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Alifa Numa Zahira

Harmoni: Jurnal Ilmu Komunikasi dan Sosial 2026 International Forum of Researchers and Lecturers

Oatside as one of the local oat drink brands chose Maudy Ayunda as a brand ambassador to strengthen the product's image among TikTok users. The selection of public figures who have a positive reputation, academic achievements, and intellectual image is expected to be able to increase consumer trust in products. However, the effectiveness of the credibility of a public figure in influencing the buying interest of the audience still needs to be tested empirically. This study aims to determine the relationship between Maudy Ayunda's credibility as a brand ambassador and the interest of TikTok account @oatside.id followers to Oatside products. The research uses a quantitative approach with a correlational method and is based on the Theory of Source Credibility which includes three main dimensions, namely expertise, trustworthiness, and attractiveness. The research sample amounted to 99 respondents who were followers of the TikTok account @oatside.id and were obtained using a simple random sampling technique. Data analysis was carried out descriptively and inferentially through the Spearman Rank correlation test to find out the relationship between variables. The results of the study show that Maudy Ayunda's credibility has a significant and positive relationship with the buying interest of followers with a moderate level of relationship, so that the credibility of brand ambassadors plays an important role in digital marketing strategies through social media.

Tania Permata Yanra; Andala Rama Putra Barusman

International Journal of Management and Strategic Business Leadership 2026 Asosiasi Riset Ilmu Manajemen Kewirausahaan dan Bisnis Indonesia

The study try to investigate what influences ATINY, followers of the South Korean idol group ATEEZ, about customer satisfaction and their decision to buy Nacific products. It investigates how brand ambassadors, fanaticism, Korean Wave, product quality, and buying decisions affect consumer pleasure. Through the use of questionnaires, 396 members of the ATINY fan group participated in the study. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was used in the study to analyze the data. The findings show that consumer happiness and purchasing decisions are influenced by product quality. Fanaticism, the Korean Wave, and brand ambassadors, however, had negligible effects on consumer happiness and purchase decisions. Additionally, it has been demonstrated that purchase decisions significantly and favorably affect consumer satisfaction. The study recommends that future studies examine the impact of social media and influencers on consumer behavior and take into account other factors like brand trust or customer experience. Additionally, studies using larger samples from different demographic groups can yield more broadly applicable findings.

Martina Labora Nainggolan; Putra Rajagukguk; Marthalena Lumbangaol; Eniwati Nduru; Rainaldi Setiawan +1 more

Jurnal Riset Rumpun Ilmu Bahasa 2026 Pusat riset dan Inovasi Nasional

The development of modern education demands that teachers play a broader role beyond merely delivering subject matter, including building professional reputation, credibility, and positive influence on students, colleagues, parents, and society. For Christian Religious Education teachers, personal branding has a deeper dimension because they also serve as role models and ambassadors of Christian values. This study aims to describe the formation of personal branding among Christian Religious Education teachers based on spiritual and theological values, as well as its impact on teaching and student character development. The method used is descriptive qualitative through a literature study of books, journals, notes, and relevant reports, with narrative analysis to illustrate the practices and values that shape teachers’ personal branding. The findings indicate that the personal branding of Christian Religious Education teachers is an integration of professional competence, personal integrity, and Christian values, encompassing authenticity, consistency, professionalism, spiritual and moral role modeling, inspirational and communicative abilities, adaptation to technology, and positive relationships with students and the community. Spiritual and theological values such as Christian love, integrity, humility, patience, justice, service, and commitment to God’s Word form the main foundation that strengthens teachers’ credibility, motivates students, and establishes them as living examples of Christian life. Personal branding for Christian Religious Education teachers is not merely an image or popularity, but a real reflection of faith, character, and daily behavior consistent with Christian teachings, thus supporting effective learning, student character formation, and the teacher’s reputation as an authentic, inspiring, and professional educator.  

