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This study examines the emergence of localized English expressions in Indonesian social media discourse, highlighting how English is adapted and reinterpreted in multilingual digital contexts. While previous studies on English in Indonesia have primarily focused on formal domains such as education and language policy, limited attention has been given to informal online communication where linguistic innovation is highly visible. This study aims to analyze how English lexical items are re-semanticized and creatively transformed by Indonesian users on social media platforms. The study employed a qualitative approach using data collected from Instagram posts and comments, focusing on selected examples of English-derived expressions such as boba, gas, voucher, server, and suamiable. The analysis compares the conventional meanings of these terms in Inner Circle English with their localized meanings in Indonesian usage. The findings reveal that English functions as a flexible linguistic resource, undergoing processes of semantic shift, metaphorical extension, and lexical blending. These localized forms reflect users’ creativity as well as their ability to adapt global linguistic resources to local cultural contexts. The study concludes that English in Indonesian social media is not merely borrowed but actively reconstructed, contributing to the dynamic development of English in the Expanding Circle.

This study aims to analyze the implementation of Dayak local wisdom values in the Merdeka Curriculum at public elementary schools in Pulang Pisau Regency, Central Kalimantan. Dayak local wisdom, which encompasses values such as mutual cooperation, solidarity, tolerance, environmental awareness, and respect for cultural traditions, plays a significant role in shaping students' character amid the challenges of globalization and the disruptive era. This research employs a qualitative approach using a case study method. The research participants include school principals, teachers, students, and educational stakeholders from several public elementary schools in Pulang Pisau Regency. Data are collected through observations, in-depth interviews, documentation, and literature reviews. Data analysis is conducted using an interactive model consisting of data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing. The findings are expected to provide a comprehensive description of how Dayak local wisdom values are integrated into the planning, implementation, and evaluation of learning activities within the Merdeka Curriculum framework. Furthermore, the study seeks to identify supporting and inhibiting factors affecting the implementation of local wisdom in educational practices and to formulate strategic recommendations for strengthening character education and preserving local culture in elementary schools. The results are expected to serve as a reference for educational policy development that promotes cultural preservation and enhances the quality of learning in accordance with the socio-cultural context of local communities.

The stock market is a place to buy shares for profit. In Indonesia, energy stocks are highly unpredictable because global commodity prices change constantly. This study examines what affected energy stock returns in 2024, focusing on trading volume, price swings, company profits, and cash flow. Using financial reports and statistical analysis, all these factors were tested together and individually. The results show that combined, all these factors do affect stock returns. However, when looked at one by one, only the company's net profit truly matters to investors. On the other hand, busy trading, daily price swings, and cash flow have no impact at all. In fact, all the factors studied only account for 14% of stock return movements, while the remaining 86% is driven by other outside forces. In conclusion, for those looking to invest in energy stocks, the most important thing to watch is the company's ability to generate net profit, rather than just looking at how busy daily transactions are in the market.

This study aims to examine the role of Ahlussunnah wal Jama'ah (Aswaja) An-Nahdliyah in strengthening religious moderation among young people amid increasingly complex, pluralistic, and digitalized societies. Globalization, advances in information technology, and easy access to diverse religious perspectives through digital media have influenced the religious attitudes and behaviors of younger generations, highlighting the need to reinforce moderate religious values. Aswaja An-Nahdliyah promotes the principles of tawassuth (moderation), tasamuh (tolerance), tawazun (balance), and i'tidal (justice) as the foundation for social, national, and civic life. This study employed a qualitative approach using a library research method. Data were collected from books, scientific articles, official documents, and relevant literature on Aswaja An-Nahdliyah and religious moderation. The data were analyzed using content analysis to identify the contribution of Aswaja values in fostering moderate attitudes among young people. The findings indicate that Aswaja An-Nahdliyah plays a strategic role in internalizing inclusive, contextual, and tolerant Islamic values through formal and non-formal education, youth organizations, religious study groups, and digital media. The implementation of these values enhances tolerance, respect for diversity, patriotism, and critical awareness among young people in confronting radical and intolerant ideologies, thereby supporting the development of a harmonious and peaceful pluralistic society.

