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This study analyzes the forms of risk and risk management strategies in melon farming in Brebes as an impact of climate change. A descriptive qualitative approach was applied using a case study through in-depth interviews with a farmer who has more than ten years of experience, supported by secondary data from BPS, BAPPENAS, and related literature. The findings reveal four categories of major risks: market, financial, operational, and socio-environmental. High-level risks include climate variability, yield decline, and pest attacks. Medium-level risks involve production costs, water management, and price fluctuations, while low-level risks consist of limited weather information and agricultural extension services. Current strategies are still basic, including fertilization, pesticide application, and water channel arrangement. Strengthening adaptation is needed through irrigation technology, climate-resilient varieties, marketing diversification, and improved access to information and institutional support.

Increasing rice production is a national strategic priority given its role in maintaining food security and economic stability in the community. This study aims to analyze strategies for increasing rice production in Indonesia through a literature review approach based on relevant scientific articles. The analysis was conducted to identify the main factors that affect rice productivity and to formulate comprehensive strategies covering aspects of cultivation technology, land and water management, institutions and extension, production risk mitigation, and socioeconomic factors. The results of the study show that modern cultivation technology, especially the use of new superior varieties, the legowo planting system, and balanced fertilization, are the main foundations for increasing productivity. However, the success of technology implementation is largely determined by stable access to water, coordination of farmer institutions, intensive extension support, and the availability of capital and supporting infrastructure. Production risks due to climate change and pest attacks also have a significant impact on yield stability, requiring integrated mitigation strategies such as simultaneous planting and strengthening of integrated pest management (IPM). Overall, this study confirms that rice production enhancement strategies must be integrative, adaptive, and sustainable by strengthening the synergy between technology, institutions, and supporting policies. These findings are expected to serve as a basis for formulating more effective agricultural policies to boost national rice production.

Coffe is one of Indonesia’s leading commodities, known for its diverse flavors and aromas. Traditionally, coffee quality assessment is conducted manually through cupping tests performed by expert panelists. However, this method is subjective and requires considerable time and cost. This study aims to implement an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) using the backpropagation algorithm to classify coffee types based on sensory parameters such as flavor, aroma, acidity level, and body. Simulated data were generated from five common Indonesian coffee varieties: Arabica Gayo, Robusta Lampung, Arabica Toraja, Liberica Jambi, and Excelsa. The results show that the ANN-based classification system with a 4-8-1 architecture achieved an accuracy rate of 93% after 500 training epochs, with a final error value of 0.07. The implementation of this method provides an efficient and objective technological alternative to assist the coffee industry in maintaining product quality and automatically identifying coffee types.    

The Damahu waxy corn (Zea mays L. var. Damahu) is a local variety traditionally cultivated by the Gorontalo community and possesses significant potential for the development of functional food products. This study aimed to determine the nutritional composition of the Damahu waxy corn variety originating from Bontula Village, Asparaga District, Gorontalo Regency, through proximate analysis. The corn samples were dried, milled, and analyzed using standard analytical procedures to quantify moisture, ash, fat, protein, and carbohydrate contents. The results indicated that Damahu waxy corn flour contained 83.32% carbohydrates, 5.93% protein, 1.67% fat, 8.84% moisture, and 0.24% ash. This composition characterizes the Damahu variety as a good energy source. However, its protein content does not yet meet the minimum requirement set by the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) for corn-based processed products. The nutritional profile highlights the potential of Damahu waxy corn for the development of nutritious and competitive local food products. This study provides an initial contribution to the documentation of Gorontalo’s indigenous corn varieties and offers a scientific foundation for the utilization of local germplasm to strengthen regional food security.