Hana Priscilla

Harmoni: Jurnal Ilmu Komunikasi dan Sosial 2025 International Forum of Researchers and Lecturers

This research aims to examine the relationship between the credibility of brand ambassador Ariel Noah and brand awareness of GoSend services among Instagram followers @gosendindonesia.  The background of this research is based on the increasing use of brand ambassadors as a communication strategy for marketing digital services via social media.  The credibility of brand ambassadors in this research is measured through three dimensions, namely expertise, trustworthiness and attractiveness, using the Source Credibility Theory proposed by Hovland et al.  (1953).  The research method used was quantitative with a correlational approach, through a questionnaire survey distributed to 93 respondents following Instagram @gosendindonesia.  The research results show that Ariel Noah's expertise has a positive and significant relationship with GoSend brand awareness with a correlation coefficient of 0.454 (medium category).  Trustworthiness also shows a positive and significant relationship with a correlation coefficient value of 0.407 (medium category).  Meanwhile, attractiveness has a positive and significant relationship with brand awareness, but with a low level of relationship with a correlation coefficient of 0.385.  These findings show that brand ambassador credibility has an important role in building brand awareness of GoSend services through social media.

Shefira Eka Jasutania; Henny Armaniah

Riset Ilmu Manajemen Bisnis dan Akuntansi 2025 Asosiasi Riset Ilmu Manajemen Kewirausahaan dan Bisnis Indonesia

In the increasingly competitive snack food industry, companies need effective marketing strategies to attract consumer attention. One commonly used strategy is utilizing Brand Ambassadors and enhancing Brand Awareness to build a positive brand image in the minds of consumers. PT Dua Kelinci, as the producer of Tos Tos Tortilla Chips, has adopted this approach by collaborating with the South Korean idol group NCT Dream as its Brand Ambassador to expand market reach and attract K-pop fans in Indonesia. The problem in this research lies in the lack of understanding regarding the extent to which Brand Ambassador and Brand Awareness influence purchasing decisions. This study aims to determine the effect of Brand Ambassador and Brand Awareness on purchasing decisions of Tos Tos Tortilla Chips among NCT Dream fans in West Jakarta. The research method used is a quantitative approach through the distribution of questionnaires and analysis using data quality testing and multiple linear regression. The results show that both variables, Brand Ambassador and Brand Awareness, have a positive and significant influence, both partially and simultaneously, on purchasing decisions. This indicates that selecting the right public figure and maintaining a high level of Brand Awareness can increase consumer interest and purchasing decisions.  

Assya Putri Sanggita; Oktaviana Purnamasari

Jurnal Ilmu Komunikasi, Administrasi Publik dan Kebijakan Negara 2025 Asosiasi Peneliti Dan Pengajar Ilmu Sosial Indonesia

The current increasingly fierce business competition, coupled with the emergence of new businesses, has prompted businesspeople to seek ways to dominate and maintain their market share, including in the skincare and cosmetics business. The purpose of this study is to identify brand ambassadors, to identify Instagram content, to identify brand image, to partially measure the influence of Kim Soo Hyun as a brand ambassador on brand image, to partially measure the influence of Instagram content on brand image, and to simultaneously measure the influence of brand ambassadors and Instagram content on brand image. The theory used for variable X1 is brand ambassador with the dimensions of visibility, credibility, attractiveness, and power. X2 is Instagram content with the dimensions of credible, shareable, useful or fun, interesting, relevant, different, and on brand. Variable Y is brand image with the dimensions of brand identity, brand personality, brand association, brand attitude, and behavior. This study uses a quantitative approach with a survey method. The data collection technique uses a questionnaire distributed to 135 respondents who are followers of the @youbeauty_idn account. The data analysis technique used was multiple linear regression. The sampling technique used was simple random sampling. The results of this study showed that the partial effect of X1 on Y was 44.7%, the partial effect of X2 on Y was 70.5%, and the simultaneous effect of X1 and X2 on Y was 71.8%, with the remaining 28.2% being influenced by factors outside the variables.  

Fitri Adijaya; Dewi Sartika

Jurnal Penelitian Manajemen dan Inovasi Riset 2025 Asosiasi Riset Ilmu Manajemen Kewirausahaan dan Bisnis Indonesia

