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Diarrhea is a condition characterized by increased frequency of bowel movements (BAB) of ≥3 times/day with a more liquid consistency. Diarrhea can be caused by infectious or non-infectious agents. Diarrhea can occur acutely, lasting less than 2 weeks, or chronically, lasting more than 2 weeks. The prevalence of diarrhea in toddlers is 12.3% and in infants is 10.6%.3 Based on data from the Medan City Health Office, the incidence of diarrhea in 2023 is estimated to be 66,802 cases across all ages and 32,324 cases in toddlers, with almost half of diarrhea sufferers being children. The Medan City Health Office reported the incidence of diarrhea in toddlers was 2,894 cases and adults 14,112 cases, or approximately 20.5%. Parents are one of the closest people and act as caregivers for children, so they have a crucial role in controlling diarrhea in children, including early management and prevention. Good parental knowledge, attitudes, and behavior regarding the management and prevention of diarrhea can reduce diarrhea morbidity and mortality in children.

Background: Compliance with routine infant immunization is essential for the success of vaccination programs and the prevention of vaccine-preventable diseases. However, adherence to immunization schedules remains suboptimal due to limited parental knowledge, concerns about vaccine safety, and the limited effectiveness of conventional health education. Audio-visual media offer a promising solution by delivering information in a more engaging, clear, and consistent manner. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of audio-visual educational media in improving adherence to basic immunization among infants in the service area of the Rum Balibunga Community Health Center. Methods: A quasi-experimental design with a one-group pretest-posttest approach was used. The sample included 40 mothers with infants aged 0-12 months selected through purposive sampling. Participants received an educational video on basic immunization. Adherence was assessed before and after the intervention based on completeness and timeliness according to the national schedule. Data were analyzed using univariate and bivariate methods, with the McNemar test for paired categorical data. Results: There was a significant improvement in immunization adherence after the intervention. Statistical analysis confirmed a meaningful difference before and after exposure, indicating the effectiveness of audio-visual media. Conclusion: Audio-visual education is an effective strategy to improve infant immunization adherence and can be widely applied in primary healthcare settings.

Stunting is a nutritional problem caused by prolonged nutritional deficiencies during the critical first 1,000 days of life (HPK). This results in growth disorders in children, resulting in a lower height or shorter stature (dwarfism) than the standard for their age. Objective: To provide information to parents of toddlers about the dangers and impacts of stunting. Nutrition education is one of the main strategies in stunting prevention by providing the community with an understanding of the importance of a healthy diet. This education includes: the importance of exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months and the provision of appropriate complementary foods (MPASI), the introduction of balanced nutritious foods, especially animal protein, which supports child growth, and good hygiene practices, such as washing hands before eating and maintaining environmental sanitation. The activity was carried out by providing education on stunting prevention to parents of toddlers through outreach in Marente Village, Alas District, Sumbawa Regency. The media used in this activity were leaflets distributed to parents of toddlers. Parental knowledge after receiving the educational materials provided. Parental knowledge increased, a significant increase. Before education, only 25.0% of parents had high knowledge about stunting, while after education, this increased to 77.5%.

Malnutrition is a condition in which the body does not receive enough essential nutrients, such as protein, vitamins, calories, and minerals, which causes various health problems, especially wasting and stunting, making it a serious concern in children. According to the Basic Health Research, the prevalence of malnourished children in Indonesia remained stable at 17.8% between 2016 and 2017 but decreased to 13.8% in 2018. This case study focuses on a 23-month-old girl from Kuala Keureuto Village, who was observed for three weeks through home visits in 2025. The diagnosis of malnutrition was made in accordance with national guidelines outlined in the Indonesian Minister of Health Regulation No. 2 of 2020, regarding child anthropometric standards. Anthropometric measurements showed that the child's height was 78.3 cm and her weight was 8.8 kg. Based on these measurements, her nutritional status was assessed as follows: A height/age Z-score between -2 and -3 SD indicates stunting, a weight/age Z-score between -2 and -3 SD indicates underweight, while a weight/age Z-score below -2 SD and a BMI/age Z-score below -2 SD are considered well-nourished. After confirming the diagnosis, the patient received nutrition education, supplemental feeding, appetite-stimulating supplements, and growth monitoring. In addition, analyses were conducted to identify factors influencing her condition, concluding that the malnutrition observed in this 23-month-old patient was influenced by parenting behavior, parental knowledge, medical history, incomplete immunizations, and environmental factors.

