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The phenomenon of the dual role of wives is a complex social reality amidst the patriarchal culture that is still deeply rooted in Indonesian society. In this social system, women often bear the double burden of domestic responsibilities as well as public roles, which often gives rise to gender inequality, role conflict, and psychological stress. This article aims to analyze the dual role of wives in a patriarchal culture using a gender perspective and maqasid sharia as an analytical framework. The research method used is a literature study with a qualitative-descriptive approach to various relevant literature. The results of the study indicate that patriarchal culture tends to limit access and recognition of women's roles, thus contradicting the principle of gender justice. Meanwhile, maqasid sharia emphasizes the values ​​of balance, justice, and benefit in husband-wife relations. The principles of hifz ad-din, hifz an-nafs, hifz al-aql, hifz an-nasl, and hifz al-mal provide theological legitimacy for women's social and economic roles as long as they are carried out within the framework of justice, shared responsibility, and family harmony.  

Gender inequality in terms of safety in public spaces is a crucial issue in Indonesia. This research background is driven by the high rate of violence against women, reaching 330,079 cases in 2024, and reinforced by a patriarchal culture that perpetuates gender hierarchy. This study uses a qualitative method with a literature study approach to analyze the root causes and impacts of gender inequality on women's sense of security in public spaces. The results indicate that the disparity manifests in various dimensions, such as women-unfriendly urban infrastructure (e.g., inadequate lighting), security threats in urban areas, and the high rate of gender-based violence where 80.1% of the victims are women. The discussion reveals that this inequality impacts not only physical safety but also psychological well-being, economic security, and access to public spaces. This research concludes that a multidimensional approach encompassing infrastructure improvement, strengthening legal protection, changing social norms, and economic empowerment is required to create an inclusive, equitable, and safe public environment for all genders.

The study describes the implementation of the Christian Religious Education teaching module with the theme Allah Creates Man to Manage in grade VI students of SD Negeri 1 Kereng Bangkirai. The qualitative descriptive approach applied direct observation, documentation of activities, and assessment of learning outcomes in the affective, cognitive, and psychomotor domains to the 11 students who attended. The teaching module is aligned with the Learning Outcomes of Phase C of the Independent Curriculum providing a directed learning structure from Genesis 2:8-15. The opening activities include greetings, prayers, praise, Bible readings, as well as students' experiential questions about nature to build a relationship between the material and everyday reality. Core activities utilize explanations, group discussions, presentations, and clipping projects with the theme of loving God's created nature that increase active participation, cooperation, and creativity of students. Assessments showed good results in all three learning domains despite constraints such as the discomfort of cross-gender discussions and the introverted nature of students; The role of teachers in creating a safe atmosphere strengthens the effectiveness of the process. Reflection confirms meaningful learning that shapes an attitude of gratitude, environmental concern, and Christian responsibility.

Gender equality in the religious sphere in Indonesia is a complex phenomenon, shaped by the interaction between theological doctrines, institutional practices, and the socio-cultural context of each tradition. This study employs a qualitative-descriptive approach through literature review to analyze six major religions in Indonesia: Catholicism, Protestantism, Islam, Hindu Dharma, Buddhism, and Confucianism. The analysis focuses on three main dimensions: theological perspectives regarding gender roles and positions, social changes influencing gender relations, and transformations in institutional structures and practices that support gender equality. The findings indicate that historically, women were often placed in subordinate positions due to patriarchal norms, although the core teachings of these religions contain egalitarian principles and recognition of women’s dignity. Contemporary transformations are reflected in the reinterpretation of religious texts and practices that promote gender equality: Catholicism emphasizes the recognition of women’s dignity within the clerical hierarchy; Protestantism opens opportunities for the ordination of female pastors; Islam reinterprets the principles of Qawwamun and family law rights; Balinese Hindu Dharma adjusts women’s roles in rituals and public spheres; Buddhism revives the bhikkhuni order within the sangha; and Confucianism modernizes the interpretation of Wu Lun and San Cong to emphasize mutual responsibilities between husband and wife. In conclusion, despite persistent patriarchal challenges, this study affirms that religion has the potential to act as an agent of social transformation promoting gender equality while maintaining the moral, spiritual, and traditional values distinctive to each tradition. These findings contribute significantly to academic literature, interfaith dialogue, and the development of more gender-inclusive policies.