This study aims to analyze the influence of brand ambassadors, sales promotions, and brand image on the purchase intention of Mie Lemonilo products in Balikpapan. The research utilizes both primary and secondary data. Primary data were collected through a questionnaire distributed to followers of the Mie Lemonilo Instagram account in Balikpapan, while secondary data were gathered from various supporting sources. The population in this study consisted of all followers of the Mie Lemonilo Instagram account in Balikpapan, with a sample size of 100 individuals. The results of the study indicate that Brand Ambassador (X1) does not significantly influence the purchase intention of Mie Lemonilo. This suggests that the impact of the brand ambassador on consumer purchasing decisions in Balikpapan is not strong enough, possibly due to insufficient engagement or connection between the brand ambassador and consumers. In contrast, Sales Promotion (X2) has a significant positive impact on the purchase intention of Mie Lemonilo. This indicates that sales promotions, such as discounts or special offers, have a substantial effect in attracting consumer interest and increasing purchase intention in Balikpapan. Meanwhile, Brand Image (X3) does not show a significant influence on the purchase intention of Mie Lemonilo. This may be due to other factors being more dominant in influencing consumers’ purchase decisions, such as product price, quality, or social factors and market trends. This study provides insights that, although brand image is important, sales promotions play a more significant role in driving purchase intention for Mie Lemonilo products in Balikpapan. Therefore, the company should focus more on promotional strategies to increase sales while continuing to consider the role of brand ambassadors and brand image in their marketing strategies.

Kalyana Risma Ananta; Adcharina Pratiwi

EBISNIS : JURNAL ILMIAH EKONOMI DAN BISNIS 2025 LPPM Universitas Sains dan Teknologi Komputer

This research was conducted on students of the Faculty of Economics and Business at Slamet Riyadi University in Surakarta who use the e-commerce platform Tokopedia. The purpose of this study is to analyze the significance of the influence of brand ambassadors, electronic word of mouth (e-WOM), and price perception on purchasing decisions in Tokopedia's e-commerce. The type of data used is quantitative data, with primary data sources employed in this research. The data analysis techniques used in this study include multiple linear regression analysis, classical assumption tests, t-tests, F-tests, and the coefficient of determination (R²). The results of the multiple linear regression analysis from this study are represented by the equation Y = 6.518 + 0.695 X1 + 0.168 X2 - 0.210 X3 + e. The t-test results indicate that the variables of brand ambassador, electronic word of mouth (e-WOM), and price perception have a significant effect on purchasing decisions in Tokopedia's e-commerce. The F-test results show that the model is appropriate for predicting the influence of brand ambassadors, electronic word of mouth (e-WOM), and price perception on purchasing decisions in Tokopedia's e-commerce. The coefficient of determination (R²) obtained is 0.594, meaning that the independent variables X1 (brand ambassador), X2 (electronic word of mouth (e-WOM)), and X3 (price perception) contribute 59.4% to Y (purchasing decisions). The remaining 40.6% (100% - 59.4%) is explained by other variables not included in this study.

Paskah Marpaung; Atwar Bajari; Ditha Prasanti

SABER : Jurnal Teknik Informatika, Sains dan Ilmu Komunikasi 2025 STIKes Ibnu Sina Ajibarang

The use of brand ambassadors has become increasingly prevalent among various brands, including Erigo Apparel. JKT48 was selected as a brand ambassador due to its strong influence on public opinion through its popularity on social media. However, there remains a lack of studies that specifically explore how the credibility aspects of JKT48 contribute to individual decision-making when choosing a product. This study aims to examine the influence of JKT48’s credibility dimensions, trustworthiness, expertise, and attractiveness on the purchase decisions of Erigo Apparel among followers of the Instagram account @fjkt48.bdg. The research is grounded in the source credibility theory proposed by Ohanian (1990). A quantitative approach was employed, using a survey method with 80 respondents selected through an f-test calculation using G*Power. The data were analyzed using SEM-PLS with the assistance of SmartPLS 4 software. The results indicate that all three credibility dimensions of JKT48 have a positive and significant effect on purchase decisions. Trustworthiness emerged as the most dominant factor, with a path coefficient value of 0.338 (t-statistic = 3.582; p-value = 0.000). All indicators in the model were declared valid and reliable, with an R-square value of 0.679, indicating that the model can substantially explain the purchase decision variable. These findings reinforce the idea that perceptions of JKT48’s credibility play a crucial role in shaping consumer purchase decisions.

