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The development of Arabic learning materials requires a strong theoretical foundation so that the materials can help students understand the language effectively. This article aims to explain the role of linguistics, psycholinguistics, and sociolinguistics as the theoretical basis in the preparation of Arabic learning materials. The method used in this article is a literature study by reviewing various sources related to the development of language learning materials. The results of the study show that linguistics provides an understanding of the structure of the Arabic language, including sounds, word formation, sentence structure, and meaning. Psycholinguistics helps explain the process of language learning experienced by students so that learning materials can be designed according to their abilities and stages of development. Sociolinguistics explains the relationship between language and society so that learning materials can be adapted to the social and cultural context of language use. By integrating these three perspectives, Arabic learning materials can be developed in a more systematic, understandable, and relevant way to meet the needs of students.

This study aims to develop a pop-up book learning medium with the theme “Einkaufen” (Shopping) as a German language instructional medium for Grade XI students at SMA Negeri 3 Binjai. The background of this study is the low level of students’ understanding of the learning materials and their lack of learning motivation due to the use of monotonous conventional media. This research employs a Research and Development (R&D) approach using the ADDIE development model, which includes the stages of Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation. The results of the implementation stage indicate that 98.3% of students agreed that the pop-up book is effective for use in German language learning, and 96.7% stated that the material content is easy to understand. The pop-up book consists of six pages containing learning materials and exercises that focus on reading, writing, and speaking skills. Validation by material and media experts yielded a score of 90, categorized as very good. These findings demonstrate that the developed pop-up book medium is not only visually engaging but also capable of enhancing students’ motivation and comprehension in an integrative German language learning process. This medium can serve as an effective alternative for improving the quality of foreign language learning at the secondary school level.

This study aims to describe the use of local proverbs as a strategy for learning Indonesian in elementary school children. This type of research is qualitative in this study there are types and approaches to research, place and time of research, data and data sources, research procedures, data collection techniques, research instruments, data analysis techniques and definitions of terms. Data Collection Techniques Observation/observation of activities is carried out by researchers by directly observing the learning process carried out by teachers and students using observation sheets. Research interviews use interviews with teachers and students to use interview guidelines that have been prepared by research related to the use of local proverbs in schools. Documentation of this study uses documentation techniques in collecting data. This technique aims for researchers to obtain documents in the form of a list of local proverbs, several uses of local proverbs and photos of the learning process. Data Analysis Techniques Data analysis techniques aim to analyze data that has been collected in research. After data from the field has been collected and arranged systematically, the next step is for the author to analyze the data. The results of the study on the use of local proverbs in learning Indonesian are shown in the aspects of language, culture, character and cognitive. The Language aspect is found in student activities in listening skills, namely listening to stories containing the proverb Reso temmamgingngi. The Cultural Aspect is found in the existence of learning activities in the use of local proverbs as a preservation of culture, especially in South Sulawesi. The Cognitive Aspect is found in student understanding related to the knowledge or meaning of each local proverb used. The Character Aspect is found in the activity of instilling character values ​​in local proverbs.

This qualitative case study investigated the factors and impacts of English language learning anxiety among students at SMP Muhammadiyah Tanjungpinang. The research focused on students from the 7th, 8th, and 9th grades during the academic year 2024/2025. A total of 32 students across all grade levels were involved in the study. The researchers initially conducted classroom observations to identify students who exhibited signs of anxiety during English lessons. Based on these observations, eleven students were selected as participants for semi-structured interviews and more detailed classroom observations. The research aimed to explore how anxiety manifests in the classroom and how it affects students' language acquisition in a unique socio-educational environment. The data collected through interviews and observations were analyzed qualitatively by interpreting students’ responses and behavioral patterns in class. The findings revealed that three primary types of language anxiety—Communication Apprehension, Test Anxiety, and Fear of Negative Evaluation—were commonly experienced by the students. These forms of anxiety were often interconnected, compounding the emotional barriers students faced in English learning. One of the key contributing factors was the students’ fear of peer ridicule, especially within a tightly bonded student community. Many of the participants were affiliated with orphanages connected to the school, which created a unique emotional and social environment. This setting, while supportive in many ways, also contributed to heightened sensitivity to peer judgment and a strong fear of making mistakes. As a result, the affective filter among these students was notably high, significantly hindering their willingness to participate and ultimately affecting their English language acquisition.