In line with this national rice productivity improvement strategy, the Situbondo Regency Government in East Java Province is actively participating in initiating the development of new superior rice varieties. In early 2023, Situbondo Regency released a new superior rice variety, the Bk Situbondo 01 Agritan Variety. This new rice variety was developed for the IP 400 program. In 2024, the cultivation of this superior rice variety, Bk Situbondo 01 Agritan, began in several villages, one of which was in Battal Village, Panji District, primarily by the Joyo Mulyo 3 Farmers Group. In this regard, it is deemed necessary to conduct research to determine the income and financial efficiency of the superior rice variety Bk Situbondo 01 Agritan. The results of the study indicate that financially the income is recorded as profitable and the farming is efficient. Financially, if it is calculated that there is a decrease in the amount of production and a decrease in production prices of up to 15%, as well as an increase in variable costs of up to 15%, assuming that other factors are considered constant, the new superior rice variety farming business Bk Situbondo 01 Agritan, recorded that the income is still profitable and the farming business is still efficient. It can also be seen that the factors: (a) decrease in the amount (quantity) of production, and (b) decrease in production prices, are relatively more sensitive in responding to the decrease in the level of income and efficiency of the farming business, when compared to the factor: (c) increase in variable costs of the farming business.

Seeds that have exceeded their shelf life generally experience a decline in physiological quality, particularly in terms of viability and vigor. This study aims to determine the viability and vigor levels of several rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties of Foundation Seeds (Benih Pokok/BP) after surpassing their shelf life. The tested varieties included Inpari 16, Inpari 42, Inpari 45, Sunggal, Memberamo, and Ciherang, obtained from Wonoketro Village, Jetis Subdistrict, Ponorogo Regency. The study was conducted through standard laboratory testing for germination rate and vigor. Results showed a decrease in germination capacity across all varieties, with varying degrees of decline. Inpari 45 showed a germination rate of 39%, Memberamo 33.67%, Sunggal 26.33%, and Ciherang 15.67%, compared to the initial value of 92%. These differences indicate that each variety responds differently to aging and storage conditions. The findings serve as a basis for decision-making regarding the use of expired seeds and are important for seed management in the field.

The fisheries sector plays a vital role in the national economy and represents a significant potential source of foreign exchange. The development of this sector must be strategically designed to address future challenges, which include anticipating changes in both production and consumer systems (markets), as well as shifts in resource potential. This study aims to identify and analyze effective business development strategies for UMKM Bandeng Sultan to expand its market reach. The research methodology includes both primary and secondary data collection through interviews and field observations, analyzed qualitatively using a descriptive approach. Data were collected directly from interviews and on-site observations to gain relevant insights into the current conditions of the Bandeng Sultan business. The results indicate that the SWOT coordinate score (0.6: 0.57) places the business in a favorable position, supporting the adoption of an aggressive growth strategy. Recommended strategic actions include enhancing digital and e-commerce marketing, expanding into the Java market and exploring export opportunities, diversifying product offerings and innovating flavor varieties, as well as improving product quality and hygiene standards. These findings demonstrate that UMKM Bandeng Sultan possesses strong internal capabilities and promising external opportunities for growth. Therefore, the implementation of aggressive strategies was considered appropriate to increase competitiveness and ensure long-term business sustainability in a highly competitive market environment.

Successful pollination in oil palm depends heavily on the availability of Elaeidobius kamerunicus pollinator insects that require anthesis male flowers as habitat and food sources. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between anthesis male flower availability on E. kamerunicus beetle population and its impact on parthenocarpy bunch formation at PT. Graha Inti Jaya, Central Kalimantan. Observational method with descriptive and correlational approaches was conducted on 484.57 hectares of oil palm plants varieties Socfindo and Lonsum planted in 2007-2008 during February-July 2025 period. Data collection included anthesis male flower census, beetle population monitoring using yellow traps, and parthenocarpy bunch analysis from mill sorting. Data analysis used linear regression, Pearson correlation, and two-way ANOVA with 95% confidence level. Results showed significant relationship between anthesis male flower availability and E. kamerunicus beetle population (R² = 0.728, p < 0.05), where each unit increase of anthesis male flower increased beetle population by 2,667 individuals per hectare. However, relationship between beetle population and parthenocarpy bunches was not significant (R² = 0.114, p > 0.05), indicating complexity of pollination factors. Variety and planting year differences showed no significant effect. This study recommends maintaining anthesis male flower availability >5% per hectare for optimal natural pollinator beetle population.

