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The enactment of Indonesia's Law Number 20 of 2025 on the Code of Criminal Procedure (KUHAP 2025), effective January 2, 2026, introduces a paradigmatic shift in the coordination between investigators and public prosecutors: Article 58 mandates active coordination from the investigation stage, fundamentally departing from the sequential-passive model of the former KUHAP, while Article 70 imposes a strict seven-day deadline for indictment drafting after case files are declared complete. This study examines two interconnected questions: (1) how the legal framework governing investigator–prosecutor coordination is structured under KUHAP 2025 and related legislation; and (2) how that framework is implemented in practice at the Purwakarta District Prosecutor's Office. A normative–empirical mixed-method design was employed, integrating statutory, conceptual, and case-study approaches. Data were gathered through in-depth interviews with prosecutors and investigators at Purwakarta District Prosecutor's Office and Purwakarta Police Resort, case document analysis, and field observation. The theoretical framework combines Lawrence M. Friedman's Legal System Theory and Soerjono Soekanto's Law Enforcement Theory. Findings reveal that KUHAP 2025 delivers substantial normative advancement yet harbours three critical regulatory gaps: the absence of binding technical protocols for implementing mandatory active coordination, the lack of uniform and measurable case-file completeness standards, and no formal mechanism for resolving institutional disagreements on legal interpretation. On the ground, coordination at Purwakarta still operates under the old sequential-passive pattern despite the new law: case-file returns (P-19) remain frequent, driven primarily by absent expert testimony, insufficient factual narration in examination records, and mismatches between charged articles and legal facts. A Friedman–Soekanto diagnostic reveals simultaneous dysfunction across all three legal system components substance, structure, and legal culture with the entrenched 'waiting culture' between the police and the prosecution identified as the most resistant obstacle to reform.

This study discusses the reform of criminal law regarding acts of abuse of power within the Indonesian legal system. Abuse of power committed by public officials constitutes a serious violation of the rule of law and the principle of equality before the law because it can harm society and weaken public trust in the government. The old Criminal Code inherited from the colonial era was considered incapable of providing an optimal deterrent effect against perpetrators of abuse of authority. Therefore, the enactment of Law Number 1 of 2023 concerning the New Criminal Code became an important step in the reform of criminal law in Indonesia. This study aims to analyze criminal law reform policies in overcoming abuse of power and the effectiveness of their implementation in law enforcement. The results show that the new Criminal Code expands regulations regarding abuse of authority with stricter criminal sanctions and additional penalties in the form of revocation of office rights. However, its implementation still faces challenges such as political intervention, low integrity of law enforcement officials, and the potential overlap with the Corruption Eradication Law. Therefore, the success of criminal law reform requires the support of legal substance, legal structure, and legal culture that work in harmony.

This study examines the urgency of foreign nationals' (WNA) legal status and visa compliance in the vehicle rental business in Bali, as well as its impact on business disputes involving local entrepreneurs. The increasing number of international tourists visiting Bali has spurred the growth of vehicle rental services, yet it has also given rise to illegal practices by foreign nationals such as misuse of tourist visas for commercial purposes, tax evasion, and unfair business competition. This research adopts a normative juridical method using statute, conceptual, and case approaches, referring to key legal documents including Law No. 6 of 2011 on Immigration, Law No. 6 of 2023 on Manpower, Ministerial Regulation No. 21 of 2016, and Bali Regional Regulation No. 5 of 2016 on Tour Guiding. The findings highlight the vulnerability of rental contracts under Article 1548 of the Indonesian Civil Code, risks of breach of contract, and widespread violations of the Electronic Traffic Law Enforcement (ETLE) system, the penalties of which are imposed on rental owners. Nationality disparities and weak immigration oversight further undermine the effectiveness of law enforcement. This study concludes that legal protection for local business actors relies heavily on the legal clarity of WNA status, the appropriateness of 1 visa categories, and strong inter-agency coordination. The novelty of this research lies in integrating legal analysis of WNA legitimacy with a dispute resolution framework specific to the vehicle rental sector in Bali’s tourism landscape a perspective that has been largely overlooked in prior studies. The recommendations include strengthening rental contracts, enhancing coordinated supervisory mechanisms, and harmonizing civil and criminal law to establish a stronger deterrent effect.

