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Consumerism is an attitude, mindset, and lifestyle that prioritizes superficial desires. It is influenced by the development of globalization, which has had an impact on people’s lives, both in the cultural and technological fields. Currently, consumerism is a trend in society, with people competing to find happiness by purchasing items that suit their desires, and sometimes seeking recognition from others through consumerist behavior. The rapid development of globalization has greatly influenced today’s societal mindset, with people preferring superficial happiness without considering the impact behind it. The birth of consumerism is inseparable from the rapid development of technology, in this case social media. The presence of social media makes it easier for people to access various things, so that consumerism culture thrives because social media has provided various things. This concept is inversely proportional to Boethius’s concept of happiness. Boethius’s concept of happiness is not about superficial or temporary happiness (wealth, pleasure, and recognition from others), but true, eternal happiness. The purpose of this paper is to understand Boethius’s concept of supreme happiness, which will serve as a critique of consumerist culture. This research uses qualitative methods with a literature review approach (research gap), as well as a philosophical analysis of Boethius’s work, specifically regarding supreme happiness. The results indicate that Boethius’s concept of supreme happiness lies not in material wealth, social recognition, or pleasure, but rather in a relationship with the Divine, or transcendence. Therefore, the implication of this research is the need to reorient society’s understanding of true happiness.

This article examines the conceot of knowledge (ilmu) within the Islamic perspective, which holds a highliy privileged position, ranking second only to the word Tauhid (Monotheism) in Islamic teachings. his paper employs a Library Research methodology (kajian pustaka). his approach involves the assimilation, study, and in-depth analysis of various readings utilized by the author. he presence of knowledge and education profoundly influences the development of human life concepts. In the Qur'an, the word "ilmu" (knowledge/science), in its various forms, in Quran, testifying to the distinctiveness of humans as caliphs on earth. Literally, "ilmu" is defined as knowing or to know, while technically it means understanding the reality of something or the rule governing it. The ultimate source of knowledge is Allah SWT. The process of teaching knowledge from Allah can be direct (revelation/inspiration or wahyu/ilham) or indirect (through the medium of natural phenomena He created). Knowledge acquisition can be achieved through several approaches, including: practice (pengamalan), experience (pengalaman), rational (rasional using intellect/reason), emotional, and habituation (pembiasaan). Islamic scholars have classified knowledge based on its object of study and source. For instance, Ibn Sina categorized knowledge into three types: al-‘ilm al-ilahi (divine and metaphysical knowledge), al-ilm al-riyahi (mathematics), and il-‘ilm tabi’I (natural sciences). Al-Ghazali classified it into ilmu shariah and ilmu gayr al-shari’ah, which aligns with Ibn Khaldun’s division of ilmu naql (transmitted knowledge) and ilmu aqal (intellectual knowledge). This division is based on the object of study, not meant to be contradictory.

The phenomena of stigmata and divine apparitions represent profound religious experiences that demonstrate the dynamic relationship between faith, body, and consciousness. Through a phenomenological-theological approach and literature review, this study examines how these extraordinary events reflect the spiritual and psychological dimensions of faith. The results demonstrate that stigmata and apparitions are not simply supernatural phenomena, but existential encounters that express human participation in the suffering and presence of Christ. Phenomenological reflection affirms that faith is lived through bodily awareness, not merely understood conceptually. This study emphasizes the importance of discernment and theological interpretation of the church so that extreme religious experiences deepen authentic spirituality, rather than giving rise to superstition. Understanding stigmata and apparitions as transcendental experiences that transcend worldly limitations requires an openness to assess these phenomena in light of the doctrines of Christian faith. Furthermore, this study explores how these experiences contribute to the development of personal and church community spirituality and open up space for deeper reflection on the human relationship with God. Ultimately, this study bridges phenomenology and theology, demonstrating that divine experiences enrich the Christian understanding of the incarnation, suffering, and grace of God present in human existence.

This study examines the understanding of the sacredness of nature in the beliefs of the Detunggali indigenous community as a reflection of the theology of creation. The study is based on the view that long before the emergence of formal religions, indigenous communities had already possessed a profound cosmological awareness regarding the relationship between humans, nature, and the Divine. The purpose of this research is to analyze how the meaning of the sacredness of nature is experienced within Detunggali customs and to interpret its relevance from the perspective of the theology of creation. This research employs a descriptive qualitative method with a library research approach supported by theological, anthropological, and local cultural sources. The findings reveal that the Detunggali indigenous community does not perceive nature merely as a physical environment or a means of fulfilling human needs, but rather as a sacred reality containing spiritual values and the presence of ancestors. This understanding creates a harmonious relationship between humans and nature, manifested through attitudes of respect, responsibility, and customary practices aimed at preserving environmental balance. The study also demonstrates that indigenous local wisdom contributes significantly to enriching the theology of creation, particularly in responding to ecological crises, environmental degradation, and the increasing exploitation of nature in the modern era.

