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Based on data from FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of The United Nations), it has been predicted that the aquaculture subsector will become one of the most relied-upon resources in the future, especially in meeting food needs, fish-based nutritional needs, and empowering the global community's economy (FAO, 2016). Catfish is a type of freshwater fish that can grow and develop well because it can be cultivated in limited land areas (Marsela, 2018). The frequency of feeding is one of the important factors that need to be considered in catfish farming. To determine the effect of different feeding frequencies on the absolute weight of dumbo catfish, a study was conducted using an experimental design called the Completely Randomized Design (CRD), with 3 treatments and a total of 8 replications. The test treatments were as follows: Treatment 1 (feeding twice a day), Treatment 2 (feeding three times a day), and Treatment 3 (feeding four times a day). The results of the ANOVA test showed a significant value of 0.000 (P < 0.05), indicating a significant difference in each of the different feeding frequencies. The analysis of the Least Significant Difference (LSD) test at a 5% significance level also showed that the relationship between each treatment had a significant value of 0.000 (P < 0.05). The average absolute weight of the fish for Treatment 1 was 12.99 grams, for Treatment 2 was 15.03 grams, and for Treatment 3 was 17.03 grams. The highest growth in the absolute weight of dumbo catfish fry occurred in Treatment 3 (feeding four times a day).

In international relations, it is very necessary to pay attention to what a country can and cannot do when interacting with other countries as a form of respect for sovereignty and international norms. Relations between countries in international life also include the involvement of international organizations that have an important role in maintaining global stability. In accordance with the goal of international organizations to resolve conflicts between countries, one of the conflicts that must be of concern to the world is armed conflict. One of the wars that is still in the spotlight to this day is the war between Israel and Palestine in the Gaza Strip. The research method used in this article is a normative legal research method with a literature approach and a case approach, namely related to war crimes in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict in the Gaza Strip. The United Nations as part of an international organization within the framework of the Law of the International Organization has made various efforts to maintain peace in Palestine. However, because this war is one of the most complicated, protracted, and fraught with international political importance, its resolution still faces various obstacles that make it difficult to end the conflict to this day.

This study examines the integration of Maqasid al-Sharia the objectives of Islamic law into contemporary sustainable development frameworks, focusing on how Islamic ethical principles can guide social, economic, and environmental sustainability. Maqasid al-Sharia traditionally aims to preserve five core elements: religion, life, intellect, progeny, and wealth, all of which contribute to human well being. The research explores how these principles can be adapted to address modern challenges such as poverty, inequality, and environmental degradation, highlighting the potential of Maqasid al-Sharia to align with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Key Islamic principles, including justice (ʿadl), public welfare (maṣlaḥah), and ecological stewardship (khilafah), provide a moral framework for sustainable development, ensuring that economic growth is achieved alongside social justice and environmental preservation. The study also examines the role of Islamic finance, particularly tools like Sukuk, Zakat, and Waqf, in promoting sustainability by funding social welfare projects and supporting environmental initiatives. By comparing Maqasid al-Sharia with secular sustainability models, the research underscores the importance of integrating ethical and spiritual accountability into sustainability efforts. While secular models often prioritize economic growth, Islamic sustainability frameworks emphasize the interconnectedness of human development, social justice, and ecological balance, offering a more holistic approach. The findings suggest that integrating Maqasid al-Sharia into policy and development frameworks can provide a comprehensive, ethically grounded approach to addressing global sustainability challenges. Future research should focus on empirical studies to assess the practical application of Maqasid al-Sharia in real world sustainable development projects and policy making, particularly in Muslim majority societies.

The purpose of this paper is to provide a general explanation of how the role of the United Nations, which is an international organization, acts as a mediator in international disputes. Understand how the actual position of the United Nations in international organizations. As well as discussing ways to resolve disputes in the international sphere that are being faced by countries. Settlement of international disputes has various ways and depending on the country concerned, it wants to resolve the dispute peacefully or by force or through an international court. Of course, the UN strives for any disputes that occur between countries to be resolved peacefully, in accordance with the goals of the UN listed in the UN charter.