Tourism in Bali, as the backbone of the regional economy, absorbs more than 50% of the workforce and gives rise to complex labor dynamics. Although Law No. 13 of 2003 on Manpower and Law No. 21 of 2000 on Trade Unions guarantee worker protection and freedom of association, the reality on the ground is still marked by the misuse of fixed-term employment contracts (PKWT), violations of outsourcing regulations, and both structural and cultural barriers to union formation. This article employs a normative juridical approach, using statute, conceptual, and case-based methods to analyze the regulatory framework and the responses of workers, employers, and government actors in addressing industrial relations disputes within Bali’s tourism sector. The findings reveal a significant gap between written legal norms and actual practice: repeated extensions of PKWT, outsourcing of core tasks such animal caretaking, union-busting through dismissal of union members, and weak law enforcement at regional level. Trade unions play a role in mediation and advocacy, but their performance is hindered by employer intimidation, low legal literacy among workers, and limited institutional support. Bridging this gap requires strict oversight, legal education for workers, as well as the strengthening of union capacity and the authority of local governments.

Rapid urban growth is often linked to the narrative of sustainable development, yet the reality is that fundamental issues remain in the management of urban waste. This paper aims to examine the gap between the concept of a sustainable city and sub-optimal waste management practices. Through a normative legal approach involving an analysis of legislation and relevant literature, it has been found that the implementation of waste management policies continues to face various challenges, such as weak law enforcement, a lack of policy integration, and low levels of public participation. On the other hand, the use of the label ‘sustainable city’ tends to be symbolic and does not yet reflect comprehensive practices. This paper positions the issue of waste as a key indicator in assessing urban sustainability. The novelty of this study lies in its critical approach, which links the discourse on sustainability with the contextual realities of waste management, thereby offering a more reflective and distinct perspective from previous studies.

Industrial waste management is an essential part of environmental protection and management efforts in Indonesia. Industrial development contributes positively to economic growth, but it also creates risks of environmental pollution when waste is not managed properly and in accordance with legal regulations. This study aims to analyze legal regulations concerning industrial waste management in Indonesia, evaluate the compliance level of PT Selatan Jadi Jaya with applicable laws and regulations, and examine law enforcement efforts and accountability mechanisms for violations affecting the environment. The research applies an empirical normative method using statutory and field approaches. Data were collected through literature studies of legislation, scientific journals, and legal doctrines, supported by observations and interviews with related parties. The findings show that industrial waste management has been comprehensively regulated under Law Number 32 of 2009 and Government Regulation Number 22 of 2021. However, implementation still encounters obstacles such as weak supervision, limited legal awareness among business actors, and economic considerations affecting corporate compliance. PT Selatan Jadi Jaya has fulfilled several administrative obligations but still requires improvement in substantive waste management practices. Effective supervision, consistent law enforcement, and stronger corporate commitment to sustainability and environmental responsibility are therefore necessary to achieve optimal environmental protection.

dishonorable Discharge (PTDH) is the most severe administrative sanction for Civil Servants (PNS) proven to have committed corruption. This study aims to analyze the implementation of PTDH for corrupt civil servants and identify the obstacles in its execution. Using a normative legal research method with statutory, conceptual, and case study approaches, this study examines the effectiveness of PTDH through Lawrence M. Friedman's Legal System Theory, which includes legal substance, legal structure, and legal culture. The results show that, in terms of substance, the PTDH norm is strictly regulated in Government Regulation Number 17 of 2020. However, its implementation faces juridical, administrative, institutional, and socio-political obstacles, as reflected in the case of the delayed execution of PTDH for five civil servants in Mukomuko Regency. This phenomenon proves the existence of a gap between law in the books and law in action. Friedman's perspective explains that the failure of PTDH is caused by weaknesses in the legal structure (apparatus/executing institutions) and legal culture (integrity/ethics of the apparatus). This study concludes that the effectiveness of PTDH can only be achieved through synergy between firm legal substance, professional legal structure, and a legal culture that upholds the integrity of state apparatus.

This study aimsmto examineiin depthvthe perspective of information technology law and human rights on the phenomenon of political buzzers on social media within the context of digital development in the era of globalization. This research is motivated by the rapid advancement of information technology, which has brought significant changes in various aspects of society, including the political sphere that increasingly utilizes social media as a means of communication and information dissemination. The phenomenon of political buzzers has become a controversial issue, particularly during election periods, as it is often associated with the spread of inaccurate information, defamation, hate speech, and the manipulation of public opinion that may harm society and disrupt social stability. This study employs a normative legal research method using statutory and conceptual approaches. The results indicate that political buzzers generally operate under the justification of freedom of expression as part of human rights. However, such freedom is not absolute and must be limited to prevent violations of others' rights and to maintain public order. In this regard, information technology law in Indonesia, particularly through regulations governing digital activities, plays an important role in controlling deviant buzzer practices. Nevertheless, the absence of specific regulations explicitly governing political buzzers has resulted in less optimal law enforcement. Therefore, strengthening regulations and increasing public awareness in the wise use of social media are necessary to create a healthy, responsible, and sustainable digital ecosystem.