This study aims to utilize data mining techniques, specifically the K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) algorithm, to classify leaf diseases in sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum). Early and accurate detection of leaf disease types is a crucial step in prevention and control strategies, thereby reducing potential crop losses caused by pathogen attacks. Leaf diseases in sugarcane, such as leaf scald, rust, and mosaic virus, are known to affect photosynthesis, inhibit growth, and reduce the quality and quantity of sugarcane produced. The classification process in this study was carried out through image analysis of infected sugarcane leaves, where features such as color, texture, and shape were extracted using digital image processing techniques. The KNN algorithm was chosen because of its non-parametric nature, ease of implementation, and its ability to provide accurate classification results even with limited data size. The working principle of KNN is to determine the class of a new sample based on the majority class of its k nearest neighbors in the feature space, making it very suitable for the case of leaf disease image classification. In addition to building a classification model, this study also examines disease prevention strategies based on the identification results. These strategies include the use of disease-resistant sugarcane varieties, the implementation of appropriate planting patterns, land moisture management, regular plantation sanitation, and the measured and environmentally friendly use of pesticides or fungicides. Model performance evaluation was conducted using accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score metrics to assess model effectiveness across various data scenarios. The results of this study are expected to not only contribute to the development of decision support systems for farmers and related parties but also support the application of artificial intelligence-based technology in the agricultural sector.

The palm oil industry is a vital component of Indonesia's economy, significantly contributing to foreign exchange earnings and employment opportunities, particularly in rural and plantation-based regions where economic alternatives are limited. However, the sector is increasingly challenged by global sustainability concerns, particularly the European Union Deforestation Regulation (EUDR), which poses a threat to Indonesia’s palm oil exports due to its strict environmental standards and traceability requirements. This study adopts a descriptive qualitative approach using a literature review to explore the role of innovation and legal protection in strengthening the sustainability and global competitiveness of Indonesia’s palm oil industry. Specifically, it investigates how the development of superior plant varieties and the application of Plant Variety Protection (PVP) under the Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) framework contribute to long-term industry resilience. The findings indicate that superior varieties such as DxP Topaz, DxP PTPN V, and Lonsum DxP have been instrumental in boosting productivity, reducing the need for land expansion, enhancing oil yield per hectare, and improving overall resource efficiency. Moreover, legal protection through PVP not only secures exclusive rights for breeders but also incentivizes further agricultural innovation and prevents the unauthorized use and duplication of valuable genetic resources. In light of international regulatory pressures, strengthening the national PVP system, promoting the registration of local superior varieties, and integrating legal instruments with research and development are essential. These efforts can safeguard Indonesia’s genetic sovereignty and support sustainable practices in compliance with international environmental standards. Ultimately, aligning agricultural innovation with a robust legal framework is key to maintaining the industry’s market access, environmental credibility, and long-term sustainability.

This study aims to determine the implementation of plant variety protection in Australia. This article will discuss how Australia implements the TRIPs Agreement to provide protection for all technologies, products, pharmaceuticals, plants, and microorganisms that can be patented through Plant Breeder's Rights (PBR). There are three types of intellectual property obtained in the context of plant varieties, namely patent rights, trademark rights, and plant breeding rights. The purpose of protection through PBR is to encourage innovation in plant breeding by granting limited exclusive rights to control its exploitation and prevent unauthorized parties from illegally exploiting the rights of breeders. The research method used in this study is normative law research, employing a statutory approach and an analytical approach.

As an agricultural country, farmers in Indonesia have a crucial role, their existence must be safeguarded within the agricultural sector. Encouraging farmers to engage in breeding or develop new superior plant varieties is essential for fostering independent and advanced Indonesian farmers. These breeding activities are governed by Law Number 22 of 2019 on Sustainable Agricultural Cultivation System, and Law Number 29 of 2000 Plant Variety Protection. However, these laws have led to challenges for farmers involved in breeding, as the Plant Variety Protection Law adopts liberal approach that prioritizes individual economic benefits and specifically protects breeders who have registered their new varieties. As a result, farmers who use traditional knowledge in their breeding practices are vulnerable to criminalization due to the registration system. This paper will examine the rights of farmers in breeding activities under Indonesian law and compare with regulations in Malaysia, which shares geographical proximity, customs, and membership in the World Trade Organization. The research method is normative legal research, utilizing both conceptual and comparative approach. The objective to explore the legal protection of farmers’ rights in breeding activities in both Indonesia and Malaysia, and provide recommendations for improving the protection of farmers' rights in the future.