This research was conducted with the aim of determining the existence of divine values ​​in Toba Batak culture. This research method is to use a descriptive qualitative method with a literature study approach. This research is intended to find out the extent of the existence of divine values ​​in Toba Batak culture, even though it is known that the Toba Batak people have different religions. In conclusion, the results of this research show that Toba Batak culture still highly upholds divine values, and the presence of God can be experienced through encounters with others and the universe. The Toba Batak people believe that the experience of God is present and realized through the application of daily life. It is at that moment that God is experienced as the foundation and soul of all creatures.

This study aims to examine how the image of the Besikama people is formed and interpreted through the Hamis Batar tradition, a sacred sacrificial ritual. Using ethnographic methods, this study delves into the cultural practices and spiritual beliefs of the Besikama people, particularly in the context of their interactions with things considered sacred. This analysis utilizes the theoretical scalpel of “the look of the Sacred” introduced by Robert A. Orsi, a concept that goes beyond visual representation to understand a deeper relationship between humans and the divine, or “body beyond the image.” Initial findings indicate that Hamis Batar is not simply a series of ceremonies, but rather a space where the boundaries between the visible (body rituals, offerings) and the invisible (spiritual power, ancestral presence) are blurred. The Besikama people not only look at something sacred, but they also experience and shape it through actions, emotions, and physical sensations. Thus, the image formed is not a static representation, but a dynamic and living reality, continuously constructed and articulated through the practice of Hamis Batar. This research contributes to a richer understanding of how ritual can serve as a vehicle for experiencing and negotiating sacred meaning, going beyond mere symbolism.

Divine love is the ultimate goal of human life and occupies the highest maqam in the spiritual journey. This love begins from self-love that grows because it always remembers the Creator (Allah), then dissolves in dhikr and deep spiritual contemplation, until a person begins to let go of his attachment to the world and prefers closeness to Allah. Love for Allah is a deep mental condition, in which the beloved (human) is willing to open the veil of his ego in order to welcome the presence of the true Lover (Allah). In this context, Jalaluddin Rumi's thinking is particularly relevant, especially when viewed philosophically as to how Divine love becomes possible to grow in a person. It can also be seen as an answer to the disruptive attempts of Western thought that tend to separate spirituality and human existence. Morality is a principle that is closely related to good and bad in human behavior. Human actions are inseparable from moral judgment, whether they are right or wrong, good or bad. Humans as spiritual beings have an awareness of the meaning and purpose of life, different from other beings who, although intelligent, do not have an existential dimension and transcendent consciousness. This awareness is the basis for the emergence of moral responsibility and the search for the true meaning of life. 

Mission constitutes a fundamental dimension of the Catholic Church’s identity, intrinsically linked to the divine mandate to participate in God’s work of salvation in the world. Within this framework, the consecrated life of the Congregation of the Missionary Sisters Servants of the Holy Spirit (SSpS) embodies a distinctive expression of Trinitarian spirituality and a prophetic missionary vocation. In the context of Timor Island, this charism is concretely manifested through ministries that directly engage with the realities of local communities. This study adopts a qualitative methodology with a literature review approach, drawing on theological sources, congregational spirituality, and the SSpS Constitution to explore the theological and practical dimensions of the sisters’ mission. The research aims to analyze how the life and apostolate of the SSpS Sisters serve as a tangible witness to the presence of the Triune God, particularly through works in education, healthcare, social services, and pastoral ministry. The findings indicate that the sisters’ mission is deeply rooted in a faith experience centered on the Most Holy Trinity, which shapes their incarnational and intercultural approach to ministry. Their service reflects a prophetic commitment to empowering marginalized communities, promoting human dignity, and fostering social transformation. Furthermore, the integration of religious vows with active engagement in societal issues illustrates a spirituality that bridges contemplation and action, grounded in both fidelity to the Gospel and responsiveness to contextual needs. In conclusion, the consecrated life of the SSpS Sisters on Timor Island stands as a visible and dynamic sign of God’s salvific and prophetic presence. Through their holistic and transformative ministries, they contribute significantly to the mission of the Church and the common good of society, embodying a vision of the “civilization of love” rooted in Trinitarian communion and expressed in concrete service to humanity.

Q.S. Luqman verse 27 is one of the Qur’anic verses that employs tashbih (simile) to illustrate the vastness of Allah’s knowledge and His divine majesty. The verse states that if all the trees on earth were pens and the seas were ink, they would not suffice to write the words of Allah. This study aims to analyze the structure of the simile in this verse and uncover its spiritual dimension through a Sufi interpretive approach. Using a qualitative library research method, primary sources include Sufi Qur’anic commentaries such as those of Al-Qushayri. The analysis reveals that the symbols of pens, ink, and the sea not only represent the boundlessness of divine knowledge but also convey esoteric meanings about the relationship between the servant and the Divine. Sufi interpretation emphasizes that Allah’s majesty cannot be grasped by reason alone, but rather through spiritual unveiling (kashf) and ma‘rifah (gnosis). Thus, the Sufi perspective enriches the understanding of this verse—not only literally, but also as a spiritual call toward deeper awareness of Allah’s infinite power and presence.