As the world’s largest archipelagic state, Indonesia holds a strategic geographical position that simultaneously renders it vulnerable to multifaceted maritime security threats. One of the most pressing recent issues is the construction of a coastal barrier (pagar laut) along the Tangerang coastline in Banten Province, which has raised significant legal, social, and environmental concerns. This study examines the legality of such structures through the lens of international maritime law, particularly the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) 1982. Employing a normative legal approach and qualitative analysis, this research assesses both national and international legal instruments relevant to maritime space governance. The findings indicate that the unauthorized construction of the coastal barrier violates several national regulations namely, laws governing coastal management, marine utilization, and environmental protection while also infringing upon core UNCLOS principles such as the right of innocent passage, freedom of navigation, and marine environmental protection. This study underscores the urgent need for integrated national maritime governance, regulatory harmonization, and cross-sectoral coordination to ensure compliance with international legal standards and safeguard public access to marine spaces. The Tangerang coastal barrier case exemplifies the rise of non-traditional maritime security threats in Indonesia, calling for more assertive and structured legal and policy responses.

The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is China's foreign policy introduced during the administration of Xi Jinping. This policy represents China's efforts to expand cooperation in the economic sector and aims to shift the United States' hegemony, both in security and particularly in the economic domain. The project spans across various regions, including the Middle East, a region abundant in energy resources and petroleum, prompting China to focus on collaboration with Arab nations. This approach has been positively received by countries in the Middle East as China adopts a proactive method without military intervention, concentrating solely on economic cooperation. Furthermore, China's recent appointment as the Chair of the United Nations Security Council presents an opportune moment. This positions China to play a more significant role in its extensive projects, serving as a mediator for peace in the Palestine-Israel conflict. This article seeks to address questions regarding China's interests as the Chair of the UN Security Council in the Palestine-Israel conflict, employing the theories of hegemonic stability and the concept of national interest.    

Mexico is one of the countries in Latin America that is still under threat from cartels or criminal organizations every day. National security is one of Mexico's weaknesses because cartels continue to grow and expand their influence, so that criminal activities such as human trafficking still often occur in the country. This article will discuss how the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) supports the implementation of the Blue Heart Campaign in combating human trafficking that continues to threaten the lives of Mexican citizens. Human trafficking is an international issue or problem because this activity occurs in almost all countries in the world and is operated by various criminal organizations that disrupt the stability of security and peace in these countries, in this article human trafficking must be eliminated from the root of the problem, namely cartels and governments that cannot fulfill their roles, thus causing social inequality in Mexico. The novelty in this study is the lack of data or literature in discussing the role of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime in supporting the implementation of the Blue Heart Campaign in Mexico.

Contractual fairness is a fundamental principle in international trade, ensuring balanced and equitable agreements between parties of different jurisdictions. However, disparities in bargaining power, varying legal standards, and cultural differences often lead to imbalances that challenge the notion of fairness. This study examines the concept of contractual fairness within the framework of international trade and analyzes the business law standards that govern cross-border agreements. The research explores how contractual fairness is interpreted and enforced under different legal systems, emphasizing its significance in promoting transparency and fostering trust in international business relationships. Through a comparative analysis of legal frameworks in major trading jurisdictions, the study identifies key factors that influence fairness, including standardized contractual terms, dispute resolution mechanisms, and the role of international organizations like the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL). This study also highlights the challenges of achieving fairness in complex trade agreements, such as those involving developing economies, where unequal access to legal resources and expertise can create significant disadvantages. By addressing these challenges, the research aims to propose practical solutions for harmonizing business law standards and enhancing contractual fairness in international trade.The findings of this study are expected to contribute to the ongoing dialogue on global trade reform, offering insights for policymakers, legal practitioners, and businesses. The paper concludes by emphasizing the need for a balanced approach that ensures fairness while maintaining the flexibility necessary for dynamic international trade practices.