Gross motor development in toddlers (aged 1–3 years) serves as a crucial foundation for their physical, cognitive, and social growth. Parental knowledge about the stages of this development is essential for providing appropriate stimulation and early detection of developmental delays. However, studies indicate that many parents, particularly in developing countries such as Indonesia, still have limited understanding, potentially hindering the optimal development of their children. This study aims to analyze parental knowledge of gross motor development in toddlers through a systematic literature review (SLR) of 20 selected studies conducted between 2020 and 2025. The findings reveal variability in parental knowledge levels, with education, access to digital information, and the role of healthcare professionals identified as key determinants. Recommended interventions include community-based education programs via posyandu (integrated health posts) for rural areas and the use of digital platforms for urban populations, supported by multisectoral policy integration to ensure program effectiveness and sustainability.

One of the nutritional problems that occur in children under five is stunting, also known as chronic nutritional problems due to insufficient fulfillment for long periods of time. A child under five is considered to have stunted nutritional status if his height is less than minus two median standard deviations of the World Health Organization (WHO) growth standards. Stunting is caused by direct causes, namely nutritional intake, infectious diseases, exclusive breastfeeding, indirect causes, namely sanitation, education, parental knowledge, income, number of family members, resources, technology, and the environment. This study aims to determine the factors that affect the incidence of stunting. This study aims to determine the factors that affect the incidence of stunting. This type of research is observational research analytic case control approach. The research samples were 49 stunted children (case Group) and 49 children without stunting (control group) in the working area of Bukit Gadeng Public Health Center, Bahagia District, South Aceh Regency, Aceh province. The Data were analyzed by performing Chi-square analysis test and the value of (OR) Odds ratio. The results showed a significant value of maternal knowledge (p-value=0.00); (OR=72.45), environmental sanitation hygiene (p-value=0.001); (OR= 2.14), history of exclusive breastfeeding (p-value=0.00); (OR= 19.37), history of infectious diseases (p-value=0.064); (OR= 3.45). Conclusion maternal knowledge, environmental sanitation hygiene, and history of exclusive breastfeeding affect the incidence of stunting and infectious disease history does not affect the incidence of stunting in the Bukit Gadeng Public Health Center, Bahagia District, and South Aceh Regency. Knowledge, sanitation hygiene, and Exclusive, breastfeeding, affect the incidence of stunting and infectious disease does not affect the incidence of stunting in the Bukit Gadeng Public Health Center, Bahagia District, and South Aceh Regency.

Parents' knowledge of children's littering behavior is an important thing that needs to be considered by every parent. That needs to be considered by every parent, because it can help children's behavior towards a positive direction, especially in disposing of garbage. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between the level of knowledge parents with children's behavior of throwing garbage. This research design uses correlation analytics with crosssectional approach. The sample of this study was 63 respondents using random sampling technique. The independent variable in this study is parental knowledge, while the dependent variable in this study is children's littering behavior. This study is the behavior of children to dispose of garbage. Data were collected using a questionnaire of parental knowledge knowledge questionnaire and observation of children's waste disposal behavior. Data were analyzed using the chi-square test with a significance level of p<0.05. p<0.05. The results showed that almost half (46.0%) of parents' knowledge was good, and more than half (66.7%) of children's behavior was good. More than half (66.7%) of children's behavior to dispose of garbage in its place with their own awareness. The results of data analysis the results of data analysis obtained a value of p = 0.000 <0.05, meaning that there is a relationship between parental knowledge and children's behavior. Behavior to dispose of garbage. The results of this study are expected to be used as information about development in the community in parental knowledge with children's behavior of throwing garbage.

Inappropriate complementary food given by parents to children under two years old is one of the causes of nutritional problems in children. There are still many parents who have insufficient knowledge about complementary foods and do not know the important ingredients that must be in them. The aim of this research is to explore various experiences of parents in providing MPASI Shredded Monas Perst to toddlers. Therefore, the solution to overcome this problem is to provide the right complementary food, namely Abon Monas Prest with a high content of protein and other micronutrients at a more affordable price. This study used qualitative with phenomenology approach. The population was 12 participants selected using purposive sampling technique, and obtained sample as many as 9 participants. The data analysis used Miles and Huberman model. The themes obtained were, 1) Parents feeling when giving complementary food, Abon Monas Prest for the first time, 2) Increased appetite in children under two years of age, 3) Supportive response from family members in providing complementary food, Abon Monas Prest. Giving complementary food, Abon Monas Prest can give parental knowledge​ about giving the right complementary food for overcome nutritional problems​ with increase lust feeding to children age under two year. Besides that, support member family is also important given to Mother child in giving right complementary food.