This study aims to explore the role of harakat in assisting beginner students at Pondok Pesantren Zainul Hasan Genggong in reading and understanding Arabic texts. Learning Arabic, especially for beginners, presents its own challenges, particularly in reading texts that use the harakat system. Harakat plays a crucial role in proper pronunciation and understanding the meaning of words. This study uses a qualitative descriptive method with a case study approach, involving 1) seventh-grade students and 2) the arabic language teachers in that class. The results of the study show that harakat significantly helps students in understanding Arabic grammar, improving reading skills, and comprehending the meaning of texts. Additionally, internal factors such as physical health, as well as external factors like family conditions, also influence students' ability to read Arabic texts. Based on the findings of this study, it is recommended that the use of harakat in teaching Arabic to beginners be maintained and enhanced.  

This study aims to explore the role of harakat in assisting beginner students at Pondok Pesantren Zainul Hasan Genggong in reading and understanding Arabic texts. Learning Arabic, especially for beginners, presents its own challenges, particularly in reading texts that use the harakat system. Harakat plays a crucial role in proper pronunciation and understanding the meaning of words. This study uses a qualitative descriptive method with a case study approach, involving 1) seventh-grade students and 2) the arabic language teachers in that class. The results of the study show that harakat significantly helps students in understanding Arabic grammar, improving reading skills, and comprehending the meaning of texts. Additionally, internal factors such as physical health, as well as external factors like family conditions, also influence students' ability to read Arabic texts. Based on the findings of this study, it is recommended that the use of harakat in teaching Arabic to beginners be maintained and enhanced.  

This research looks into how well Duolingo and YouTube help people learn Japanese. A quantitative approach was taken, gathering information from 35 individuals through an online questionnaire. Participants were chosen based on whether they used Duolingo, YouTube, or both platforms. The questionnaire explored their past learning experiences, how they use these platforms, their preferences, how effective they think these tools are, and what challenges they encountered while learning. The findings reveal that most of the participants already had some background in Japanese and preferred online resources due to their accessibility, no cost, and fun features. Duolingo was liked for its organized, game-like approach, whereas YouTube was appreciated for its authentic, visual materials. A lot of people enjoyed learning at their own pace, finding listening and pronunciation to be useful strategies. Some individuals struggled with staying motivated and dealing with complicated grammar rules. To sum up, both Duolingo and YouTube are good resources for learning basic Japanese, especially for those studying on their own. However, they work best when used alongside other resources. It is suggested to combine digital tools with guidance from teachers for the best outcomes.

This study aims to describe students' interest in learning Indonesian language subjects in class VII-I SMP Negeri 4 Cimahi in the 2024/2025 school year. The research method used is descriptive qualitative. The results showed that students in class VII-I at SMP Negeri 4 Cimahi already had an interest in learning in Indonesian language subjects in class. Supporting factors for student interest in learning are student motivation, encouragement from Indonesian language teachers, a conducive learning environment and adequate facilities and infrastructure. The inhibiting factors of students' interest in learning in class VII-I SMP Negeri 4 Cimahi are the conduciveness of the classroom environment, the lack of complete learning facilities and infrastructure and the busyness of individual students when learning Indonesian subjects. Efforts made by Indonesian language teachers are providing motivation and encouragement before Indonesian language learning takes place and ensuring a conducive learning environment. The conclusion of this research is a) interest in learning plays an important role in the achievement of Indonesian language learning objectives in class VII-I SMP Negeri 4 Cimahi 2) Most students in class VII-I SMP Negeri 4 Cimahi already have the criteria for interest in learning in class 3) factors that support student interest in learning in class VII-I SMP Negeri 4 Cimahi are learning motivation, encouragement from Indonesian language subject teachers, conducive environment and adequate facilities and infrastructure.

This study aims to analyze digital-based Indonesian language learning strategies in higher education through a systematic review of articles published between 2020 and 2024. Based on a literature search in Google Scholar, 100 relevant articles were found, of which 84 articles met the inclusion criteria. The analysis results show that the technologies used in Indonesian language learning include ICT, Artificial Intelligence (AI), digital learning media, social media platforms (YouTube, TikTok, Instagram), and interactive applications such as Kahoot and quizzes. Popular learning methods include flipped classroom, Problem-Based Learning (PBL), and Project-Based Learning (PJBL), which support the development of 21st-century skills such as critical thinking, creativity, communication, and collaboration. Furthermore, the COVID-19 pandemic accelerated the adoption of digital learning, which significantly influenced Generation Z students' learning methods. However, limited access to the internet in remote areas remains the main challenge in implementing digital learning. Therefore, improving technology infrastructure and providing training for lecturers to optimize the use of technology in learning, as well as policies that support equitable access to digital education across Indonesia, are essential. This study provides insights for the development of digital-based learning strategies in higher education.