One branch of Christian theology is Christology which focuses on the study of Jesus Christ. Specifically, it talks about who Jesus Christ is, His nature as God and man (Divine nature and human nature), His position, His presence as a savior, reconciler, redeemer of human sins and talks about the teachings of Christ that are useful in everyday life for Christians. Studying Christology, increases knowledge and also knows His teachings that function to help face life's challenges. Christology is not just a religious study but is useful for strengthening faith, increasing hope, and improving the spiritual life of Christians. This research was conducted using a qualitative approach through literature study. This research concluded that by studying Christology and the teachings of Christ, as Christians we can emulate what Christ taught such as love and forgiveness, sacrifice and service and behavior in life.  

This article examines Christian inclusivism through the theological tension between the centrality of Christ and the breadth of God’s grace in the context of the contemporary Indonesian church. Using a qualitative library-based and constructive-theological approach, the study analyzes the concepts of wider hope, general revelation, fulfillment model, Karl Rahner’s anonymous Christianity, and evangelical inclusivism. The article argues that Christian inclusivism is not a weak compromise between exclusivism and pluralism, but a constructive framework that preserves Christ as the center of salvation while acknowledging the possibility of divine work beyond the formal boundaries of the church. In Indonesia’s multireligious society, this model helps the church develop a faithful yet dialogical public presence. It supports witness without coercion, interfaith dialogue without the loss of Christian identity, and social cooperation without relativizing Christ. Furthermore, inclusivism encourages the church to articulate its faith with humility, openness, and responsibility. Thus, inclusivism offers a relevant theology of religions for ecclesial life, mission, and public engagement in contemporary Indonesia.

This article examines Joshua's Integrity in Joshua 5:13-15 with a historical-critical approach to identify the values ​​of leadership with integrity based on Joshua's experience meeting the Commander of the Lord's Host. The research method in the form of a literature study is used to explore the meaning of the Bible text and its relevance to modern leadership challenges. The results of the study show that Joshua's leadership is characterized by full obedience, humility, and respect for divine authority. These values ​​are the foundation for today's leaders in overcoming the temptations of egoism and worldly strategies. The implementation of these values ​​includes recognizing the presence of God, making decisions based on moral principles, and developing humility to create dignified, effective, and common-good-oriented leadership.    

The digital era is an era in life where progress is quite rapid and is leading to digital forms. The development of the digital era will continue to run so fast and cannot be stopped by humans. The development of communication in the digital era has also had an impact on the Catholic Church. As a fellowship of God's people who have a divine-human dimension and are on a pilgrimage on earth towards heavenly fullness, the Church's presence in the world aims to be a sacrament of God's salvation so that everyone experiences divine grace that gives them life in abundance. The development of digital technology in this century has of course had an impact on the Catholic Church. Believers need to form digital communities that have special facilities that make them different from other communities, on the other hand stating that in the field of religious expression and praxis, the virtual world has offered a medium for people to gather in the name of faith and spirituality, so that existence Today's digital technology is not seen as a problem.  Believers must understand well the positive side of changing times and must have technological competence to be able to create good quality. In this digital era, technology is like a double-edged sword. On the one hand, technology helps connect people and facilitate various aspects of life. But on the other hand, excessive dependence on technology can have an impact on individuals, one of which is alienation from the people around them. In the turbulent modern era, building a strong Catholic faith is like erecting a strong fortress to protect and grow the faith of the people. This faith becomes a forum for strengthening each other, spreading the love of Christ, and facing various challenges of the times. Facing the challenges of the times, namely social and cultural changes, where strong Catholic faith and teachings can help Catholics to face various social and cultural changes that occur in the modern era. Catholic teachings provide a strong moral and spiritual foundation for Catholics to remain firm in their faith and Christian values.

The Eucharist has a deep meaning; understanding this will help Catholics to live it more deeply. One of the meanings of the Eucharist can be explored by knowing that the Eucharist has its roots in the Jewish Passover tradition. This article aims to discuss the historical and theological relationship between the Jewish Passover tradition and the Eucharist in the Catholic Church. The method used is a literature study. The article explains that the Eucharist has its roots in three main concepts of the Jewish tradition: heavenly manna, the bread of the Divine presence, and communion. These meanings can contribute to increasing the awareness and faith of the people in celebrating the Eucharist.