Dinni Kurnianti; Ely Siswanto; Titis Shinta Dhewi

International Journal of Economics and Management Sciences 2025 Asosiasi Riset Ekonomi dan Akuntansi Indonesia

The beauty industry is experiencing significant growth due to digital transformation, particularly through the use of brand ambassadors and social media marketing. This study investigates the impact of brand ambassadors and social media marketing on purchase intention, with brand image as the mediating variable. This research focuses on Azarine, the skincare from Indonesia and targets potential consumers in Riau Islands aged 18-44 who follow the Instagram account @azarinecosmeticofficial and recognize Prilly Latuconsina, Syifa Hadju, Angga Yunanda, and Lee Min Ho as brand ambassadors. A quantitative approach was applied using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with SmartPLS software. The research shows that brand ambassadors and social media marketing positively and significantly influence purchase intentions, with a higher direct impact compared to an indirect one through brand image. This study highlights the effectiveness of digital brand strategies in shaping consumer decisions and offers insights for marketing professionals in the beauty sector. These results emphasize the strategic role of celebrity endorsements and content-based engagement in influencing consumer perceptions and purchasing behavior.

Rafeby Zhenda Violet; Oktaviana Purnamasari

Lembaga Pengembangan Kinerja Dosen 2025 Lembaga Pengembangan Kinerja Dosen

The use of Brand Ambassadors is becoming increasingly popular in marketing strategies to influence customer behavior. This study aims to measure the role of Nicholas Saputra as a brand ambassador, consumer purchase intention for Kanzler Crispy Chicken Nugget, and the influence of the brand ambassador on purchase intention, focusing on followers of the Instagram account @temankanzler. Using brand ambassador and consumer behavior theories, this study involves two variables: Brand Ambassador (X), consisting of four dimensions (Popularity, Credibility, Attractiveness, Strength), and Purchase Intention (Y), which includes four dimensions (Transactional Intention, Referential Intention, Preferential Intention, Exploratory Intention). A quantitative method was applied through a survey of 71 respondents, analyzed using descriptive statistics and simple linear regression with SPSS. The results indicate that the mean perception of respondents for variables X and Y is 3.80 (agree). Validity and reliability tests confirm that all statement items are valid and reliable. Simple linear regression shows a positive and significant influence of the brand ambassador on purchase intention, with a determination coefficient (Adjusted R²) of 0.789, meaning that 78.9% of the variation in purchase intention is explained by the Brand Ambassador variable, while 21.1% is influenced by other factors.

Listyaningsih Listyaningsih; Budi Kramadibrata

Jurnal Penelitian Ilmu Ekonomi dan Keuangan Syariah (JUPIEKES) 2025 STAI YPIQ BAUBAU, SULAWESI TENGGARA

The use of brand ambassadors and digital marketing campaigns has become a popular strategy for companies to reach consumers and influence their purchase decisions through social media content, ultimately increasing sales and company profits. This study aims to determine the effect of Brand Ambassador and Digital Marketing on Purchase Decision of Nabati wafer products in Jakarta. The research sample consisted of 96 respondents. A descriptive quantitative method was employed in this study, with the sample selected using simple random sampling. Data analysis techniques included instrument testing, classical assumption testing, multiple linear regression, determination testing, and hypothesis testing. The results showed that Brand Ambassador partially influences Purchase Decision, and Digital Marketing also partially influences Purchase Decision. Additionally, Brand Ambassador and Digital Marketing simultaneously influence Purchase Decision.

Heni Anjelica Silalahi; Juliana Br Sagala; Septiana Lumbangaol; Toman Sony Tambunan

Jurnal Manajemen Bisnis Era Digital 2025 Asosiasi Riset Ilmu Manajemen Kewirausahaan dan Bisnis Indonesia

This study aims to analyze the influence of social media marketing and brand ambassadors on the purchase interest of Glad2Glow products on MissGlam. The development of digital technology has influenced the way companies market their products, especially through social media platforms. This study uses a quantitative approach with a survey method, where data is collected through questionnaires distributed to 100 respondents who are active social media users and MissGlam customers. Data analysis was carried out using multiple linear regression to test the influence of each independent variable on product purchase interest. The results of the study show that both social media marketing and brand ambassadors have a positive and significant influence on the purchase interest of Glad2Glow products. Social media marketing, with interesting content and promotion through digital platforms, has a strong impact on building awareness and purchase interest. In addition, the presence of brand ambassadors who have influence on the audience also plays an important role in increasing consumer purchasing decisions. These findings provide implications for companies to further maximize digital marketing strategies and choose the right brand ambassadors to increase product purchase interest in a competitive market.