This study analyzes the process of construction and resistance to the double burden experienced by the character Kaluna in the film Home Sweet Loan (2024) through the perspective of Judith Butler's gender performativity. Using qualitative content analysis on 13 key scenes, it was found that Kaluna's double burden of office work and bearing the economic and domestic responsibilities of an extended family was constructed through stylized repetition of acts. The results show that Kaluna experiences a double burden of professional and domestic work shaped by social norms and family expectations. However, the film also depicts Kaluna's resistance to this construction through verbal and emotional actions and personal decisions that challenge the patriarchal structure. This study concludes that Home Sweet Loan not only represents the double burden of modern women, but also shows women's agency in resisting and negotiating their gender identity. These actions deconstruct oppressive gender identities and form a new, independent subjectivity. The film emphasizes that the double burden of women is not a natural law, but rather a social performance that can be resisted.

Examining how well college students grasp the concept of gender equality is the primary goal of this research. In order to achieve social justice and provide equal opportunity for all people, regardless of their gender, gender equality must be upheld. But there are still attitudes and actions that show gender disparity in the classroom. Students from different academic programs filled out questionnaires that were part of a descriptive quantitative research. The majority of pupils had a solid grasp of gender equality or its significance in the classroom, according to the data. Nevertheless, several respondents did not provide very detailed assessments of campus initiatives promoting gender equality.

Public speaking is an essential communication skill that plays a crucial role in enhancing self-confidence, delivering ideas effectively, and fostering social participation. However, many women in rural areas still lack opportunities to develop this skill due to limited access to training, gender stereotypes, and minimal experience in public forums. These challenges lead to low levels of women’s involvement, particularly housewives who are members of PKK, in community activities and decision-making processes at the local level. This study aims to examine the impact of public speaking training on improving the knowledge, self-confidence, and social participation of PKK mothers in Nagari Sumpur Kudus. The research employed a descriptive qualitative method with a participatory approach through interactive lectures, speaking practice simulations, reflective discussions, participatory observations, and qualitative evaluations. Data were analyzed using data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing based on field notes, observations, and participants’ feedback. The findings indicate that the training successfully improved participants’ understanding of basic public speaking techniques, including intonation, eye contact, body language, and structured idea delivery. Furthermore, the participants experienced significant growth in self-confidence, courage to speak in front of groups, and motivation to continuously practice their communication skills. The interactive and supportive learning atmosphere also strengthened collaboration and solidarity among PKK members. Thus, public speaking training not only enhances individual competencies but also contributes to women’s empowerment and their active participation in community development at the village level.  

Stunting and wasting are nutritional problems in toddlers that remain a double burden of malnutrition in Indonesia and have an impact on the quality of health and future human resource development. Monitoring the nutritional status of toddlers is generally carried out using anthropometric indicators, but the use of this data is still limited to descriptive analysis. This study aims to apply the K-Means algorithm in clustering infants vulnerable to stunting and wasting based on anthropometric indicators, so that groups of infants with different levels of nutritional vulnerability can be identified. The dataset used consists of infant data with variables of gender, age (months), height (cm), and weight (kg). The research stages included data preprocessing, encoding categorical variables, data normalization, determining the optimal number of clusters using the Elbow and Silhouette Score methods, and analyzing the characteristics of each cluster. The evaluation results showed that the optimal number of clusters was four. Each cluster has different anthropometric characteristics and distributions of stunting and wasting status, ranging from groups with relatively normal nutritional conditions, groups with a tendency toward overnutrition, to groups that are vulnerable to acute and chronic malnutrition. These clustering results provide a more comprehensive and segmented mapping of toddlers, which can be used as a basis for formulating more targeted and data-driven nutrition policies and interventions.