Acute respiratory tract infection (ARI) is still one of the important public health problems to pay attention to, because it is an acute disease that can cause death of toddlers in various developing countries including Indonesia. This study aims to determine the level of parental knowledge about handling ARI in toddlers in the Palasari Subang Health Center work area. This research method uses quantitative descriptive with descriptive design. The sampling method in this study used purposive sampling with certain considerations of 55 people. The research instrument used a questionnaire for handling ARI. The results of this study are that the majority of respondents are 26-35 years old, namely 28 people (50.9%), most respondents are female with 47 people (85.5%), with most respondents working as housewives, namely 41 people (74.5%) and the last education is high school graduates, namely 28 people (50.9%). Where the results of the level of knowledge of respondents at the Palasari Subang Health Center, most respondents have moderate knowledge, namely 39 people (69.1%). It can be concluded that the level of knowledge of respondents regarding the handling of ISPA is mostly in the moderate category, the age of respondents is mostly 26-35 years old, the majority of respondents' jobs are as housewives and the majority of respondents' education is high school level. Parents' knowledge in the good category is expected to be able to increase their knowledge about the transmission of ISPA in toddlers by seeking information about ISPA in toddlers from cadres, health workers at health centers or other information media.

Currently, the use of smartphones cannot be avoided by early childhood, therefore parents must have good knowledge about the use of smartphones and a good attitude towards the use of smartphones in children where parents have a very important role in supervising children when playing smartphones. Objective: to determine the relationship between parents' knowledge and attitudes towards the use of smartphones with the development of children aged 4-6 years at Canggai Putri Kindergarten, Karimun Regency. Methods: This study used a quantitative design with a cross-sectional approach on 45 respondents using purposive sampling technique and analyzed using Chi-Square. Results: Parents' knowledge of the use of smartphones in children in the good category was 28 respondents (62.2%), parents' attitudes towards the use of smartphones in children were positive as many as 24 respondents (53.3%), children who were in accordance with behavioral and emotional development were 26 children (57.8%). The results of the analysis using Chi Square show that there is no relationship between parental knowledge about the use of smartphones and the development of children aged 4-6 years at Canggai Putri Kindergarten, Karimun Regency (p value = 0.257) and there is a relationship between parental attitudes towards the use of smartphones and the development of children aged 4-6 years at Canggai Putri Kindergarten, Karimun Regency (p value = 0.012), (OR = 4.875). Conclusion: there is a relationship between parental attitudes towards the use of smartphones with the development of children aged 4-6 years at Canggai Putri Kindergarten, Karimun Regency stress and diet with the incidence of hypertension in the karimun tin devotion hospital. Suggestion: In this case, parents should be able to have a good attitude in terms of using smartphones in children, it is intended that children have a limit on both the time and type of application used in order to keep children from becoming addicted to smartphones.

There are still many cases of verbal abuse of children by parents. Verbal abuse can have serious impact. One of the causes of verbal abuse is the lack of parental knowledge. This study aims to determine the effect of educational videos on parents knowledge about preventing verbal abuse in children. The design of this study was a quasi-experimental pretest-post test with control group design. The sampling technique used stratified random sampling with a total of 46 respondents in Kalikesur Village. The instrument was adopted from Mysa (2016). Data analysis used Chi-square and Wilcoxon test. The mean age of respondents in the intervention group was 40.17 years old, while in the median in the control group was 35 years old. The majority of respondents in this study were women, elementary school, had two or less children, married, and income below the Banyumas UMK. The results of the study there was no difference in the pretest level of parental knowledge about preventing verbal abuse in children between the two groups (p=0.131) but there was a difference in the posttest (p=0.022). There is a difference between the pretest and posttest levels of parental knowledge in the intervention group (p=0.000), but there was no difference in the control group (p=0.133). There is an effect of educational videos on parents knowledge about preventing verbal abuse in children.

Toilet training is a way to train children aged 1-3 years in controlling defecation and urination activities properly and correctly. According to the 2019 National Household Health Survey (SKRT), it is estimated that the number of toddlers who have difficulty controlling defecation and urination (bedwetting) at the age of up to pre-school reaches 75 million children. This phenomenon is triggered by many things, such as parents' lack of knowledge about how to train defecation and toileting, the use of compresses and many others (Riblat, 2017). The introduction and implementation of toilet training in children is very important. Knowledge is one of the factors that can influence the success of toilet training implementation. This study aims to determine the relationship between parental knowledge about toilet training, with the success in its application in pre-school children in kindergarten. Anugrah Harapan Bangsa Marelan in 2023, using the type of correlation descriptive research. The population and sample in this study were all parents who had pre-school age children as many as 130 people. This study used a total sampling method, instrument in the form of a knowledge questionnaire and the successful implementation of toilet training. The results of this study were tested using the chi-square test, the results obtained p value = 0.000 (<0.05) indicates that parental knowledge has a relationship with the successful implementation of toilet training in children. From the results of the study it can be concluded that the better the parents' knowledge, the better the results of the implementation of toilet training. For this reason, it is recommended that parents maintain and improve their knowledge about toilet training so that they can provide good and correct toilet training implementation results for their children. This can be done for example by attending health education counseling events, especially in the field of toilet training.