Human Trafficking (TPPO) has undergone a significant transformation in its modus operandi alongside the massive use of information technology, giving rise to the phenomenon of cyber-recruitment within the online scam industry. This study aims to analyze the juridical construction of the criminal elements in the cyber-recruitment modus operandi based on Law Number 21 of 2007, and to evaluate the potential disharmony of norms between the TPPO regulation and the Electronic Information and Transactions Law (UU ITE) regarding the regulation of digital evidence. The research method employed is normative legal research with a statutory approach and a conceptual approach. The results indicate that, dogmatically, the elements of TPPO—comprising the process of virtual recruitment, the means of fraudulent job promises, and the purpose of digital forced labor exploitation—under Law No. 21 of 2007 remain relevant for prosecuting cyber-recruitment perpetrators, although it demands a broader legal interpretation of cyberspace realities. However, legal certainty issues were found due to the lack of synchronicity in the regulation of digital evidence, where differences in procedures and qualifications exist between electronic evidence in the TPPO Law and the evidentiary standards in the UU ITE, which are volatile in nature. The implications of this research conclude the need for regulatory synchronization through the establishment of technical guidelines for handling TPPO-specific electronic evidence to provide a solid legal foundation for law enforcement agencies. This step is crucial to overcome cross-border jurisdictional obstacles and to ensure substantive justice and comprehensive protection of victims' rights in the digital era.

Copyright is a key pillar of the Intellectual Property Rights system, providing legal protection for creative works in the arts sector, particularly musical works. Within the copyright framework, the most crucial aspect is economic rights, namely the exclusive right of creators to derive financial benefit from any use of their works. However, the reality on the ground demonstrates the rampant use of songs for commercial purposes without proper authorization, which directly harms creators. This article analyzes economic rights violations in the context of commercial use, using the case study of the song "Akad" by Payung Teduh as a case study. This research uses normative legal methods through a statutory and legal conceptual approach. The research findings indicate that the exploitation of songs for material gain without the explicit consent of the rights holder constitutes a clear violation of Law Number 28 of 2014 concerning Copyright. Such violations carry serious legal consequences, including civil liability in the form of compensation payments and criminal sanctions. Therefore, synergy between firm law enforcement and increased collective public awareness is necessary. These efforts are vital to guaranteeing the protection of creators' economic rights while creating a healthy, fair, and sustainable creative industry ecosystem in Indonesia for all arts stakeholders.

Intellectual property rights (IPR) are an important legal tool for trademark ownership, protecting business quality, and protecting a company's economic interests. Consumers build trust in trademarks because they signal distinct product quality and reflect a positive and consistent corporate image. Trademark protection is regulated by national law under Trademark Law No. 20 of 2016, which provides legal certainty for trademark owners. This law stipulates that a trademark is only valid if it has distinctive elements, is not imitative, and has been officially registered with an authorized institution. The "first come, first served" principle in Indonesian trademark law can be interpreted as a mechanism that grants rights to the first party to file a valid application. However, the application of this principle in practice often raises complex legal issues, particularly when a trademark has already gained widespread public recognition prior to its formal registration. This study focuses on evaluating this legal protection through a normative legal research method by examining applicable laws, regulations, and court decisions related to trademark disputes in Indonesia. The Geprek Bensu dispute has attracted public attention because it highlights the conflict between legal provisions regarding trademark ownership and public perception. This case demonstrates that the existing legal framework still requires further refinement to balance the interests of trademark registrants with those of parties who have built public reputation through prior commercial use. Therefore, legal reform and consistent law enforcement are essential to ensure fair and comprehensive trademark protection in Indonesia.

This study aims to examine the normative construction and practical implementation of criminal sanctions against narcotics abusers from the perspectives of Islamic criminal law and Indonesian positive law, as well as to formulate an integrative policy model that is more just, humane, and context-sensitive in Bungo Regency. Narcotics abuse constitutes a multidimensional problem involving legal, social, moral, and public health dimensions. Therefore, a comprehensive approach is required to integrate the normative values of Islamic criminal law with the national legal system. This research employs a normative-empirical approach using comparative legal analysis, examining statutory regulations, doctrines of Islamic criminal law, and law enforcement practices at the local level. The findings indicate that Islamic criminal law frames narcotics abuse within the protection of maqāṣid al-sharī‘ah, particularly the preservation of intellect (ḥifẓ al-‘aql) and life (ḥifẓ al-nafs), thereby emphasizing not only punitive but also educational and rehabilitative orientations through the instrument of ta‘zīr. Meanwhile, Indonesian positive law, particularly Law No. 35 of 2009 on Narcotics, provides legal space for rehabilitation; however, its implementation still encounters structural and cultural challenges. This study concludes that integrating Islamic criminal law principles with the national legal framework may produce a more responsive sentencing model that upholds substantive justice, human rights protection, and effective narcotics control. Policy reformulation grounded in religious values, restorative approaches, and social rehabilitation is recommended as a strategic direction for national criminal law reform.

