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Students of vocational high schools are required to write an internship report as a form of accountability for completing their industrial training. However, various language errors are still found in students’ PKL reports. This study aims to describe and analyze morphological errors in the PKL reports of vocational high school students majoring in Electronics Engineering. The study employed a descriptive qualitative approach using document analysis. A total of 223 PKL reports were written by all students of SMK Negeri 3 Yogyakarta in 2025. The research data consisted of 25 PKL reports from students of the Electronics Engineering major selected through purposive sampling. Data analysis was carried out through the stages of identification, classification, description, quantification, and interpretation of morphological errors, with data validity ensured through theoretical triangulation. The results show that 286 morphological errors were identified, consisting of prefix errors (96), suffix errors (52), confix errors (41), reduplication errors (28), compound word errors (34), and base-form errors (35). Prefix errors were the most dominant type, accounting for 33.6% of all errors. These findings indicate that students still experience difficulties in applying affixation rules and forming standard words in formal written language. Such errors are influenced by interference from spoken language and the technical language used in the workplace. This study highlights the importance of structured and contextual morphology instruction to improve the quality of vocational students’ PKL report writing.

Profil baja IWF (Instrument Wide Flange) merupakan elemen struktur yang banyak digunakan pada bangunan industri karena kemudahan dalam pemasangan dan fleksibilitasnya. Namun, kondisi lingkungan ekstrem seperti genangan air dengan pH asam maupun basa dapat mempercepat proses demineralisasi (korosi) pada baja. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi laju kehilangan unsur Fe dari profil baja IWF akibat perendaman dalam larutan dengan pH ekstrem, serta menyusun model matematis yang menggambarkan proses demineralisasi. Metode yang digunakan adalah uji laboratorium dengan perendaman potongan baja dalam larutan pH 4, 7, dan 10 selama 72 jam, dilanjutkan dengan uji TDS, ORP, dan morfologi. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa pada pH 4, terjadi demineralisasi Fe tertinggi sebesar 16,167 mg dengan rata-rata ORP sebesar 195,5 mV dan TDS 732,55 ppm. Berdasarkan data tersebut, dibentuk model matematis diferensial untuk memprediksi laju demineralisasi. Disarankan penggunaan pelapis (coating) yang sesuai untuk meningkatkan umur pakai struktur baja.

Sugar apple (Annona squamosa L.) is one of the local fruit commodities with high potential as a source of functional natural ingredients. This study aims to identify the morphological characteristics and profile the phytochemical content of local Sumenep sugar apple fruit as a basis for the development of its bioactivity. Morphological observations were carried out in the Sumenep area, including fruit shape, size, stem circumference, leaf characteristics, and flower parts. Phytochemical analysis was conducted using qualitative tests for tannins and saponins, while tests for flavonoids and alkaloids are planned for the next stage. Observation results showed that local Sumenep sugar apple fruits have morphological variations in the form of ovoid, round, and oblong shapes, influenced by genetic factors and environmental conditions.  Phytochemical tests showed the presence of tannins, indicated by a color change to dark green when using FeCl₃ reagent, as well as the presence of saponins, demonstrated by the formation of stable foam during the shaking test. These findings reinforce the potential of local Sumenep soursop fruit as a candidate source of functional natural compounds, particularly in relation to antioxidant, antimicrobial activities, and other pharmacological benefits. Further studies are needed to analyze other phytochemical contents and evaluate bioactive activities more comprehensively.  

Cassava (Manihot esculenta) is a staple food that is widely consumed by the Indonesian population, especially in rural areas. However, during post-harvest handling and storage, cassava is highly susceptible to contamination by microorganisms, particularly fungi. These fungi can cause damage to the food, reduce its nutritional quality, and even produce mycotoxins that are harmful to human health. The increased risk of contamination has become an important concern in efforts to improve the quality and safety of cassava food products. This study aimed to identify the morphology of fungal colonies and the characteristics of fungal cell walls isolated from cassava stored in open environmental conditions for several days. The methods used in this study included isolation using Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) media, macroscopic observation of fungal colony morphology, including color, edge, elevation, and texture, as well as Gram staining to observe the fungal cell wall properties. The results of this study revealed a diversity of fungal colony morphology, with three dominant types suspected to belong to the genera Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Rhizopus. Gram staining showed that the three isolates were characterized as Gram-negative, indicated by the absorption of safranin as the secondary stain. This study provides an initial overview of the types of fungi that may develop on cassava during storage, and it offers a foundation for further studies on the toxicity and food microbiology applications related to cassava. Morphological identification and Gram staining play an essential role in the initial screening before molecular identification is performed.

