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This article examines the economic defense reforms implemented by China under Xi Jinping's leadership through a literature review. This research aims to examine the key strategies employed by the Chinese government to strengthen its economic resilience amidst global pressures, such as the trade war with the United States, the COVID-19 pandemic, and escalating geopolitical rivalries. The findings indicate that Xi Jinping prioritizes a dual-circulation strategy, namely strengthening domestic consumption while maintaining connectivity with international markets, as a crucial step in addressing global uncertainty. Furthermore, the Made in China 2025 policy serves as a key pillar for promoting technological independence, reducing dependence on imports, and enhancing the competitiveness of domestic industries in strategic sectors such as information technology, renewable energy, and artificial intelligence. Furthermore, through the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), China seeks to expand its economic influence globally, open new markets, and transfer excess domestic industrial capacity to partner countries. These reforms are not solely oriented toward economic aspects but are also closely linked to political and national security interests. This strategy demonstrates China's systematic efforts to build economic resilience integrated with geopolitical interests, using the economy as an instrument of both soft and hard power. This study demonstrates that Xi Jinping's economic defense reforms are not merely a short-term response to the global crisis, but rather part of a long-term vision to establish China as a dominant global power. Thus, this study emphasizes the importance of understanding China's economic strategy holistically, as these reforms, in addition to significantly influencing domestic dynamics, also have significant implications for the future global economic and political order.

The reciprocal tariff policy has a significant impact on a number of countries, including Indonesia. In this scheme, Indonesian non-oil and gas products are subject to a tariff of 32% when entering the US market. Such a high tariff places Indonesian exporters in a less competitive position compared to other countries that have more favorable trade arrangements with the United States. This condition becomes more complex when viewed in the broader context of the US-EU trade war, which creates uncertainty and turbulence in the global economy. Indonesian exports are affected both directly and indirectly. Indirect impacts can be seen from disruptions to the global supply chain, the slowdown in the world economy, and decreased global demand. As global production networks become increasingly interconnected, any disruption in major economies will ultimately suppress demand for Indonesian export commodities. This means that even if Indonesian products are not directly targeted, the ripple effects of global trade tensions will still hinder Indonesia’s export performance. For instance, reduced consumption in Europe and the US due to rising product prices and inflation will diminish market opportunities for Indonesian goods.On the other hand, direct impacts arise because several Indonesian products have been explicitly subjected to tariffs by the US government. These include textiles and textile products (TPT), electronics and their components, footwear, furniture, and palm oil (crude palm oil/CPO). Such tariffs significantly reduce Indonesia’s competitiveness in the US market, potentially leading to decreased export volumes, lower revenues for domestic industries, and job losses in export-oriented sectors. Furthermore, the policy also makes European products much more expensive in the US market, which worsens the global supply chain, increases logistics costs, triggers inflation, and escalates uncertainty in international trade.

Trade wars and protectionism have again become major issues in global economic dynamics, especially since trade tensions between the United States and China began in 2018. This research aims to analyze tariff policy as part of a protectionist strategy in the context of the political economy of bilateral trade relations. Using a qualitative approach with case studies and document analysis, data were obtained from policy reports, scientific journals, and trade statistics. The results show that tariff policies are often not purely based on economic considerations, but are also influenced by domestic political interests, industry group pressure, and global negotiation strategies. On the other hand, these policies have a significant impact on the structure of bilateral trade relations, trade volume, and global supply chains. Indonesia as a partner country is also affected, both directly through changes in export-import values, and indirectly through supply and investment disruptions. Policy implications show the importance of developing countries' preparedness in anticipating changes in global trade policies and encouraging the formulation of adaptive and competitive national strategies. This study provides recommendations for policymakers to balance national interests with global dynamics.

The abstract examines the impact of the US-China Trade War on the motivation for expansion within Sichuan's electronic manufacturing sector. The trade conflict has introduced significant challenges, including increased tariffs and supply chain disruptions, compelling local firms to reassess their strategies. In response, companies have intensified their focus on innovation and technological advancement to enhance competitiveness and reduce reliance on foreign technologies. This drive for self-sufficiency has led to increased investment in research and development, fostering new capabilities and market opportunities. Moreover, the trade war has shifted attention toward domestic markets, prompting firms to diversify their supply chains and explore alternative business avenues. Government support has further facilitated this expansion, providing resources and incentives that bolster growth. The findings suggest that the motivations for expansion are closely intertwined with the broader geopolitical landscape, shaping the future of Sichuan's electronic manufacturing industry, based on insights gathered from a sample of 380 Sichuan electronic manufacturer operators in the study.  

This article discusses the implementation of Indonesian diplomacy in facing the trade war against the European Union (EU) using a self-help concept approach. By analyzing the concept of self-help in international relations and its application in diplomatic strategy, this research highlights how Indonesia applies cooperative diplomacy with regional partners and diplomacy to overcome the challenges posed by the European Union's palm oil discrimination.This study uses a qualitative approach by collecting data from various primary sources of diplomatic documents related to the trade war involving the European Union. Apart from that, secondary data obtained from news, scientific articles and journals are relevant data sources.