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Myopia is a multifactorial disease, affected by various hereditary and environmental conditions. This literature review aims to evaluate the association between risk factors in incidence of myopia in children aged 6 to 12 years old. A cross-sectional study of elementary students in MI Patihan Kidul, Ponorogo, East Java was performed. Eligible samples were 6 to 12 years old students. Examination was performed on September 7th 2023. The students underwent short history taking, body mass index (BMI), and visual acuity examination. Age, sex, BMI, family history of myopia, sleeping time, screen time, and duration of outdoor activity were examined as risk factors. A total of 336 children met the inclusion criteria, of which 48 (14.2%) of them had myopia. Family history of myopia was proven to increase the risk for myopia on their children (p value 0.012, OR 0.436).  Heredity is a well-established risk factor for myopia. This literature review provides evidence on the positive correlation between family history and the occurrence of myopia in children. 

The increasing use of digital devices among adolescents raises concerns regarding eye health, particularly myopia. Non-ergonomic postures, such as using gadgets in a lying position, may increase accommodative stress on the eyes and contribute to visual impairment. To analyze the association between the duration and viewing distance of gadget use in a lying position and the occurrence of myopia among eighth-grade students at SMPN 119 Central Jakarta. An observational analytic study with a cross-sectional design was conducted involving 74 eighth-grade students. Data on gadget use habits, including duration and viewing distance, were collected using a structured questionnaire. Visual acuity was assessed using a Snellen chart. Bivariate analysis was performed using the Chi-square test with a significance level of p < 0.05. Decreased visual acuity was found in 62.2% of respondents. There was no significant association between viewing distance and myopia (p = 0.080). However, a significant association was identified between gadget use duration exceeding two hours per day and the occurrence of myopia (p = 0.002). The duration of gadget use in a lying position was significantly associated with myopia, whereas viewing distance was not. Limiting the duration of gadget use may help prevent visual impairment among adolescents.

Myopia is an eye refractive disorder in which the light entering the eye is focused in front of the retina, causing long-distance vision to become blurry. This condition is often experienced by teenagers, including students in Islamic boarding schools, due to the habit of reading in close proximity, excessive use of gadgets, and lack of exposure to natural light. The high prevalence of myopia in young age groups needs serious attention so that it does not develop into permanent vision disorders. One of the prevention efforts that can be done is to provide education about myopia, including the definition, causes, prevention, and importance of maintaining eye health and a healthy lifestyle. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of myopia education on improving knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors of students of the Ta'mirul Islam Islamic Islamic Boarding School in Surakarta. Based on the results of the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test and Paired Sample t-Test, there was a significant improvement in the aspects of knowledge and attitude, although behavioral changes have not shown meaningful results. These findings confirm the importance of continuous education to form healthy behaviors related to the prevention of myopia as a whole.

Myopia is an eye refractive disorder in which the light entering the eye is focused in front of the retina, causing long-distance vision to become blurry. This condition is often experienced by teenagers, including students in Islamic boarding schools, due to the habit of reading in close proximity, excessive use of gadgets, and lack of exposure to natural light. The high prevalence of myopia in young age groups needs serious attention so that it does not develop into permanent vision disorders. One of the prevention efforts that can be done is to provide education about myopia, including the definition, causes, prevention, and importance of maintaining eye health and a healthy lifestyle. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of myopia education on improving knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors of students of the Ta'mirul Islam Islamic Islamic Boarding School in Surakarta. Based on the results of the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test and Paired Sample t-Test, there was a significant improvement in the aspects of knowledge and attitude, although behavioral changes have not shown meaningful results. These findings confirm the importance of continuous education to form healthy behaviors related to the prevention of myopia as a whole.

Myopia or nearsightedness is a visual impairment whose prevalence is increasing, especially among adolescents living in urban areas. This study aims to analyze the risk factors that contribute to the increasing incidence of myopia in adolescents in urban areas. The risk factors studied include near visual activity, exposure to natural light, duration of digital device use, reading habits, and genetic and environmental factors. This study design used a cross-sectional approach involving 300 adolescents aged 12-18 years who were randomly selected from several schools in city X. Data were collected through questionnaires that measured visual habits, daily activity patterns, and family health history, and were strengthened by eye refraction examinations by medical personnel. Data analysis was carried out using logistic regression to identify the relationship between risk factors and the incidence of myopia. The results showed that excessive near visual activity, use of digital devices for more than 4 hours per day, and lack of exposure to natural light were significant risk factors for myopia in adolescents. In addition, genetic factors also play an important role in the predisposition of myopia. These findings are expected to provide a deeper understanding of the factors causing myopia among adolescents and become the basis for formulating effective prevention strategies.

Presbyopia is called Also eye old or vision old that is condition Where ray come parallel No can refracted appropriate on the retina, but No on One focus point , can in front of or behind the retina. Hypermetropia known Also with nearsighted near , where ray parallel refracted behind the retina, as a result object that is located Far from the eyeball No will looks clear in vision sufferer . Concept base For to overcome presbyopia sufferers with refractive status hypermetropia is with give glasses For tool help his vision . Purpose study This is For know method determine size glasses on presbyopia sufferers with refractive status hypermetropia in optics Agus . Type study This is studies case with approach descriptive . Population in study This is overall sufferer abnormality refraction visiting​ to optic Agus on 01-29 February 2024 . The method of data collection used is interview And observation . Total sufferers abnormality refraction visiting​ to optics Agus as many as 66 patients with details of 5 patients emmetropia , 27 patients with myopia refraction status , 28 patients with refraction status hypermetropia and 6 people with refractive status astigmatism . And in study This obtained case vision Far And near run away , after corrected Then given S+1.00 lens ADD +200 for eye right And left . Based on results study This can concluded on presbyopia sufferers with hypermetropia status can handled with use bifocal or multifocal glasses .