Cassava (Manihot esculenta) is a staple food rich in carbohydrates and widely consumed by people in various regions, especially in tropical regions such as Indonesia. Besides being easy to cultivate, cassava also has a high economic value. However, cassava has a major weakness, namely its perishability after harvest. This damage is often caused by contamination by microorganisms, especially fungi, which can grow rapidly in unhygienic and humid storage conditions. Fungal contamination not only causes odor and reduces sound quality but also has the potential to produce mycotoxins that are harmful to human health. Therefore, identifying the type of fungus growing on cassava is very important. The purpose of this study was to determine the presence and type of fungus growing on cassava through a colony morphology approach and Gram staining using crystal violet. The research method began with dilution of cassava samples, then inoculated into Nutrient Agar (NA) media, incubated for 48 hours at room temperature, and continued with microscopic examination. Staining with crystal violet aims to clarify the morphological structure of the fungus such as hyphae and spores. Observations revealed the growth of characteristic fungal colonies, as well as hyphal and spore structures that readily absorbed crystal violet. This demonstrates that this simple morphological and staining method is quite effective in providing initial insights into fungal identification. This information is expected to form the basis for developing safer and more durable cassava storage methods. Further research is recommended on specific identification using molecular testing. This step will broaden our understanding of the toxicological potential and post-harvest handling of cassava.

Bekasam, a traditional Indonesian fermented fish product, is produced through a natural fermentation process involving complex microbial communities, particularly fermentative bacteria. These microorganisms play a vital role in developing the product’s characteristic flavor, aroma, and texture. This study aimed to identify the morphological characteristics of fermentative bacteria present in bekasam made from Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) using direct microscopic observation without staining. Fresh samples of bekasam were collected and subjected to serial dilution before being cultured on nutrient agar (NA) medium. The cultures were incubated at room temperature for 24–48 hours to allow colony formation. Morphological examination was carried out by observing the colonies directly under a light microscope to assess cell shape, size, and arrangement. The results demonstrated a diversity of bacterial morphologies, with the majority consisting of rod-shaped (bacillus) and spherical (coccus) forms. Bacillus cells were often observed singly or in short chains, whereas coccus cells appeared either as single units, in pairs (diplococci), or forming short chains (streptococci). The morphological diversity observed suggests that multiple bacterial species may be involved in the fermentation process, each contributing differently to biochemical transformations such as protein degradation, lactic acid production, and flavor compound formation. Although morphological characterization alone cannot provide definitive bacterial identification, these findings serve as preliminary data for subsequent microbiological and molecular analyses. Further research using biochemical tests and molecular approaches, such as 16S rRNA gene sequencing, is recommended to confirm species identity and to explore their specific roles in fermentation. Understanding the microbial composition of bekasam can provide valuable insights for optimizing fermentation conditions, improving product consistency, and ensuring safety in traditional fish-based fermented foods.

The topics of morphology, anatomy, and physiology are integral to biology learning, yet they often present challenges for students due to their abstract and complex nature. Difficulties in understanding body structures and invisible biological processes lead to low student interest and engagement. This study aims to identify innovative learning approaches through an analysis of national scientific literature over the past decade. The results show that the integration of digital technology and student-centered learning methods can improve conceptual understanding and learning motivation. The most prominent innovations include the use of VR and AR-based media to clarify visualizations, the use of interactive videos and simulations to explain biological functions, and the application of contextual learning models such as Problem-Based Learning (PBL) and Project-Based Learning (PjBL). These approaches have proven effective in creating a more immersive learning experience that is relevant to students' needs.

Bekasam is a traditional Indonesian fermented food produced through spontaneous fermentation involving microorganisms, particularly lactic acid bacteria (LAB). LAB plays a crucial role in the fermentation process by producing lactic acid, which lowers pH, inhibits pathogenic microbial growth, and enhances flavor and food safety. This study aimed to identify and characterize LAB isolated from fermented snakehead fish (Channa striata) based on Gram staining and colony morphology. The research began with bacterial isolation using NA Nutrient Agar, followed by macroscopic observation of colony characteristics including shape, edge, elevation, color, and size. Subsequently, Gram staining was performed to determine the cell wall structure and microscopic morphology of the bacteria. The results showed that the bacterial isolates from bekasam generally had circular colonies, white to cream in color, smooth surface, and were Gram-positive rod-shaped cells. In conclusion, bekasam from snakehead fish contains dominant lactic acid bacteria with distinctive colony morphology and Gram-positive characteristics, indicating potential as a natural starter culture for food fermentation.