Intercultural Communicative Competence (ICC) has become a key objective of English language education; however, its implementation in Indonesia remains insufficiently understood. This study investigates the alignment between ICC expectations in the Kurikulum Merdeka, English textbooks, and classroom practices in Indonesian senior high schools. An exploratory sequential mixed methods design was employed, involving document analysis of four government-issued English textbooks for grades X–XII, classroom observations in 15 schools across three provinces, a survey of 87 English teachers, and in-depth interviews with 18 teachers and 36 students. The findings reveal a three-level gap. First, the curriculum acknowledges ICC but lacks clear and measurable operational guidelines. Second, textbooks predominantly emphasize Anglo-American culture (64.8% of cultural content) while providing limited representation of Indonesian and global cultures. Third, 78.2% of teachers reported not explicitly integrating cultural dimensions into English instruction, resulting in stereotypical and culturally limited classroom practices. To address these issues, the study proposes the Triangulated Cultural Literacy (TCL) framework, integrating reflection on learners’ own culture, balanced exploration of target cultures, and intercultural negotiation. The findings highlight the need to operationalize ICC in the curriculum, improve textbook cultural representation, and strengthen teachers’ intercultural pedagogical competence.

This study examines how Nicolás Maduro's anti-neoliberal politics in Venezuela triggered a systematic securitization process by the US from 2014 to 2026. Drawing on Securitization Theory (Buzan et al., 1998) and a Neo-Gramscian perspective (Cox, 1981), this study argues that Maduro's anti-neoliberal policies constitute a counter-hegemonic challenge created by the United States. This threat is framed as a threat to democracy, regional security, and ultimately the narco-state, ultimately leading to the military intervention of January 2026. Economic sanctions failed to pressure the regime, exacerbated the humanitarian crisis, and set a dangerous precedent for the norm of state sovereignty in international law, suggesting that this securitization process proved ineffective. By addressing temporal and conceptual gaps in previous research, this study adds to the Security Studies literature. This study also highlights implications for international law, regional stability in Latin America, and the broader debate on securitization practices in contemporary global politics and US foreign policy strategy and international security governance frameworks debates.  

This study examines the gap between Nestlé’s sustainability commitments and the reality of ecological damage caused by the use of unsustainable raw materials in its global supply chain. Using a descriptive qualitative approach based on literature reviews and case study analysis, this study evaluates various data sources, ranging from scientific journals and corporate reports to documentation from independent organizations such as Greenpeace and the Rainforest Action Network. Findings indicate that Nestlé’s procurement of key commodities such as palm oil, cocoa, soy, dairy products, and singleuse plastics significantly contributes to deforestation, systemic plastic pollution, water extraction in vulnerable regions, and greenhouse gas emissions exceeding 87.5 million tons of CO₂e per year. In Indonesia, these highrisk areas are evident in palm oil sourcing in Sumatra and Kalimantan and cocoa sourcing in Sulawesi. Theoretically, this study argues that Nestlé’s sustainability governance exhibits a pattern of strategic decoupling, where public reporting on progress in primary supply chains is deliberately used to mask ongoing environmental damage within their hidden supply networks. Thus, this article makes a critical contribution by integrating supply chain management theory, environmental accountability, and the governance of multinational corporations.