Tilman Eldon; Arvin Daffa Naufal; Misael Bistok Ricardo; Zulfan Zidni Ilhama; Enggal Aryadwika +1 more

Jurnal Kendali Teknik dan Sains 2024 International Forum of Researchers and Lecturers

Technology in this modern era has an important role in the running of a business activity. One of the applications of technology that we often find is the use of advertisements with brand ambassadors to increase consumer interest in buying products. Tokopedia is one of the leading e-commerce companies in Indonesia that implements promotional strategies with advertisements using brand ambassadors to increase consumer buying interest on their platform. Blackpink, one of the biggest names in Korea, was appointed by Tokopedia to be one of their brand ambassadors in 2021. When these brand ambassadors succeed in attracting the attention of consumers, it will indirectly increase consumer buying interest. Therefore, the researcher intends to find the significance between Blackpink's role as a brand ambassador in Tokopedia advertisements and purchase intention on the Tokopedia platform. The data analysis method used is Simple Linear Regression using the SPSS version 25 program. Based on the results of data analysis, a correlation or relationship value (R) of 0.548 (54.8%) is obtained, this value indicates that the correlation or relationship between advertising and interest is a fairly strong relationship. The results of hypothesis testing and it is known that tcount > ttable, which is 2.761 > 1.987. Thus, Tokopedia advertisements featuring Blackpink as brand ambassadors significantly influence buying interest in the Tokopedia platform.    

Silviana Nurrizkiah

SABER : Jurnal Teknik Informatika, Sains dan Ilmu Komunikasi 2024 STIKes Ibnu Sina Ajibarang

Based on data taken from the Top Brand Award, Oreo biscuit products always get the first position with the best brand assessment according to research conducted by Top Brand to Indonesian consumers. With Oreo winning the competition, it was discovered that Oreo used brand ambassadors for its products. The purpose of this study is to find out and analyze brand ambassadors on Oreo, to find out and analyze purchase decisions on Oreo products, to find out and analyze the influence of brand ambassadors on purchase decisions. The research conducted is a type of quantitative research. The sampling method used in this study uses nonprobability sampling by determining total sampling/census on 35 female Oreo consumer respondents, who have bought Oreo X Blackpink products 1 x and know Blackpink as Oreo brand ambassadors. The data collection technique uses questionnaires, observations, and literature studies. The data analysis technique used validity test, reliability test, normality test, heterokedasticity test, multicollinearity test, simple regression analysis, persial hypothesis test, t-test, simultaneous hypothesis test, f-test, and determination coefficient calculation.

Rd. Funny Mustikasari Elita; Ira Mirawati; Muhammad Fauzan Chaidir

Filosofi : Publikasi Ilmu Komunikasi, Desain, Seni Budaya 2024 Asosiasi Seni Desain dan Komunikasi Visual Indonesia

This research aims to determine whether there is an influence of Expertise, Trustworthiness, and Attractiveness (credibility) of Nagita Slavina and Rayyanza, both simultaneously and partially, as brand ambassadors on the purchase intention of followers of the Instagram account @cessa.official. The research utilizes the Source Credibility Theory proposed by Carl Hovland, Janis, and Kelly in 1953. A quantitative method was employed by distributing a questionnaire via Google Forms to 68 research samples online. The results of this study show that the credibility of Nagita Slavina and Rayyanza as brand ambassadors, which includes Expertise, Trustworthiness, and Attractiveness, has a significant influence, both simultaneously and partially, on the purchase intention of Cessa Essential Oil Roll On among the followers of @cessa.official.  

Mutiara Fathiyah Subagyo; Siska Yuningsih

SABER : Jurnal Teknik Informatika, Sains dan Ilmu Komunikasi 2024 STIKes Ibnu Sina Ajibarang