In the face of global economic uncertainty and property market fluctuations, companies in the property and real estate sector are required to maintain profitability. This sector contributes significantly to the national GDP, but it has also faced pressure due to declining demand and instability in the growth of the real estate sector's GDP from 2021 to 2024. Profitability is a key indicator of a company's sustainability, influenced by various internal factors such as liquidity, firm size, and gender diversity in leadership. The target population of this inquiry encompasses property and real estate enterprises enumerated on the Indonesia Stock Exchange throughout the 2021–2024 interval. Through the application of purposive sampling, a total of 52 data observations were delineated as the empirical sample. The dataset was subjected to scrutiny employing multiple linear regression procedures facilitated by SPSS software version 26. The empirical outcomes substantiate that liquidity, firm size, and gender diversity simultaneously influence profitability. Partially, liquidity has a positive and significant effect on profitability, while gender diversity has a negative and significant effect. In contrast, firm size does not have a significant influence on the profitability of property and real estate companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange during the 2021–2024 period.

This study investigates the relationship between Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) performance and corporate financial distress, with board gender diversity examined as a moderating variable. Using 96 firm-year observations from manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (2022–2024), the analysis employs variance-based Structural Equation Modelling (SEM). The findings reveal that ESG performance does not exert a statistically significant effect on financial distress, and gender diversity does not moderate this relationship. These non-significant results constitute the central empirical contribution of the study, highlighting that ESG engagement and gender diversity have yet to translate into financial resilience in the Indonesian manufacturing context. The study underscores the importance of contextual factors—such as implementation costs, authenticity of ESG disclosures, and limited female representation on boards—in shaping the effectiveness of sustainability practices. The results provide theoretical implications for Stakeholder and Agency Theory and offer practical insights for managers, regulators, and investors in emerging markets.

This study discusses the role of the Kupang City Council in carrying out its supervisory function on gender-responsive maternal and child health policies, with a case study focus on Oebobo District. The background of this study stems from the high maternal and child mortality rates and the suboptimal implementation of Kupang City Regulation No. 7 of 2013. This study uses a qualitative approach with interview, observation, and documentation techniques, and involves informants from DPRD members, health workers, posyandu cadres, and community leaders. The results show that the DPRD, particularly through Commission IV, has carried out its supervisory function through regulatory support, budget allocation, program evaluation, and field visits. Some of the programs supervised include Free Nutritious Meals (MBG), strengthening Posyandu, and basic health services at Puskesmas. However, the effectiveness of supervision still faces various obstacles, including the lack of female representation in the DPRD, strong patriarchal culture, lack of socialization of local regulations, weak cross-sector coordination, and low community participation. The conclusion of this study confirms that the success of gender-responsive maternal and child health policies is greatly influenced by the capacity of the DPRD in oversight, political and budgetary support, and community involvement.

This research examines inter-ethnic marriages between Acehnese and Bugis-Makassar communities in Makassar City from 1990 to 2004, which emerged as a consequence of social mobility, cross-cultural interaction, and compatibility of religious values. The purpose of this study is to explain the factors that trigger inter-ethnic marriages, the underlying customary processes, and the socio-cultural dynamics that occur within family life. This research uses historical methods, including the heuristic stage, source criticism, interpretation, and historiography, with data obtained thru in-depth interviews with four families and related documentary sources. The research findings indicate that holding a wedding requires cultural negotiation between the two groups, with some families adopting traditional Acehnese ceremonial customs, while others implement Bugis-Makassar traditions. In family life, couples face differences in values regarding communication, gender role division, and religious practices, which are then overcome thru a dialogue-based process of adaptation and compromise. This process results in the formation of hybrid cultural identities, the expansion of social networks, and the strengthening of inter-ethnic integration. Overall, intertribal marriages serve as a medium for cultural reconciliation and a means of building more inclusive social relationships in a multicultural society.

This research examines inter-ethnic marriages between Acehnese and Bugis-Makassar communities in Makassar City from 1990 to 2004, which emerged as a consequence of social mobility, cross-cultural interaction, and compatibility of religious values. The purpose of this study is to explain the factors that trigger inter-ethnic marriages, the underlying customary processes, and the socio-cultural dynamics that occur within family life. This research uses historical methods, including the heuristic stage, source criticism, interpretation, and historiography, with data obtained thru in-depth interviews with four families and related documentary sources. The research findings indicate that holding a wedding requires cultural negotiation between the two groups, with some families adopting traditional Acehnese ceremonial customs, while others implement Bugis-Makassar traditions. In family life, couples face differences in values regarding communication, gender role division, and religious practices, which are then overcome thru a dialogue-based process of adaptation and compromise. This process results in the formation of hybrid cultural identities, the expansion of social networks, and the strengthening of inter-ethnic integration. Overall, intertribal marriages serve as a medium for cultural reconciliation and a means of building more inclusive social relationships in a multicultural society.

