able to meet consumer needs and be reliable in its distribution, for that the distribution of electrical power must be good in terms of quality and continuity. In order to determine the level of reliability of a power generation system, it is necessary to evaluate the level of reliability of the power generation system. In this study, an evaluation of the level of reliability of power plants on Sumbawa Island for the period of 2025 was carried out. The research was conducted using the method of analyzing the calculation of LOLP (Loss of Load Probability) and EENS (Expected Energy Not Served). The data required in the study are the total number of generating units and the FOR (Forced Outage Rate) value as well as daily load data and peak load of the Sumbawa Island electricity system. This study aims to obtain the reliability value of the generating system on Sumbawa Island. The results of this research analysis resulted in an output LOLP value of 5.6 days / year and EENS of 46801310.7 kWh / year or 0.188% / year. From the LOLP standard of 1 day / year and EENS of 0.002% / year, the LOLP and EENS values of the Sumbawa Island generation system show that the system condition is in the unreliable category.

Extreme climate change in Indonesia, caused by air pollution from the use of fossil energy, has encouraged the development of renewable energy technology, including Wind Power Plants (PLTB). This technology is increasingly important for providing clean energy, especially in the maritime industry. The aim of this applied scientific work is to provide a battery charging solution when the emergency battery charger charging system on commercial ships experiences problems. To make it easier to monitor the power produced by wind power plants and also battery capacity via a smartphone application in real time. The method used in this applied scientific research research is experimental. The results of calculating the average power during testing at night show an average power of 10.22 Watt/min and an average current of 0.78 A. So it can be concluded that battery charging takes 11.53 hours. Meanwhile, the results of calculating the average power during testing during the day show an average power of 13.41 Watt/min and an average current of 1.02 A. So it can be concluded that charging the battery lasts for 8.82 hours. From the two data obtained, it can be concluded that charging is optimal during the day because the efficient charging time is 8.82 hours.

Indonesia is currently very dependent on fossil energy, the availability of which is limited and has an emission effect on the environment. To sustain the availability of electrical energy, alternative energy sources are needed in the form of renewable energy, one of which is the Solar Power Plant (PLTS). This research discusses the design of an On Grid PLTS system in the park at Campus II, Pamulang University using Pvsyst 7.2 software by taking into account technical and economic aspects in three scenarios. In scenario 1, the On Grid PLTS is designed to suit the energy needs of the Pamulang University Campus II park, while in scenario 2 it uses an OFF Grid system and in scenario 3 it uses a Hybrid PLTS system (PLN+Batteries). Economic aspects are calculated using the Net Present Value (NPV) and Discounted Payback Period (DPP) methods. Technically, the Performance Ratio obtained was 83.59% and 83.53% respectively with Solar Fraction of 62.64% and 70.15% respectively. Economically, the NPV value obtained is positive and the investment return period is 7.78 years and 7.8 years respectively. So, designing an On Grid PLTS in the park of Pamulang University's Campus II is considered feasible.

Fakfak Regency is one of the areas in the West Papua region consisting of a cluster of islands and Andamata Village is one of the clusters of islands with a location far from the city center of Fakfak Regency. With such geographical conditions, it is a challenge for the local government, especially PLN, to be able to distribute electrical energy properly. However, PLN as the main supplier of national energy has made developments by implementing solar power plants for areas far from the city center of Fakfak. However, to maintain the sustainability of this power plant, experts are needed who can carry out maintenance and care on the solar power plant system. Therefore, this community service activity is carried out to train local communities and youth leaders to be able to carry out maintenance and early response if there is a problem with the PLTS system. The method used in this activity is to provide material on PLTS system maintenance, carry out system maintenance practices and evaluations. Based on the results of the evaluation, the community's understanding and skills in maintaining the PLTS system are classified as very good. This can be seen from the level of understanding of participants, the average very understanding reached 28%, the understanding category with an average of 60%, the fairly understanding category with an average of 10% and the average category of not understanding reached 2%.

This study aims to evaluate the performance of the Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) at PT PLN Nusantara Power Unit Pembangkitan Gresik in reducing pollutant loads from domestic wastewater. The evaluation involves analyzing water quality parameters including pH, BOD, COD, TSS, oil and grease, total ammonia, and total coliform at both inlet and outlet of the STP. Additionally, the actual daily discharge was observed and compared to the design capacity to assess operational efficiency. The method used was descriptive qualitative, involving field observation, documentation, and laboratory test data analysis during the January–March 2025 period. The results show that all outlet parameters met the effluent standards set by Regulation No. 68/2016 of the Ministry of Environment and Forestry. However, the actual flow rate, which is only 1.6–3.3% of the design capacity, indicates potential inefficiencies in energy use and biological processes. Therefore, operational adjustments and optimization of STP capacity utilization are necessary for more efficient and sustainable system performance.