This research is motivated by the escalating prevalence of illegal online lending practices in Indonesia, which generate a multitude of legal problems, particularly those concerning the validity of loan agreements and debt collection practices. The simplicity of access through smartphone applications, rapid processing times often approved within minutes and minimal administrative requirements have rendered these services immensely popular among the public. However, this accessibility also paves the way for unlicensed providers to operate unchecked, preying on desperate borrowers. The study aims to analyze the legal validity of illegal online loan agreements pursuant to the Indonesian Civil Code (KUHPerdata) and regulations issued by the Financial Services Authority (Otoritas Jasa Keuangan, OJK). Additionally, it examines the legal position of debt collection from a civil law perspective. A normative juridical method is employed, utilizing statutory and conceptual approaches, with qualitative analysis of the data. The results demonstrate that illegal online loan agreements fail to fulfill the requirements for a valid contract, especially regarding the legal capacity of the parties and lawful cause, categorizing them as null and void by operation of law. Nevertheless, in practice, unlicensed providers continue debt collection efforts, frequently employing methods that violate the law, such as harassment and intimidation. This reveals a significant gap between legal norms and field implementation. The implications emphasize the critical need for robust law enforcement, enhanced consumer protection mechanisms, and stricter oversight of fintech lenders to establish legal certainty and justice for society.

The purpose of this writing is to analyze Article 14 of Law Number 31 of 1999 jo. Law Number 20 of 2001 concerning the Eradication of Corruption has a delegative character, because its enactment depends on the provisions of other laws that expressly declare a violation as a criminal act of corruption. The construction of these norms in practice gives rise to ambivalence in law enforcement, especially when various acts that are detrimental to state finances occur in strategic sectors that are not explicitly qualified as corruption crimes in sectoral laws. This condition has the potential to create a legal vacuum and hinder the effectiveness of eradicating corruption as an extraordinary crime. This study aims to analyze the practice of implementing Article 14 of the Law on the Eradication of Corruption and examine these provisions from the perspective of legal certainty, justice, and criminal law policy. The research method used is normative legal research with a legislative approach and a case approach. Research data was obtained through literature studies on primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials that were analyzed qualitatively. The results of the study show that the delegative and limiting nature of Article 14 has implications for the low predictability of the law and opens up ambivalence between norms and law enforcement practices. In reality, law enforcement officials often apply the Corruption Crime Law to acts that are normatively outside the scope of Article 14, taking into account the existence of state financial losses and the interests of substantive justice. Therefore, Article 14 needs to be interpreted systemically and progressively and supported by the reformulation of norms and harmonization of laws and regulations to be in line with the dynamics and complexity of modern corruption crimes.

The resolution of juvenile cases in Indonesia requires a restorative justice approach as outlined in Law Number 11 of 2012 on the Juvenile Criminal Justice System (UUSPPA). However, Article 7, paragraph (2) restricts diversion to crimes punishable by less than seven years, excluding repeat offenders. This presents challenges for minors involved in serious crimes, such as rape, leading to concerns over child protection and fairness in the justice system. The implementation of diversion in the Syari’ah Court follows national juvenile justice protocols but faces challenges, especially in maintaining consistency across law enforcement agencies and regions. The study employs an empirical juridical approach and explores the challenges of implementing diversion in the Aceh Sharia Court. Findings reveal that diversion efforts are often inconsistent and rely on the discretion of authorities. Although the Child Criminal Justice System Law mandates diversion for cases involving crimes with sentences under seven years and non-recidivists, its actual application varies. For instance, rape cases between 2020 and 2023 show that some were excluded from diversion due to their serious nature, while others still pursued diversion despite the potential for sentences exceeding seven years.