The phenomenon of sea fencing in Tangerang's coastal areas has sparked various debates from legal, social and environmental perspectives. This action raises questions regarding compliance with the principles of international law of the sea, particularly the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), which regulates public access rights to waters. In the context of national law, regulations such as Law No. 32/2014 on Maritime Affairs and Law No. 1/2014 on the Management of Coastal Areas and Small Islands emphasize that public access to the sea must be managed in a fair and sustainable manner. This research aims to examine the juridical aspects of sea fencing using the approaches of international law of the sea and Indonesian national law. The method used is a literature study by analyzing various legal sources, scientific journals, and similar case studies in other countries. Descriptive-analytical analysis was conducted to assess the conformity of sea fencing with UNCLOS principles as well as its impact on the rights of coastal communities and the environment. The results of the study show that sea fencing in coastal Tangerang has the potential to violate the principles of UNCLOS 1982 and harm coastal communities who depend on the sea as a source of life. In addition, this action also risks causing ecological impacts that can disrupt the balance of the coastal environment. Therefore, stricter regulations and effective supervision are needed to ensure that marine area utilization policies remain in line with international and national law and do not harm the public interest.

That housing and settlement development by private business entities is compatible with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) or can also be called Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is a sustainable development agenda initiated and agreed upon by the United Nations. Meanwhile, the construction of houses by individuals or individuals is very inconsistent with the programs or agendas set forth by the national and world governments. Of course, if we examine further, the development carried out by each person is very contrary to "participating in implementing world order" as described in the preamble to the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. The legal issue of this normative legal research: What is the government's authority in the implementation of housing development? How is the legal protection for people or entities that organize housing development in Law Number 1 of 2011 concerning Housing and Residential Areas? The government's authority in the implementation of housing development includes policy regulation, implementation supervision, housing provision facilitation, inter- government coordination, community empowerment, and education. Through this authority, the government seeks to create a decent and sustainable residential environment for all levels of society. Legal protection for persons or entities that organize housing development is comprehensively regulated in Law No. 1 of 2011 concerning Housing and Residential Areas. Legal protection includes: 1. Community Rights. 2. Developer's Obligations. 3. Sanctions for Violations. 4. The Role of the Government.

Globalisation introduces substantial changes to human existence, combined with in social, economic and cultural elements. However, these adjustments furthermore offer critical obstacles, specifically for Muslims, United Nations agency generally need to confront beliefs and practices that contrast with monotheism teachings. With an emphasis on social, economic, and cultural facets, this analysis seeks to examine the applicability of Qur'anic interpretation in addressing the issues of globalization. It is intended that a wide range of flexible and conversational approaches to interpretation will provide fresh perspectives on how the holy text's lessons remain pertinent and relevant in today's modern world. Using literature reviews and material gathered from a variety of contemporary commentary, books, scientific papers, and journals, a qualitative analysis technique is employed. The findings of the analysis demonstrate that a discourse interpretation of the Qur'an will address the problems of economic injustice, social inequality, and the cultural psychological state brought on by globalization. Finally, in order to respond to the problems of globalization and ensure that the teachings of the Qur'an remain relevant in the current era, a dynamic interpretation method is absolutely essential.

The United Nations and the World Meteorological Organisation predict that around 5 billion people will lack clean water and even drinking water (Source: Conference on Our World in Concrete and Structure in Singapore). Based on the aforementioned phenomenon, given the abundant potential of seawater resources, there is an idea to use seawater as a concrete admixture, especially in building locations that often interact with seawater. Research is carried out in an effort to find alternatives to improve the mechanical properties of concrete such as compressive strength values, split tensile strength, namely by using additives as self-compacting concrete technology and making seawater and sea sand as a substitute for fresh water and river sand