This research investigates the integration of Sound Governance principles within the sustainable tourism policy cycle as a mechanism to mitigate institutional fragmentation and evaluation inefficiencies in developing economies. Adopting a sequential explanatory mixed-methods design, the study establishes a multidimensional evaluation framework congruent with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Policy performance is rigorously analyzed across five strategic domains: Economy, Social-Welfare, Culture-Education, Environment, and Governance. The quantitative methodology employs 17 adapted SDG indicators to assess policy efficacy, while the subsequent qualitative phase utilizes semi-structured interviews and stakeholder mapping to deconstruct complex power dynamics within multi-actor co-management structures. The empirical findings demonstrate that Sound Governance—predicated on transparency and accountability—acts as a fundamental catalyst for policy effectiveness. It significantly enhances destination sustainability through a structured input-process-output-outcome-impact pathway. Evidence from the case study of Penglipuran Village, Bali, validates these results, showing that while indigenous institutional legitimacy bolsters social responsiveness, it remains susceptible to economic dependencies driven by overtourism. Ultimately, this study asserts that embedding SDGs into the policy evaluation cycle elevates assessments from perfunctory administrative exercises to strategic instruments essential for ecosystem preservation and long-term demand stability. These insights establish Sound Governance as a strategic intangible asset, providing significant theoretical contributions to development administration and offering pragmatic frameworks for policy-makers managing sustainable destinations in competitive global markets.

The paradigmatic transformation of Christian Religious Education (CRE) in the digital era has become a crucial issue to be examined because the development of information technology, virtual culture, and globalization has brought significant changes to adolescents’ mindsets, behaviors, and character formation. These conditions have created various moral and spiritual challenges, such as identity crises, declining ethical sensitivity, and the increasing influence of individualistic and hedonistic values among young people. This study aims to analyze the paradigm transformation of Christian Religious Education in shaping adolescent character through a theological-pedagogical perspective that is relevant to the context of the digital era. The research employs a qualitative method using a library research approach and descriptive analysis of various scientific, theological, and pedagogical sources related to Christian education, teacher spirituality, and adolescent character development in the digital age. The findings indicate that the transformation of the CRE paradigm should be directed toward contextual, participatory, and transformative learning by positioning teachers as spiritual role models and facilitators of character formation. Furthermore, the integration of Christian values, the ethical use of technology, and collaboration among schools, families, and churches are important factors in shaping adolescents who possess strong character, integrity, and spiritual maturity amid increasingly complex digital challenges.

A chronic metabolic disease characterized by elevated blood glucose levels due to insulin resistance or impaired insulin secretion is classified as type 2 diabetes mellitus. The prevalence of diabetes continues to rise each year and has become one of the major challenges in global health due to its potential to cause serious complications, such as cardiovascular disease, kidney failure, neuropathy, and vision impairment. In addition to pharmacological therapy, the use of herbal plants is increasingly being developed as a complementary therapy because they are considered safer, more readily available, and contain bioactive compounds with potential antidiabetic properties. This review article aims to assess the effectiveness of several herbal plants namely cinnamon (Cinnamomum cassia), fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum), bitter melon (Momordica charantia), and moringa (Moringa oleifera) in aiding the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus based on various research findings. This study employs a literature review method by collecting and analyzing various national and international scientific publications related to the antidiabetic activity of these four plants. The review results indicate that all plants have potential as adjunct therapies for diabetes because they contain active compounds such as flavonoids, polyphenols, cinnamaldehyde, charantin, quercetin, trigonelline, and saponins, which can help reduce blood glucose levels, optimize cellular response to insulin, increase GLUT4 activity, and help minimize oxidative damage. Based on the study results, moringa and cinnamon plants demonstrated the most consistent effectiveness in contributing to blood sugar control in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Thus, these herbal plants have the potential to be used as complementary therapies in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus; however, their use must still adhere to proper dosing and should not replace primary medical therapy.