This study analyzes law enforcement related to the application of the death penalty with a ten-year probation period as stipulated in the Criminal Code (KUHP). The results of the study show that the enforcement of the conditional death penalty is carried out in three stages, namely the formulation, application, and implementation stages. The formulation stage is reflected in the establishment of the death penalty as a special alternative and conditional punishment in Law Number 1 of 2023, the application stage is carried out through the application of norms by law enforcement officials, while the implementation stage relates to the execution of court decisions against convicts. The change in the construction of the death penalty from an absolute primary punishment to an alternative and special conditional punishment has fundamental legal implications for the criminal justice system in Indonesia, especially with the existence of discretion for judges and law enforcement officials to assess the possibility of changing the type of punishment based on the convicted person's remorse and efforts to reform themselves during the probation period.

This study aims to analyze the factors hindering the implementation of Regional Regulation Number 1 of 2018 concerning Public Order in Gorontalo City. The method used is empirical legal research with a descriptive analytical approach, through the collection of primary data in the form of interviews and observations, as well as secondary data from laws and regulations and related literature. The results indicate that the implementation of this regional regulation has not been effective, as indicated by the continued occurrence of various violations in public spaces. The main inhibiting factors include low public legal awareness, weak law enforcement by officials, the community's economic conditions, lack of regulation dissemination, and limited facilities and infrastructure. Therefore, comprehensive and sustainable efforts are needed to improve the effectiveness of regional regulation implementation by strengthening law enforcement, increasing public awareness, and policies that are more responsive to the community's socio-economic conditions.

Phishing is a form of cybercrime that has experienced a significant increase in frequency within Indonesia. This fraudulent practice aims to deceive victims into surrendering personal data or sensitive financial information by impersonating trusted institutions. Such crimes result in substantial losses for both individuals and the business sector, particularly concerning personal data protection and digital transaction security. This research aims to analyze the legal regulations and the role of supervisory institutions in addressing phishing threats in Indonesia using a normative legal research method. The legal analysis encompasses the implementation of the Electronic Information and Transactions Law (UU ITE), specifically Article 28, paragraph (1), and the Personal Data Protection Law (UU No. 27 of 2022), which serves as the primary foundation for privacy rights. Furthermore, this study examines the Consumer Protection Law and the Indonesian Criminal Code (KUHP) as enforcement instruments. The strategic roles of the Financial Services Authority (OJK) and Bank Indonesia (BI) are also discussed in the context of risk mitigation within the financial sector. The findings indicate that law enforcement effectiveness is still hindered by low digital literacy, limited forensic technology infrastructure, and jurisdictional challenges in tracking cross-border perpetrators. Consequently, a synergy between regulatory strengthening, international collaboration, and massive public education is required to comprehensively suppress these cybercriminal activities.

This study aims to analyze the factors influencing the implementation of Regional Regulation of Gorontalo Regency Number 04 of 2014 concerning the Control of Livestock in Ilomata Village, Bilato District. This research employs an empirical legal method with a sociological juridical approach to examine law not only as written norms but also as a social practice within society. Data were collected through interviews with village officials, regional regulation enforcement officers, and livestock owners, as well as through documentation and literature studies. The collected data were analyzed qualitatively using Lawrence M. Friedman’s legal system theory and Soerjono Soekanto’s theory on factors influencing law enforcement. The results indicate that the implementation of the regional regulation has not been optimal. The influencing factors include legal substance, legal structure (law enforcement officers), facilities and infrastructure, community factors, and legal culture. Normatively, the regulation contains clear provisions; however, its implementation is hindered by inconsistent enforcement, limited supporting facilities, and low levels of public legal awareness. Legal culture and the lack of consistency among law enforcement officers are the most dominant factors affecting the effectiveness of the regulation’s implementation. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen consistent law enforcement, improve supporting facilities, and undertake continuous efforts to build public legal awareness in a participatory manner.

This study aims to analyze the implementation of spatial planning regulations in the development of tourism accommodations and law enforcement against spatial planning violations in the Bingin Beach area, Badung Regency. The rapid development of tourism in the area has encouraged the construction of various facilities such as villas, hotels, and restaurants, some of which are located in coastal areas and do not fully comply with spatial planning and licensing regulations. This study uses empirical legal research methods with a legislative approach, case approach, and legal sociology approach. Data was obtained through observation, interviews, and document studies, then analyzed qualitatively. The results show that the implementation of spatial planning regulations in Bingin Beach has not been optimal because there are still tourism accommodation buildings that violate zoning and coastal boundary line regulations. This condition is influenced by weak supervision, rapid tourism development, and lack of compliance with licensing procedures. Law enforcement is carried out by the local government through the imposition of administrative sanctions and efforts to control buildings that do not comply with spatial planning. This law enforcement aims to maintain order in the use of space and protect the sustainability of the coastal environment.