This research undertakes a comparative analysis of the concept of divorce within the frameworks of Islamic Family Law and Buddhist Ethics. Marriage, recognized as a profound bond of both physical and spiritual union, holds significant value in both religious traditions. However, contemporary social realities reveal a high incidence of divorce, prompting a critical examination of the legal and ethical mechanisms governing its dissolution. Within Islamic jurisprudence, divorce (talak) is permitted but considered detestable by Allah, governed by stringent procedural mechanisms including talak (the husband’s right), khulu’ or gugat cerai (the wife’s right to initiate), and fasakh (judicial intervention). These processes carry clear legal implications concerning the waiting period (iddah), the possibility of reconciliation (rujuk), and the division of marital property. Conversely, while Buddhism does not explicitly prohibit divorce, the teachings of the Buddha strongly encourage spouses to exhaust all avenues for peaceful conflict resolution before considering separation as a last resort. The ethical framework in Buddhism grants equal rights to both parties to dissolve the marriage. This study employs a qualitative descriptive analytical method through library research, drawing upon primary legal texts such as Indonesia’s Law No. 1 of 1974 on Marriage and the Compilation of Islamic Law (KHI) for Muslims, alongside the Vinaya Pitaka for adherents of Buddhism. The findings indicate that while both traditions view divorce as a final option, they diverge fundamentally in their legal structures; Islamic law establishes specific, gender-differentiated rights and obligations, whereas Buddhist ethics emphasize mutual consent and personal responsibility without formal legalistic procedures. The research concludes by recommending that couples, regardless of faith, prioritize reconciliation and peace, aligning with the core principles of both religions, and urges policymakers and legal practitioners to promote harmonious family life and reconsider legal frameworks that might better serve the welfare of children and families.

The development of digital technology has significantly transformed Islamic education, particularly in the growing discourse on gender equality within digital public spaces. Social media has become a new arena where diverse gender narratives—from progressive to conservative—compete for public attention, requiring a more systematic response from Islamic education. This study aims to describe the foundational concepts of gender in Islamic education, analyze how social media shapes gender perceptions among Muslim communities, and formulate effective educational strategies for responding to these challenges in the digital era. Using a library research design with a descriptive qualitative approach, this study applies thematic content analysis to synthesize relevant academic literature. The findings indicate that Islamic education holds strong potential to promote gender justice through theological, pedagogical, and digital literacy approaches. Nevertheless, significant challenges persist, including biased interpretations, the spread of misinformation, and the dominance of patriarchal narratives in online spaces. The study’s implications highlight the need for curriculum reform grounded in gender equality, teacher capacity development, strengthened Islamic digital literacy, and collaborative efforts among educators, scholars, and digital communities to build a more inclusive and moderate digital da'wah environment. These findings are expected to serve as a foundation for developing adaptive Islamic educational strategies that respond effectively to gender dynamics in the cyber era.

This research aims to analyze the effect of CEO power and board gender diversity on modern slavery disclosure (MSD) among Indonesia’s top 50 publicly listed companies by market capitalization. The research uses a quantitative approach with secondary data collected from annual and sustainability reports during the 2022–2024 period. The results show that CEO power has a negative and significant effect on MSD, indicating that stronger CEO power will reduce disclosure transparency. Furthermore, gender diversity on the board of commissioners also shows a negative and significant relationship with MSD, indicating that female representation in supervisory roles has not yet contributed into greater social accountability within Indonesian firms. Meanwhile, gender diversity on the board of directors shows no significant effect. These results suggest that internal governance factors such as CEO power and limited female influence in top positions still hinder companies from being transparent about social and ethical issues. In conclusion, stronger regulations and independent oversight are needed to improve companies’ transparency regarding modern slavery practices.