The #BeautyDiQuity campaign is a campaign created by a local makeup and skincare brand with the aim of empowering women to feel beautiful and charming, regardless of any conditions, by featuring models with disabilities as Luxcrime ambassadors. In addition to collaborating with models with disabilities, Luxcrime also sells bundled product packages at a special price, with ten percent of the sales from these packages being donated to the disabled community in Yogyakarta. The purpose of this research is to measure the public relations campaign #BeautyDiQuity, assess Luxcrime's brand awareness, and evaluate the extent of the impact of the public relations campaign on Luxcrime's brand awareness. The study utilizes public relations campaign theory (awareness, attitude and opinion, and behavior) and brand awareness theory (unaware of brand, brand recognition, brand recall, top of mind). The research method employed is quantitative with a survey research approach. Data collection involves administering questionnaires to 66 respondents. The results of the study indicate a moderate influence of the #BeautyDiQuity campaign on Luxcrime's brand awareness, with a value of 0.522 or 52.2%. This suggests that 52.2% of Brand Awareness is influenced by the Public Relations campaign, while the remainder is influenced by other factors.

Anggi Fitri Elisah; Nova Anggrainie

Jurnal Penelitian Manajemen dan Inovasi Riset 2024 Asosiasi Riset Ilmu Manajemen Kewirausahaan dan Bisnis Indonesia

The dairy industry seeks to increase consumption through various marketing strategies, because from BPS data in 2020, the level of milk consumption in Indonesia is still low. The aim of this investigation was to analyze the impact of brand ambassadors, sales promotion, social media marketing, consumptive behavior, brand trust, also halal labels on purchasing decisions for Ultra Milk x ITZY products. This investigation uses a quantitative approach with a questionnaire instrument filled out by 245 respondents, where the data is analyzed using normality, heteroscedasticity, multicollinearity, validity, reliability, also multiple linear regression analysis tests. The outcome showed that all independent variables, namely the impact of brand ambassadors, sales promotion, social media marketing, consumptive behavior, brand trust, also halal labels had a significant impact on purchasing decisions both partially also simultaneously. Overall, these variables influence purchasing decisions by 92.4%. This study concludes that these marketing factors play an crucial role in impacting consumer decisions to buy dairy products, also can be used as a reference to improve marketing strategies in an effort to increase milk consumption in Indonesia.

I Komang Dani Surya Miarta; Ni Ketut Seminari

International Journal of Economics, Commerce, and Management 2024 Asosiasi Riset Ekonomi dan Akuntansi Indonesia

Brand ambassador, as a direct representation of the brand, and brand awareness, the level of consumer awareness of the brand, were identified as potential factors influencing consumer purchasing decisions. The concept of brand image, which reflects the overall image of a brand in consumers' minds, is thought to moderate the relationship between brand ambassadorship, brand awareness, and purchasing decisions. The research method uses a quantitative approach by collecting data through surveys with a sample of consumers who have been exposed to brand ambassador activities and information about the brand. The research results show that brand ambassadors and brand awareness have a positive and significant effect on purchasing decisions; and the interaction of brand ambassadors with brand image on purchasing decisions shows that brand image moderates the influence of brand ambassadors on purchasing decisions; and the interaction of brand awareness with brand image on purchasing decisions shows that brand image moderates the influence of brand awareness on purchasing decisions. This research provides practical implications for brand management in designing more effective marketing strategies.

Ayu Indah; Indri Ferdiani Suarna

Jurnal Manajemen Kewirausahaan dan Teknologi 2024 Asosiasi Riset Ilmu Manajemen Kewirausahaan dan Bisnis Indonesia

Cosmetic products have recently become very close to the community and have even become a major need for most women. The magnitude of this cosmetic need causes competition between cosmetic manufacturers. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of Product Ingredients, Brand Ambassadors, and Social Media Marketing on Purchasing Decisions for Viva Cosmetics Products in Bandung City. The type of research used is descriptive and verification with an approach using quantitative methods, with data distribution techniques using a questionnaire. The results of respondents' answers to the questionnaires distributed, then the research instrument analysis, clasi assumption test, and multiple linear regression will be carried out. Statistical analysis tools in this study used Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS) software. The number of samples in this study were 385 people, by determining the sample using simple random sampling. Based on the results of the t test in this study, it shows that partially Product Ingredients, Brand Ambassadors, and Social Media Marketing have a positive and significant influence on Purchasing Decisions. Simultaneously Product Ingredients, Brand Ambassadors, and Social Media Marketing have a positive and significant influence on Purchasing Decisions. The results showed that Product Ingredients, Brand Ambassadors, and Social Media Marketing had an influence of 39.1% on Purchasing Decisions while the remaining 60.9% was influenced by other variables not examined in this study.