A chronic metabolic disease characterized by elevated blood glucose levels due to insulin resistance or impaired insulin secretion is classified as type 2 diabetes mellitus. The prevalence of diabetes continues to rise each year and has become one of the major challenges in global health due to its potential to cause serious complications, such as cardiovascular disease, kidney failure, neuropathy, and vision impairment. In addition to pharmacological therapy, the use of herbal plants is increasingly being developed as a complementary therapy because they are considered safer, more readily available, and contain bioactive compounds with potential antidiabetic properties. This review article aims to assess the effectiveness of several herbal plants namely cinnamon (Cinnamomum cassia), fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum), bitter melon (Momordica charantia), and moringa (Moringa oleifera) in aiding the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus based on various research findings. This study employs a literature review method by collecting and analyzing various national and international scientific publications related to the antidiabetic activity of these four plants. The review results indicate that all plants have potential as adjunct therapies for diabetes because they contain active compounds such as flavonoids, polyphenols, cinnamaldehyde, charantin, quercetin, trigonelline, and saponins, which can help reduce blood glucose levels, optimize cellular response to insulin, increase GLUT4 activity, and help minimize oxidative damage. Based on the study results, moringa and cinnamon plants demonstrated the most consistent effectiveness in contributing to blood sugar control in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Thus, these herbal plants have the potential to be used as complementary therapies in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus; however, their use must still adhere to proper dosing and should not replace primary medical therapy.

The wave of digitalization triggers a severe morality crisis among the younger generation through constant exposure to negative content, cyberbullying, and global communication ethics degradation. This descriptive qualitative study aims to analyze the specific internalization of Christian values at GPIB Harapan Kasih Congregation Bekasi to shield youth morality amidst ongoing technological disruption. Employing intensive in-depth interviews and participatory observations, data were analyzed interactively through systemic reduction, structured display, and final verification. The results indicate that the digital morality crisis explicitly manifests as pornography normalization, virtual toxicity, and the severe erosion of academic honesty. In response, pastoral strategies utilizing highly contextualized digital ethics sermons and youth cell groups prove thoroughly effective. The deep internalization of self-control and integrity successfully stimulates a holistic self-censorship mechanism across the youth's cognitive, affective, and behavioral domains. This study concludes that consistent accountability-based mentorship effectively transforms Christian youth from passive digital victims into active agents of change within global cyberspace.

This article discusses the dynamics of Christian students’ spirituality in the digital era, characterized by the currents of globalization, information overload, and a culture of virtual communication that influence patterns of thinking, lifestyles, and character formation. The novelty of this study lies in its analysis of the direct relationship between the digital-global context and the process of students’ faith formation through an integrative theological–pedagogical perspective. This research aims to analyze the implications of digital globalization for the spirituality of Christian students and to formulate directions for faith formation that are relevant to the contemporary context. The method employed is a qualitative approach using a library research design through conceptual, theological, and pedagogical analysis of various relevant scholarly sources. The findings indicate that the digital era presents both opportunities and challenges for faith development, in which students experience a dynamic tension between the strengthening of spiritual insight and the potential value crisis resulting from exposure to global ideologies. In conclusion, contextual, reflective, and selective strategies of faith formation are required to ensure that the spirituality of Christian students remains firm, critical, and relevant amid the currents of digital globalization.

Breast cancer remains a major global health challenge, with treatment effectiveness often limited by drug resistance and the toxic side effects of chemotherapy on normal cells. The exploration of bioactive compounds from natural sources through a medicinal chemistry approach offers a promising alternative strategy. This study aims to examine the molecular mechanisms of action and Structure-Activity Relationships (SAR) of various natural compound scaffolds as potential breast anticancer agents. The method employed was a systematic narrative literature review of 15 recent scientific articles evaluating computational parameters, including molecular docking, as well as in vitro and in vivo activities. The results indicate that polyphenols, flavonoids such as quercetin and EGCG, and curcumin possess strong cytotoxic activity and high binding affinity toward cancer-related target macromolecules. SAR analysis demonstrates that key structural features, including the number and position of free phenolic hydroxyl groups, the presence of gallate ester groups, and conjugated diketone systems, play a crucial role in determining ligand receptor complex stability. These interactions are supported by hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic interactions, and favorable steric compatibility within receptor binding sites. Computational findings further suggest that structural optimization can enhance ligand selectivity and improve pharmacokinetic properties. This study concludes that natural phytochemical scaffolds have significant potential as lead compounds and provide a rational basis for Computer-Aided Drug Design in developing more potent, selective, multi-target, and safer breast anticancer therapies.