The doctrine of the Holy Spirit or pneumatology is an important pillar in Christian theology which includes an understanding of the person, nature and work of the Holy Spirit as part of the Holy Trinity. This study highlights various aspects of the doctrine of the Holy Spirit in the Christian tradition, both in the Old and New Testaments, which identifies the role of the Holy Spirit as a helper, comforter, and source of divine truth and wisdom. This research uses a qualitative-descriptive approach with content analysis techniques, where main themes such as the characteristics, designations and functions of the Holy Spirit are analyzed from various literary sources. The results of the study show the importance of understanding the presence of the Holy Spirit in the lives of Christians, where the Holy Spirit acts as a source of spiritual strength that strengthens people to live lives that are faithful to the teachings of Christ. It is hoped that this research can contribute to the development of theological thinking related to pneumatology and broaden readers' insight into the meaning and function of the Holy Spirit in the Christian faith.

This study aims to analyze the perceptions of the congregation of GKPPD Sangga Beru regarding the foundation of marriage in building a harmonious family. In Christian teachings, marriage is not just a bond between two individuals, but a divine institution designed to form a family based on faith, love, and mutual trust. However, factors such as the wrong foundation in marriage, economic problems, poor communication, and cultural pressures often threaten family harmony.Using a descriptive approach, this study identified the congregation's perceptions of the foundation of marriage and the factors that cause disharmony in the household. From the results of interviews with 10 informants, it was found that the three main foundations of Christian marriage are faith in Jesus Christ, loving and caring for each other, and trusting each other. Faith serves as a foundation in facing various life challenges, while love ensures emotional warmth, and trust binds couples in joy and sorrow.However, the results of the analysis also show that some couples marry for reasons of matchmaking, social influence, or simply to have children, which often triggers conflicts such as lack of understanding between partners, lack of trust, comfort, openness, and problems related to the presence of children. In an effort to create a harmonious family, values ​​such as mutual understanding, open communication, and cooperation are very important. The church plays a crucial role in guiding the congregation through faith teachings and counseling services. However, in GKPPD Sangga Beru, the lack of an effective counseling program is an obstacle in providing optimal support to couples in facing the challenges of marriage.

The problem of evil remains one of the most persistent and challenging issues in Christian philosophy. This paper explores the philosophical dimensions of suffering through a Christian lens, focusing on the paradox of divine goodness in the presence of moral and natural evil. Drawing from classical theodicy and contemporary Catholic thought, the study examines how the mystery of the Cross offers a unique theological and philosophical response to suffering. Special attention is given to the thought of Augustine, Aquinas, and modern Catholic philosophers such as Henri de Lubac and Josef Pieper. The paper argues that Christian philosophy does not attempt to explain away suffering but rather provides a framework in which suffering can be redemptive, meaningful, and even transformative when united with the suffering of Christ. By grounding human suffering within the narrative of salvation history, Christian philosophy affirms that evil does not have the final word. The research also reflects on the existential implications of hope, patience, and grace in enduring suffering, making a case for a distinctly Christian metaphysical response to theodicy. This study contributes to ongoing discussions in Christian existentialism, ethics, and metaphysics by reaffirming the coherence of faith and reason in addressing one of the deepest human questions.

Reason and faith must be balanced in order to develop a relationship with God. Both complement one another, despite the fact that they are frequently seen as mutually exclusive. Through the experience of faith, humans despite their limited intelligence are able to recognize the existence of God. This process involves more than just thinking; it also involves the light of faith, which makes it possible to sense God's presence in day-to-day existence. The secret to developing a close relationship with God is having a high-quality spiritual life. The development of a spiritual quality of life can be achieved through adoration, meditation, and prayer. This article's research methodology, which employs the library method, presents opinions from a range of sources that are pertinent to the growth of a relationship with God. In conclusion, a balance between reason and faith is necessary for the pursuit and discovery of God. People can sense God's presence in their lives through the quality of their spiritual lives, their theological viewpoint, and their experience of faith in Christ.

Allah menunjukkan kehadiran-Nya melalui berbagai fenomena. Pada masa Elia, berbeda dengan manifestasi kehadiran pada zaman Musa, Ia menyatakan diri dengan bunyi angin sepoi-sepoi basa. Tulisan ini mengulas tentang latar belakang sejarah pada zaman Elia, beberapa elemen di dalam manifestasi kehadiran Allah dan pembahasan dari setiap ayat teks 1 Raj 19:9-14. Elia berdialog dengan Allah dengan mengungkapkan pengalaman pribadinya dan semangat yang menyala untuk Allah semesta alam. Manifestasi kehadiran ilahi yang dinyatakan secara misterius dengan fenomena alam ini mengarahkan manusia untuk melihat karya Allah yang tersembunyi dan tanggapan dalam kesetiaan hidup di bawah bimbingan- Nya.