The Majapahit Museum houses a significant collection of tosan aji, particularly keris, which holds important historical, technological, and symbolic value within Javanese culture. However, a substantial portion of the collection lacks clear provenance and stratigraphic context, resulting in data gaps and potential misinterpretations, especially regarding Majapahit-period attribution. This study aims to examine strategies for managing non-stratigraphic keris collections through standardized visual-morphological identification as an initial curatorial approach. The research employs direct artifact observation, morphological analysis of blades and ricikan, visual examination of pamor configurations, and a review of museological, keris studies, and archaeometallurgical literature. The findings demonstrate that standardized morphological identification provides a systematic framework for preliminary classification while preventing speculative chronological claims. The study also emphasizes the necessity of separating blade analysis from keris fittings and highlights the limitations of visual assessment in determining tangguh, which requires support from non-destructive metallurgical analyses. As a practical contribution, this article proposes strengthening curatorial standards through the development of morphology-based artifact labels (manual and digital), multidisciplinary scholarly catalogues, and the integration of documentation and material analysis technologies. This approach positions the Majapahit Museum as a knowledge-producing institution in tosan aji studies rather than merely a repository of artifacts.   Kata Kunci : Museum Majapahit, Keris, Identifikasi Morfologis, Ricikan, Tangguh Keris

This study aims to examine the historical development of the science of shorof with a focus on the contribution of classical scholars to the systematics of Arabic morphology, especially in the infaʽala verb pattern. Using a qualitative approach and literature study methods, this study traces the linguistic thoughts of figures such as Sībawayh, al-Mubarrid, Ibn Jinnī, to al-Raḍī. The results of the study show that the majority of classical scholars determine the infaʽala pattern as a non-transitive verb (lāzim) that contains the meaning of muṭāwaʽah, and is closely related to the basic pattern of faʽala. In addition, there were restrictions on certain letters as basic letters in this pattern to avoid sound assimilation (idghām). This study confirms that the Arabic morphological system is built on regular and logical rules, and the contribution of classical scholars is very significant in laying the scientific foundations of the science of shorof which are still relevant today

The purpose of this study is to analyze the application of Indonesian language rules and analyze phonological and morphological errors. Indonesian as the official language of the country is able to unite various ethnicities and cultures spread throughout the country. Teaching Indonesian does not only focus on language rules, but also provides a solid foundation for students to develop their communication skills. The method in this study uses the library research method or can be called library research. This method is used by collecting data by analyzing or reading a book, journal, document analysis, other literature studies to analyze things that are relevant to the topic being discussed. This method is used because it is to explore theories about how to apply phonology and morphology and how to analyze errors that occur in phonology and morphology. In this library research, the author collects data and studies it gradually and analyzes theories in books, journals, and other literature studies.

30 detik (dosis 991,67 J/m2) atau 50 detik (dosis 1652,79 J/m2) terhadap kerusakan materi genetik. 10 atau 15 menit setelah pembuahan pada suhu 40°C selama 90 detik dengan kejutan panas 90 detik untuk menentukan efisiensi diploidisasi telur sirip perak yang dinilai berdasarkan morfologi atau penampilan larva yang abnormal (atau haploid). silverwood untuk mendapatkan nilai androgen diploid yang ditentukan menggunakan larva morfologi normal (atau diploid) yang mirip dengan kontrol positif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat perbedaan yang sangat nyata pada rata-rata kesuburan perlakuan.

This research examines the morphological aspects of Indonesian with a focus on the process of word formation and changes in morphological structure in contemporary Indonesian language use. The aim of this research is to identify and analyze various morphological processes that occur in Indonesian word formation, as well as to reveal productive patterns of word formation in the development of modern Indonesian. This research uses a qualitative descriptive method with a morphological approach. Data was collected using skill-free listening (SBLC), note-taking techniques and documentation techniques from various written sources. Data analysis was carried out using the agih method using the technique for direct elements (BUL), loss technique, replace technique, and expand technique. The results of the research show that: (1) the affixation process is the most productive morphological process in Indonesian word formation, (2) new patterns were found in the reduplication process which reflect the dynamics of language development, (3) the composition process shows a tendency to form compound words which increasingly complex along with modern communication needs. This research provides theoretical contributions in the development of Indonesian language morphology studies and practical implications for Indonesian language learning.