Dengue fever remains a major global health challenge, particularly in tropical regions, due to the high transmission of Dengue virus by Aedes aegypti and the limited sustainability of current control strategies. Artocarpus odoratissimus, an endemic Bornean plant, contains diverse secondary metabolites with potential pharmacological activities; however, a systematic synthesis of its biomedical relevance to Dengue is still lacking. This study aimed to systematically evaluate the biomedical potential of A. odoratissimus in Dengue prevention and control through a systematic literature review. This study employed a systematic literature review method following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Literature searches were conducted in Scopus, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, PubMed, Google Scholar, Garuda, SINTA, and other relevant scientific databases for publications from January 2016 to February 2026. A total of 303 records were identified, and after duplicate removal, title and abstract screening, and full-text eligibility assessment, 23 studies were included for narrative synthesis. The findings revealed that A. odoratissimus contains major bioactive compounds, including flavonoids, phenolics, arylbenzofurans, stilbenoids, and prenylated chalcones, which demonstrate antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and potential antiviral activities based on in vitro and molecular docking studies. Fruit peel, seeds, and stem bark exhibited the strongest biological evidence, particularly in reducing oxidative stress, inhibiting inflammatory mediators, and potentially interacting with Dengue viral target proteins. Furthermore, several species within the Artocarpus genus showed larvicidal and ovicidal activities against Aedes aegypti, highlighting the potential development of A. odoratissimus as a plant-based biolarvicide candidate.

Dengue fever remains a major global health challenge, particularly in tropical regions, due to the high transmission of Dengue virus by Aedes aegypti and the limited sustainability of current control strategies. Artocarpus odoratissimus, an endemic Bornean plant, contains diverse secondary metabolites with potential pharmacological activities; however, a systematic synthesis of its biomedical relevance to Dengue is still lacking. This study aimed to systematically evaluate the biomedical potential of A. odoratissimus in Dengue prevention and control through a systematic literature review. This study employed a systematic literature review method following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Literature searches were conducted in Scopus, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, PubMed, Google Scholar, Garuda, SINTA, and other relevant scientific databases for publications from January 2016 to February 2026. A total of 303 records were identified, and after duplicate removal, title and abstract screening, and full-text eligibility assessment, 23 studies were included for narrative synthesis. The findings revealed that A. odoratissimus contains major bioactive compounds, including flavonoids, phenolics, arylbenzofurans, stilbenoids, and prenylated chalcones, which demonstrate antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and potential antiviral activities based on in vitro and molecular docking studies. Fruit peel, seeds, and stem bark exhibited the strongest biological evidence, particularly in reducing oxidative stress, inhibiting inflammatory mediators, and potentially interacting with Dengue viral target proteins. Furthermore, several species within the Artocarpus genus showed larvicidal and ovicidal activities against Aedes aegypti, highlighting the potential development of A. odoratissimus as a plant-based biolarvicide candidate.

Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the nasal mucosa mediated by immunoglobulin E (IgE) in response to allergen exposure. This condition has become a significant global health concern because of its increasing prevalence and substantial impact on quality of life, sleep, cognitive function, and work productivity. AR is also commonly associated with other atopic diseases, including asthma and atopic dermatitis. This article aims to review the current understanding of allergic rhinitis, focusing on epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic approaches, and evidence-based management strategies. This study used a narrative literature review method by analyzing scientific articles, clinical guidelines, and peer-reviewed journals published between 2015 and 2025. Literature sources were obtained from PubMed, Google Scholar, and relevant medical databases using keywords related to allergic rhinitis, IgE, diagnosis, and immunotherapy. The findings indicate that allergic rhinitis involves complex immune mechanisms characterized by Th2 lymphocyte activation, IgE production, and inflammatory mediator release. Diagnosis is primarily established clinically and supported by allergy testing such as skin prick tests or serum-specific IgE measurement. Intranasal corticosteroids remain the first-line therapy for moderate to severe cases, while antihistamines and leukotriene receptor antagonists are used as adjunctive therapies. Allergen immunotherapy has shown effectiveness in modifying disease progression and improving long-term outcomes. In conclusion, allergic rhinitis is a manageable chronic disease that requires a comprehensive and individualized treatment approach involving environmental control, pharmacotherapy, and immunotherapy.