Cayenne pepper is one of the horticultural commodities that has high and stable demand in the Indonesian market. However, the productivity of cayenne pepper at the farmer level is still relatively low due to limited land, suboptimal cultivation techniques, and lack of access to modern agricultural technology. This study aims to analyze strategies that can be applied to expand production and increase the productivity of cayenne pepper plants. The method used in this study is a qualitative descriptive method with a field study approach in several cayenne pepper production centers. Data collection techniques were carried out through observation, interviews with farmers, and literature studies. The results of the study showed that land expansion strategies through the utilization of idle land and intercropping systems, as well as the application of technologies such as the use of superior varieties, drip irrigation, and balanced fertilization can significantly increase crop yields.  

Language plays a crucial role in human daily activities. In using language, people cannot avoid using various language varieties that reflect the context and social background of the speakers. Therefore, the importance of sociolinguistic studies has a major influence in recognizing language variations that emerge in communication, especially in the digital space. This study aims to examine the language variations used in comments on the Instagram account of Nur Rofiah, a public figure who is known to be active in voicing gender justice issues from an Islamic perspective. This study uses a sociolinguistic approach to identify forms of language variation and the social factors that influence them. Data were collected through documentation methods on comments on a number of Nur Rofiah's uploads that were considered representative. The results of the study show that there are various language variations, including variations based on dialect, level of formality, use of mixed language (code-mixing), and emotive varieties that reflect the identity and social background of the user. In addition, it was found that factors such as age, gender, educational background, and ideological orientation also influence language choices in digital interactions. These findings indicate that social media is not only a communication space, but also an arena for expressing people's social and ideological identities.

Language is a means of communication used by humans to interact, express ideas, and build social relationships. Indonesian, as both the national and official language, plays a significant role in the lives of the Indonesian people. In addition to serving as a national identity, it functions as a unifying tool for the country's diverse ethnicities, cultures, and regional languages. This study aims to explain the functions of Indonesian as the national and official language, as well as to examine its language varieties based on usage situations, communication media, and fields of application. The research uses a library research method by exploring and analyzing various relevant literature, including academic books, journal articles, conference proceedings, and official documents. The findings indicate that Indonesian has various forms depending on the context and communication situation. These include formal and informal language, spoken and written forms, and variations based on specific fields such as science, law, journalism, and literature. This diversity reflects the flexibility of Indonesian in meeting the communication needs of society. Beyond being a communication tool, Indonesian also plays important social and cultural roles by strengthening social bonds and serving as a medium for preserving and developing national culture.  

Traditional markets are characterized by fast-paced and diverse transactions, necessitating a reliable product monitoring system to enhance the efficiency of stock management and transactions. This study develops a monitoring system based on a loadcell sensor and a TCS230 color sensor to automatically classify product weight and type. The loadcell is used to measure product weight with high accuracy, while the TCS230 detects the color characteristics of products to distinguish between different types of commodities, such as various varieties of chili peppers. The development process includes sensor calibration, dataset collection, and the training and evaluation of a classification model. Experimental results show that the classification accuracy exceeds 90%, demonstrating the effectiveness of combining weight and color data for market product recognition.