Electronic cane: It is an electronic cane designed in the shape of a long white cane, but it provides the blind with ultrasonic frequencies that he can feel under his hand and through an audible alarm when it hits a certain obstacle in its path{1}. It can also detect obstacles in all directions at a distance of five meters. The ends of this cane are made of lead. The International Federation of the Blind, which is one of the organizations affiliated with the United Nations, has declared October 15 of each year as the International Day of the White Cane for the Blind, due to the utmost importance of the white cane for the blind, as it makes him depend on himself after God. This dependence is foldable and is stronger and lasts for a long time. It is important to note here that the white cane with a red stripe placed on the lower part of the cane symbolizes the person's suffering from loss of vision with deafness or hearing impairment.  Regardless of the type and shape of the white cane, it has become a symbol of the blind person’s independence and his ability to move, work and integrate into society like other individuals. It guides him to directions, barriers and obstacles and spares him the need to touch things that may be difficult or dangerous to touch, thus protecting him from many harms, in addition to providing him with a lot of information that he lacks due to his lack of sight and the inability of the other senses to provide him with it.

State sovereignty is a prerogative right that must be maintained as a priority, especially in Indonesia is archipelagic geography. This presents a significant challenge in maintaining sovereignty over the Natuna Islands and Lingga Islands in Riau Islands Province, Indonesia. This area has been the subject of international conflict, particularly concerning China's claim under the Nine-Dash Line, which the Chinese government justifies with historical arguments and past governmental decisions. However, this claim lacks a valid legal basis under international law, including the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) 1982, which defines international maritime boundaries. The conflict began to escalate in 2016 following the arrest of three Chinese fishermen involved in large-scale illegal fishing, an act supported by the Chinese government. In response, the Indonesian government took measures to assert its sovereignty by strengthening military security, engaging in diplomatic efforts with ASEAN member states, and conducting best practice studies to potentially bring the Natuna Sea sovereignty dispute before the International Court of Justice. Indonesia's sovereignty over the Natuna Sea is firmly supported by the Djuanda Declaration and the 1982 UNCLOS Agreement. This study aims to analyze the Natuna conflict using a Normative Law and Military approach as the primary strategies to resolve disputes over the Natuna Sea.

Maritime piracy has long been a significant threat to global shipping, with profound economic and legal implications. This journal explores the economic effects and legal actions associated with maritime piracy. The economic impact of piracy is substantial, costing the international economy between $7 billion and $12 billion annually. The rise in piracy has led to higher ransom demands, with some payments reaching record amounts, and has significantly increased the cost of maritime insurance, particularly in high-risk zones. From a legal perspective, the journal examines the evolution of piracy laws, highlighting the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) and its definition of piracy. The legal framework under UNCLOS includes three main elements: acts committed for private ends, occurring on the high seas, and involving two ships. The journal also discusses the concept of universal jurisdiction, which allows any state to prosecute pirates, though prosecution must follow the domestic laws of the capturing state.The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has introduced several conventions and initiatives, such as the Djibouti Code of Conduct, to enhance maritime security. This journal will focus on the economical effect and the suitable legal actions to punish and prevent the acts of piracy.

This paper examines the evolution of international law from its early foundations to its contemporary form. Starting with the basic legal principles, it highlights significant milestones, such as the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, which established the concept of state sovereignty. The study also explores the contributions of Hugo Grotius, who is often regarded as the "Father of International Law," whose work significantly shaped the modern legal framework that governs relations between states. In addition, he analyzed the development of global institutions such as the United Nations, which emerged after World War II and played a crucial role in encouraging international cooperation and advancing international law in the 20th century. Particular attention is paid to treaty law, emphasizing how treaties between countries are important for maintaining global order. Using a qualitative research approach, this study provides a comprehensive understanding of historical and contemporary shifts in international law. It discusses how countries have balanced their sovereignty by pursuing global cooperation and broader peace. These findings underscore important moments in the evolution of international law, offering insights into the ongoing challenges and opportunities for global governance in the modern era.

The maritime conflict between Indonesia and China in the South China Sea arises from overlapping claims, particularly concerning Indonesia’s Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) near the Natuna Islands. China’s assertion of sovereignty through its Nine-Dash Line, which Indonesia does not recognize under the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), has fueled tensions. These have been exacerbated by aggressive actions, including Chinese vessels' incursions and illegal fishing within Indonesia’s EEZ. Despite these conflicts, both nations emphasize maritime cooperation to enhance bilateral ties.This study examines the dynamics of Indonesia-China maritime cooperation and conflicts in the South China Sea and their implications for regional stability. Employing a literature-based methodology, it investigates challenges and potential resolutions, including diplomacy and third-party mediation through bodies like the International Court of Justice. The findings highlight that resolving disputes effectively requires a legal framework and multilateral collaboration through ASEAN. The study concludes with recommendations for bolstering diplomatic engagement and sustainably managing maritime resources to ensure stability across the Indo-Pacific region.