Chronic diseases in humans are very difficult to detect visually, for example glaucoma, hypertension, diabetes, and others. So it takes a lot of time for further medical examination by visiting a health center or hospital. Therefore, this research aims to find a solution combining medical and computer science to classify quickly and precisely. Classifying eye images requires good features and characteristics so that disease images can be classified. This research uses the Deep Learning method, namely Convolutional Neural Network with MobileNet-V3 architecture which can extract features from large resolution images very well. This research resulted in accurate classification of images of chronic diseases Normal, Diabetes, Glucoma, Cataract, Age related macular degeneration, Hypertension, Pathalogical Myopia. uses the MobileNet-V3 architecture, with transfer learning reaching 81%, and loss only 0.4913.

The prevalence of myopia is increasing, especially among students, along with the increasing use of gadgets. This study aims to measure the prevalence of myopia and identify the relationship between the duration of gadget use and the incidence of myopia among students of Ma Chung University Malang in July 2023. This study design uses a quantitative approach with a cross-sectional method, involving 125 students aged 17–24 years who were selected using convenience sampling techniques. The research instruments were questionnaires and direct eye examinations. Data analysis used a simple linear regression test to see the relationship between independent and dependent variables. The results showed that 96.8% of respondents used gadgets for more than 2 hours per day and 58.4% of them experienced symptoms of myopia. Factors such as visual habits and outdoor activities moderate the relationship between the duration of gadget use and the incidence of myopia. This study confirms that unhealthy gadget usage habits increase the risk of myopia. Education is needed regarding good visual habits and increased activity.

The prevalence of myopia is increasing, especially among students, along with the increasing use of gadgets. This study aims to measure the prevalence of myopia and identify the relationship between the duration of gadget use and the incidence of myopia among students of Ma Chung University Malang in July 2023. This study design uses a quantitative approach with a cross-sectional method, involving 125 students aged 17–24 years who were selected using convenience sampling techniques. The research instruments were questionnaires and direct eye examinations. Data analysis used a simple linear regression test to see the relationship between independent and dependent variables. The results showed that 96.8% of respondents used gadgets for more than 2 hours per day and 58.4% of them experienced symptoms of myopia. Factors such as visual habits and outdoor activities moderate the relationship between the duration of gadget use and the incidence of myopia. This study confirms that unhealthy gadget usage habits increase the risk of myopia. Education is needed regarding good visual habits and increased activity.

This study aims to determine the prevalence of refractive errors in children with Down Syndrome in eye examination activities carried out during Down Syndrome Awareness Month 2023 by the East Java Association of Parents of Children with Down Syndrome (PIK POTADS). A total of 30 children with Down Syndrome underwent eye examinations, and the results showed that 18 children (72%) had myopia, 7 children (28%) had astigmatism, and 5 children were indicated to require further referral to a pediatric ophthalmologist. These results indicate that children with Down Syndrome have a high risk of experiencing refractive errors, so regular eye examinations and medical follow-up are needed.

This study aims to determine the prevalence of refractive errors in children with Down Syndrome in eye examination activities carried out during Down Syndrome Awareness Month 2023 by the East Java Association of Parents of Children with Down Syndrome (PIK POTADS). A total of 30 children with Down Syndrome underwent eye examinations, and the results showed that 18 children (72%) had myopia, 7 children (28%) had astigmatism, and 5 children were indicated to require further referral to a pediatric ophthalmologist. These results indicate that children with Down Syndrome have a high risk of experiencing refractive errors, so regular eye examinations and medical follow-up are needed.

There are parents disobey if their child has symptoms of myopia. If the eye examination is not conducted. This research aim to help parents identify the visual impairment disorders in children at SD N3 Bantul. The eye examination was carried out by using a subjective examination method. Based on the results, the data show 30 students in grades 5 A and B at SD N 03 Bantul have refractive errors. 6 students aged 11 years have myopia refractive error. 3 participants with a PD of 58mm were OD S -1.00 OS Plano with the dominant eye of the left eye. 5 participants with PD 58 showed an ODS of S-1.00. 5 participants including OD S-1.00 OS Plano. 5 participants namely ODS S -0.25 D PD 58. 3 participants namely OD S -0.50 OS Plano PD 58. 9 participants namely ODS S -0.50 D.

Myopia or can also be called nearsightedness is a disorder in the human eye that is not corrected with cataracts and infectious diseases. The purpose of this study is to determine the factors that can cause biology students class of 2022 UIN Sunan Gunung Djati to be affected by nearsightedness. This research method is quantitative in nature. Data collection was used by purposive sampling with the main data obtained from a questionnaire in the form of a google form distributed to biology students of the Class of 2022 UIN Sunan Gunung Djati. The results of this study showed the distribution of the highest percentage of age, namely in students aged 17-18 years with a percentage of 73.5%, the distribution of the percentage of sex with the highest percent number of 85.3% with the female gender, the distribution of the percentage of using gadgets or laptops 67.6% of 34 respondents using it for more than 8 hours per day, while 32.4% of respondents who used gadgets or laptops less than 8 hours per day. As many as 17.6% of students experience nearsightedness caused by genetic factors and 82.4% of students experience nearsightedness not caused by genetic factors.