The purpose of this study is to look at the morphology of affixation on vocabulary in Almaira's noveltoon ‘Behind Aisha's Veil’, especially in the third chapter with the theme ‘Love?’. The method used is qualitative. The data were collected through literature research and descriptive analysis that experienced affixation. This study found that the novel uses affixation, a linguistic process that involves adding affixes to the base form to produce new meanings. The study found that the use of affixes in the novel not only improves character descriptions but also increases the emotional depth of the story. The analysis results show that morphology plays an important role in shaping the meaning and characters in the story. It also shows that morphology reflects the social and cultural dynamics that women face in modern society. It is hoped that this research will enhance our understanding of how morphology is used in modern literary works.

The purpose of this study is to look at the morphology of affixation on vocabulary in Almaira's noveltoon ‘Behind Aisha's Veil’, especially in the third chapter with the theme ‘Love?’. The method used is qualitative. The data were collected through literature research and descriptive analysis that experienced affixation. This study found that the novel uses affixation, a linguistic process that involves adding affixes to the base form to produce new meanings. The study found that the use of affixes in the novel not only improves character descriptions but also increases the emotional depth of the story. The analysis results show that morphology plays an important role in shaping the meaning and characters in the story. It also shows that morphology reflects the social and cultural dynamics that women face in modern society. It is hoped that this research will enhance our understanding of how morphology is used in modern literary works.

This study analyses the morphological process in the news ‘Check out the Vision and Mission of 4 Candidates in West Java Gubernatorial Election 2024 in the Second Debate’ published by Detik News in the November 2024 edition. The purpose of this research is to find and understand the morphological structure used in the delivery of information related to the West Java governor election. The methodology of this research is descriptive qualitative approach. Information is collected through observation or observation done by reading the news and making notes. The results of the research show information on the use of affixation, namely the prefixes ber-, mem, men-, as well as the confixes me-kan, ke-an, pe-an, pe(r)-an. There is also information on the use of reduplication such as, children. And there is information on the use of composition such as the word new pair. It is intended that these findings can increase understanding of language use in the mass media.

This study aims to analyze phonological and morphological errors in lifestyle column articles of the Kabar Priangan newspaper, September-October 2024 edition. Using a descriptive qualitative approach, this research identifies and classifies the language errors found. Data is collected through observation and note-taking techniques, where the researcher records every phonological and morphological error that appears in the text. The analysis results show various types of errors, including phoneme omission, phoneme addition, phoneme sound changes, affix usage errors, word compounding, and unnecessary word repetition. This study provides insights into the causes of errors and their impact on reader comprehension, as well as offers recommendations for improving language use in online media.

This study aims to analyze phonological and morphological errors in lifestyle column articles of the Kabar Priangan newspaper, September-October 2024 edition. Using a descriptive qualitative approach, this research identifies and classifies the language errors found. Data is collected through observation and note-taking techniques, where the researcher records every phonological and morphological error that appears in the text. The analysis results show various types of errors, including phoneme omission, phoneme addition, phoneme sound changes, affix usage errors, word compounding, and unnecessary word repetition. This study provides insights into the causes of errors and their impact on reader comprehension, as well as offers recommendations for improving language use in online media.

This bacterial morphology observation training was conducted for grade X students at SMA Negeri 1 Parigi Tengah. The main problem faced was the lack of knowledge and skills of students in the field of microbiology, especially in identifying bacterial morphology. The purpose of this activity was to improve students' understanding of basic biological concepts and practical skills in bacterial observation. The methods used included delivering material on the principles and techniques of bacterial morphological characterization, as well as direct practice using microscopes and Gram staining techniques. The results showed that students successfully identified Staphylococcus aureus bacteria in the form of cocci with Gram positive and Bacillus sp. in the form of bacilli with Gram negative. This activity has proven effective in improving students' understanding and skills in microbiology, as well as encouraging their interest in studying biology further

Packaging can have a significant impact on various aspects of a business, including economics, marketing, and product design. Economically, packaging can play an important role in increasing product value and marketing effectiveness to increase sales and profits. In marketing, packaging can form a brand identity with a unique and attractive packaging design, which can increase the attractiveness of a product so that it looks more professional and trustworthy. In product design, packaging can protect the product from damage and provide safe storage for the product.