Origanum majorana demonstrates a broad spectrum of effectiveness against various diseases, exerting antimicrobial effects against different pathogenic microorganisms. The goals of this research are to provide light on how Origanum majorana extract inhibits human pathogenic bacteria, how it may prevent biofilm development, and how it affects bacterial adhesion. The antibacterial activity of the water-based Origanum majorana extract was assessed in this research using two different methodologies. "Antibiotics were compared to its effectiveness using an agar-well diffusion assay and disc diffusion method," the first step. Additionally, the extract's ability to inhibit biofilm formation and bacterial adherence was assessed through specialized tests. All bacterial isolates of Gram negative, Gram-positive bacterial types were sensitive to Origanum majorana extract and the range of inhibition zone (30 to 24) mm. Although floxacin was effective against some of these isolates, the majority of them were resistant. Most bacterial Gram negative types were exhibit moderate adherence and biofilm activity to this extracts and some bacterial isolated of bacteria were exhibit high adherence and biofilm activity to the watery extracts of Origanum majorana. This research confirms previous findings that Origanum majorana extracts are very effective against a wide variety of clinical isolates of bacteria, including Gram-negative as well as Gram-positive varieties. Notably, the extracts were found to be more effective than commercially available antibiotics. Furthermore, the extracts displayed significant inhibition of bacterial adherence and biofilm formation. Based on these findings, Origanum majorana extracts have great promise as an effective antibacterial and anti-biofilm agent.

Indonesia's democracy, despite over two decades of progress since the fall of the New Order regime, has faced stagnation and democratic backsliding in recent years. Indicators from institutions such as the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU), Freedom House, and Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) consistently highlight a decline in democratic quality. Contributing factors include identity politics, declining electoral integrity, political dynasties, and weak institutional capacities, described as "Low-Capacity Democracy." This study employs a qualitative approach to explore these challenges, including literature reviews, document analysis, and interviews. The findings reveal systemic issues at both institutional and societal levels, including weakened oversight bodies like the Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK), the dominance of executive power, and the rise of transactional politics and political dynasties. Digital challenges, such as disinformation and low digital literacy, also exacerbate these issues. This study recommends comprehensive reforms, such as strengthening independent institutions, enhancing transparency in public fund management, and improving political education to reduce transactional practices. Digital media regulations and technology-based electoral monitoring are also proposed to increase transparency. By addressing these issues, Indonesia can reinforce democratic resilience and foster an inclusive, accountable political system.

Agrotechnology plays a crucial role in increasing agricultural productivity through the implementation of modern innovations and technologies. Challenges such as land degradation, climate change, and limited natural resources can be addressed through precision technology, smart irrigation, biotechnology, and agricultural mechanization. This study employs a literature review method by analyzing various studies from 2019 to 2024 that discuss the impact of agrotechnology on agricultural yields. The findings indicate that the application of precision irrigation systems can enhance water use efficiency by up to 40%, while the use of genetically engineered superior crop varieties can increase yields and improve plant resistance to pests and diseases. Additionally, the utilization of digital technology, such as the Internet of Things (IoT), enables more efficient and data-driven land management. However, major challenges in implementing these technologies include limited farmer access, high investment costs, and low digital literacy among farmers. Therefore, policy support, financial incentives, and farmer training are necessary to ensure the widespread and sustainable adoption of technology. Thus, agrotechnology can serve as a primary solution for increasing agricultural productivity while maintaining environmental sustainability.

Batik Banten Mukarnas is a company that produces stamped batik designs with various patterns and varieties of batik. Problems frequently arise in the company due to increased stamped batik production capacity to meet the demand for stamped batik design products, which continues to rise from stamped batik suppliers. Another impact of growing demand capacity is the high number of defects in stamped batik cloth products, because overall, the company's management, including human resources, tools, and methods, is not prepared for the increase in production capacity to meet the surge in consumer demand, resulting in an impact on the quality of the products produced—consequently, the organization endeavors to regulate the quality of stamped batik cloth at PT. Batik Banten Mukarnas establishes objectives that employ Six Sigma with the DMAIC method (Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, and Control) in the production of batik stamp designs to meet production objectives. The results of the data processing that has been done obtained a sigma value before improvement for 3 CTQ of 3.54. After improvement, the sigma value increased to 3.86. While for the sigma value before improvement for 1 CTQ of 3.04, the sigma value increased to 3.42 after improvement. The factors contributing to defective products, as illustrated by the fishbone diagram, include methods, personnel, materials, machinery, and environmental conditions. The division leader consistently oversees and regulates operations, enhances the number of brushes, and trains operators to ensure proficient adherence to standard operating procedures (SOP).