This paper examines the evolution of international law from its early foundations to its contemporary form. Starting with the basic legal principles, it highlights significant milestones, such as the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, which established the concept of state sovereignty. The study also explores the contributions of Hugo Grotius, who is often regarded as the "Father of International Law," whose work significantly shaped the modern legal framework that governs relations between states. In addition, he analyzed the development of global institutions such as the United Nations, which emerged after World War II and played a crucial role in encouraging international cooperation and advancing international law in the 20th century. Particular attention is paid to treaty law, emphasizing how treaties between countries are important for maintaining global order. Using a qualitative research approach, this study provides a comprehensive understanding of historical and contemporary shifts in international law. It discusses how countries have balanced their sovereignty by pursuing global cooperation and broader peace. These findings underscore important moments in the evolution of international law, offering insights into the ongoing challenges and opportunities for global governance in the modern era.

As a system, the law will run well when the system is connected and working actively. The practice of criminal acts of corruption that occurs in Indonesia is increasingly sophisticated, systematic and widespread at all levels of society which has an impact on the amount of state financial losses. Various statutory regulations have been attempted to eradicate corruption, namely Law Number 31 of 1999 jo. Law Number 20 of 2001 and the Government has even ratified several articles of the 2003 United Nations Convention Against Corruption (UNCAC) through Law Number 7 of 2006. However, to date it is still unable and effective to enforce it in eradicating corruption. The Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK) has a system for dealing with corruption cases, namely Operation Arrest (OTT). anywhere in Indonesia. The type of research applied is normative legal research with a normative juridical approach, namely research carried out based on library materials which are secondary data. Based on the results of the research, it can be stated that in the politics of criminal law in dealing with criminal acts of corruption based on penal and non-penal policies, it is no longer effective in eradicating criminal acts of corruption which are detrimental to the country's finances and economy and the Corruption Eradication Commission's policy, which is included in one of its policies, is carrying out Hand Catch Operations, namely tapping. Tapping is the activity of listening, recording, deflecting, changing, inhibiting and recording the transmission of electronic information or electronic documents, whether using communication cable networks or wireless networks, such as electromagnetic radiation or radio frequency, including examining packages, postal mail, correspondence and other documents. Apart from that, the legal politics of dealing with criminal acts of corruption through Operation Capture of Arms, including the lack of regulations regarding wiretapping and entrapment carried out by the Corruption Eradication Commission, is vulnerable to violations of Human Rights (HAM), especially regarding entrapment, because entrapment is not recognized by law or as a criminal act. corruption in Indonesia.

This study discusses the application of universal jurisdiction in addressing piracy jure gentium based on international law. Universal jurisdiction allows a country to prosecute perpetrators of serious crimes, such as piracy, regardless of the crime's location or the nationality of the perpetrator and victim. Rooted in customary international law, which recognizes piracy as a threat to the collective interests of all nations, every country has the right and obligation to act against pirates. This research employs a normative legal approach, focusing on analyzing relevant international legal regulations. The findings indicate that the international legal framework, particularly the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), provides guidance for enforcing laws against piracy. However, while the principle of universal jurisdiction offers a solution, challenges such as a lack of international consensus on the definition of piracy, resource limitations in developing countries, and the need for stronger international cooperation hinder its implementation. This study emphasizes the importance of inter-state cooperation, including support from developed countries to developing nations, to enhance law enforcement capacity. Moreover, the application of universal jurisdiction contributes to international justice, where consistent law enforcement reflects the international community's commitment to protecting maritime safety and global trade. Thus, this research aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the application of universal jurisdiction in the context of piracy in international waters and its implications for the overall international legal system.