Amidst rising global pressure regarding sustainability and cross-border trade, customs agencies are no longer viewed merely as gatekeepers but as strategic actors in global environmental governance through the Green Customs Initiative (GCI). This research aims to uncover the evolutionary patterns of GCI research within the context of adaptive policy, map its intellectual structure, and identify future thematic directions. The methodology employs a bibliometric analysis of documents sourced from the Web of Science database, utilizing VOSviewer software to perform co-authorship, bibliographic coupling, and co-word analysis.The results demonstrate that the dominance of scientific actors in this field is determined more by the strength of collaboration networks than by the mere volume of publications. The findings identify that the primary intellectual foundations of GCI research rest upon the critical relationship between environmental regulation, international trade, market responses, and eco-innovation. Furthermore, country-level analysis highlights the central roles of China, the United States, and the United Kingdom in shaping the knowledge structure of this domain. Overall, these findings underscore that the GCI has evolved into a multidisciplinary field that requires an adaptive policy framework to respond to the dynamics of ecological risks and global trade demands through institutional flexibility and cross-actor collaboration. By integrating environmental protection into border management and risk assessment, this study provides a strategic reference for customs authorities to move toward a more responsive and knowledge-based green customs administration.

Education is the main driver of a nation's progress, which is not only related to intellectual intelligence, but also the formation of student character. Unfortunately, currently the world of education is facing serious problems, such as declining interest in learning and increasingly complex external factors in the digital era. This study aims to explore in depth the impact of learning motivation on student academic achievement, identifying obstacles that hinder this achievement. The method used in the current study is a literature study with a qualitative approach. Data were collected through theoretical studies and analysis of various relevant scientific sources, including research journals and textbooks, which were then combined to develop a comprehensive argument. The findings of this study indicate that learning motivation is the main factor that encourages student persistence and consistency in achieving the best learning. Academic success is defined as the result of a complex interaction between internal and external factors, where the existence of a supporting ecosystem such as good learning facilities, a supportive environment, and effective communication between lecturers and students plays a very important role. On the other hand, phenomena such as digital fatigue, low independence, and excessive workload are identified as significant barriers that can reduce academic performance. This analysis concludes that there is synergy in strengthening psychological aspects and creating an adaptable learning environment to maintain the stability of academic achievement amidst global demands.

Maternal hypertension remains one of the major contributors to maternal morbidity and mortality in Indonesia and globally. This study aimed to analyze the prevalence, mortality trends, and geographical disparities of maternal hypertension in Indonesia during the 2022–2023 period. The research employed a descriptive design using secondary data obtained from official reports of the Indonesian Ministry of Health, national health surveys, and Maternal Perinatal Death Notification (MPDN) data. Data analysis was conducted descriptively by examining prevalence rates, maternal mortality due to hypertension, regional distribution, and temporal trends across provinces in Indonesia. The findings showed a slight but consistent decline in both the prevalence and mortality rates of maternal hypertension from 2022 to 2023 in most provinces. However, significant regional disparities remained evident. Provinces in eastern Indonesia, including Papua Barat, Nusa Tenggara Timur, Maluku, and several provinces in Sulawesi and Kalimantan, consistently recorded higher prevalence and mortality rates compared to provinces in Java and Bali. Meanwhile, provinces with better healthcare infrastructure and maternal referral systems demonstrated lower mortality outcomes. The study also revealed a strong association between high prevalence and increased maternal mortality, indicating the importance of healthcare accessibility, antenatal care quality, and emergency obstetric services in reducing maternal health burdens. These findings emphasize the need for region-specific maternal health interventions, improved healthcare distribution, early detection programs, and strengthened referral systems to reduce maternal hypertension disparities and improve maternal health outcomes in Indonesia.