Using a descriptive method with a triangulation approach including observation, document analysis, and interviews this study ensures data reliability. Daily monitoring is conducted on wastewater flow and pH levels, while monthly laboratory analysis covers eight key parameters: Total Suspended Solids (TSS), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), total chromium (Cr), phosphate (PO³), oil and grease, and pH to evaluate the perfomance of the treatment system. The treatment process begins with the inflow of 960 m³ of wastewater per day into the storage pond, where aeration is applied to ensure homogenization before being transferred to the neutralization unit. pH adjustment is carried out by adding NaOH or HCl before the wastewater undergoes coagulation and flocculation stages. The study’s findings indicate that the WWTP meets the environmental quality standards established in accordance with the Decree of the Head of the Investment Coordinating Board of the Republic of Indonesia (2020), Number SK.214/1/KLHK/2020 concerning the Permit for Wastewater Disposal into the Sea on Behalf of PT Pembangkit Jawa Bali Unit Pembangkitan Gresik. This study emphasizes the importance of systematic monitoring and treatment in wastewater management.

This research aims to design a Solar Power System (PLTS) for households that can meet an energy demand of 4.5 kWh per day. The system design takes into account the efficiency of solar panels and the average solar radiation potential in Semarang, which is around 5 hours per day. The method used in this research involves calculating the required solar panel capacity based on the daily energy needs of the household, panel efficiency, and solar radiation hours. The calculation results show that the required PLTS capacity is 1125 Wp, which is then designed using 4 solar panels with a capacity of 300 Wp each. This system is expected to allow households to meet their energy needs independently and sustainably. The implication of this research is to provide an alternative solution for households in reducing their dependence on conventional energy sources, while contributing to the effort to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

Indonesia's geographical position along the equator provides immense potential for renewable energy development, particularly solar power. Semarang, a city with high solar irradiance, is an ideal location for implementing solar energy solutions. SD Bintang Juara, situated at Jalan Dewi Sartika No. 17A, exhibits promising potential for an on-grid solar power plant (PLTS) due to its average solar radiation intensity of 5.4 kWh/m²/day. The school's energy demand of 67.045 kWh daily incurs a monthly electricity cost of Rp 2,600,000.00, which can be substantially reduced by offsetting 50% of the load with solar energy. This study employs a quantitative approach, analyzing solar radiation data, building orientation, and energy load to design a cost-effective and technically sound PLTS system. Findings reveal both technical and economic feasibility, with projected electricity production supporting a significant portion of the school’s needs. Over a 15-year operational period, the PLTS system is estimated to generate a total revenue of Rp 64,151,108.00. This initiative highlights the potential for renewable energy to reduce costs and promote sustainability in educational institutions, paving the way for broader applications across similar contexts.

Bioscrubber merupakan separator yang dapat digunakan untuk menurunkan konsentrasi hidrogen sulfida (H2S) pada biogas. Permasalahan yang mempengaruhi kinerja bioscrubber diantaranya yaitu jumlah oksigen berlebih (excess oxygen) dan suhu yang tidak sesuai dengan kebutuhan operasi sehingga menyebabkan tidak maksimalnya kinerja bioscrubber dalam menurunkan konsentrasi hidrogen sulfida (H2S). Untuk meminimalisir permasalahan ini maka dilakukan analisa data terkait kebutuhan jumlah oksigen berlebih dan suhu operasi yang optimal. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan pengumpulan data secara langsung yaitu dengan pengambilan data produksi biogas di Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Biogas (PLTBg) Sei Mangkei yang kemudian dilakukan pengolahan data terkait kebutuhan excess oxygen dan suhu operasi pada proses separasi H2S. Dari penelitian yang dilakukan, diketahui bahwa proses penurunan konsentrasi H2S menggunakan bioscrubber yang ada di PLTBg Sei Mangkei membutuhkan excess oxygen sebanyak 363,4% dari kebutuhan oksigen teoritis dan suhu operasi 38oC untuk dapat menurunkan konsentrasi H2S hingga 97,5%.