Hypertension is a chronic disease that shows blood pressure above normal limits and is a global health problem and is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Treatment adherence is defined as the patient's level of willingness and the extent to which they strive and behave to follow medical directives, regulations, or recommendations provided by healthcare professionals in an effort to assist the patient's recovery. Adherence to taking medication allows patients to keep their blood pressure stable in order to avoid complications. This study aims to see the compliance of hypertension drug patients at the Heart Poly of Santa Elisabeth Hospital Medan in 2024. The research method used is a descriptive approach. The population in this study is 178 people, the number of samples is 82 people. Sampling technique with accidental sampling technique. The results of the study showed that from 82 respondents, the data obtained that the most age respondents were 38-53 years old with a total of 36 respondents (47.6%), the data on the most gender respondents were women as many as 48 respondents (48.5%), the data on the most education respondents was education as many as 32 respondents (39%), the data on the most respondents suffering from hypertension was 2 years of hypertension as many as 24 respondents (29.3%). The picture of the level of drug compliance of hypertension patients at the Heart Polyclinic of Santa Elisabeth Hospital Medan in 2024 is at a moderate level of 31 respondents (37.8%).

Blood pressure is the pressure exerted by blood pumped by the heart against the walls of the arteries. Abnormalities in blood pressure can take the form of high blood pressure or hypertension and low blood pressure or hypotension. Hypertension is a non-communicable disease that is one of the risk factors for cardiovascular disease, and sufferers often do not show any symptoms. This community service activity aimed to examine the results of blood pressure measurements among inmates at the Class IIB Detention Center in Masohi City. This study used a descriptive observational design with a cross-sectional approach. There were 95 inmates who participated in this activity. Data analysis was conducted using quantitative descriptive methods to describe the blood pressure measurement results based on demographic data such as age, gender, education level, occupation, height, and weight. The results showed that most respondents were in the 20-30 age range (44.2%) and male (91.6%). The level of education shows that most respondents only completed high school (54.7%) and the majority worked as farmers (30.5%). Anthropometric characteristics in terms of height show that most respondents were between 140-160 cm (47.4%) and weighed between 51-60 kg (43.2%). The distribution of blood pressure shows that most respondents are in the pre-hypertension (40%), normal (29.5%), grade 1 hypertension (17.9%), and grade 2 hypertension (10.5%). Therefore, routine blood pressure checks need to be carried out so that inmates in detention centers can avoid hypertension, which can be a risk factor for cardiovascular disease.

The rapid development of artificial intelligence has encouraged the widespread use of chatbots on social media platforms, transforming patterns of digital communication and interaction. This study aims to examine the role of chatbots in shaping social interaction, fandom dynamics, and users’ digital identities within contemporary online culture. The research employs a literature review approach using grounded theory as an analytical framework to identify patterns, themes, and emerging concepts from relevant academic publications published between 2021 and 2025. Articles were collected through academic databases and systematically selected based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. The findings indicate that chatbots have shifted from being purely functional technological tools to becoming cultural actors that influence emotional engagement, community formation, and identity expression in digital spaces. Chatbots contribute to creating perceived emotional closeness, strengthening fandom interactions, and facilitating self-expression, particularly within popular culture and creative industries. However, the study also highlights several challenges, including emotional dependency, algorithm-driven homogenization of preferences, gender bias, and aggressive behavior in human–machine interactions. Cultural context plays a significant role in shaping user acceptance and interpretation of chatbots. These findings imply that chatbot development and implementation should consider not only technical efficiency but also social, psychological, and ethical dimensions to ensure responsible and inclusive digital interaction.

This article examines the evolution of the concept of femininity in East Asian makeup culture by tracing changes in style, function, and social meaning from traditional periods to the modern era. The study focuses on makeup practices in China, Japan, and Korea, which possess distinct cultural and historical backgrounds yet similarly demonstrate dynamic developments of femininity through visual expression. The research employs a literature review using a qualitative approach, complemented by an analysis of beauty trends emerging in each country. The findings indicate that facial makeup functions not merely as an aesthetic practice but also as a medium for representing personal identity, social status, gender roles, and prevailing cultural values within society. The transformation of makeup practices is influenced by various factors, including local traditional heritage, processes of modernization, changes in women’s roles, and globalization, which introduces new beauty standards. Nevertheless, traditional elements continue to be preserved and adapted, forming distinctive regional characteristics. Overall, this study emphasizes that the concept of femininity in East Asian makeup culture is dynamic and contextual, continually adapting to social change while remaining deeply rooted in longstanding cultural values.