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This study aims to analyze in-depth cognitive learning theory and its implications for improving the effectiveness of Islamic Religious Education (PAI) teaching at the elementary school level. The adopted methodological approach is qualitative through library research, with the application of content analysis and theoretical synthesis techniques. Primary data sources were obtained from academic literature including textbooks, scientific journals, and the latest empirical research relevant within the last decade. The results of the analysis indicate that cognitive learning theory positions cognitive processes as the core of learning activities, allowing students to function as active agents in constructing knowledge through understanding, analysis, memory representation, and integration with pre-existing cognitive schemas. In the context of PAI, this approach enables meaningful learning through interactive pedagogical strategies such as collaborative discussions, problem-solving, case studies, and metacognitive reflection, which are empirically adapted to the stages of students' cognitive development. The implementation of cognitive theory significantly contributes to strengthening conceptual understanding, increasing learning engagement, developing critical thinking skills, transferring knowledge, and internalizing Islamic values. Thus, cognitive learning theory makes a substantial contribution to optimizing the effectiveness of PAI teaching in elementary schools through an interactive, systematic, and understanding-oriented approach.

This community service activity was carried out with the aim of improving the memory of students at the Baiturrahman Islamic Boarding School (TPQ) through the implementation of group guidance based on an interactive question and answer method. The background of this program is based on the problem of low retention of religious material that has been learned by students, so the learning approach is needed that does not only emphasize memorization, but also activates the process of critical and in-depth thinking. In its implementation, the activity is designed to involve students directly in group discussions guided by a facilitator. The questions posed are structured in such a way as to stimulate repetition of information, encourage logical reasoning, and help students connect the learning material with real experiences in everyday life. Through this process, students are not only asked to answer questions but are also trained to develop broader answers, thereby strengthening understanding and improving communication skills. This program also prioritizes a fun, collaborative, and participatory learning atmosphere so that students feel more motivated to actively participate. Evaluation results show a significant increase in students' ability to remember, understand, and re-present learning material more quickly, accurately, and coherently. Furthermore, this activity also has a positive impact on increasing students' self-confidence in the learning process and strengthening collaborative skills among group members. Thus, group guidance using the question-and-answer method can be considered an effective learning strategy for strengthening students' memory and increasing their learning motivation.

This research aims to improve the learning outcomes of Natural and Social Sciences (IPAS) by applying a discovery learning model assisted by image media in grade V of SD Nurul Khoir, Jambi City. The method used is Class Action Research (PTK) which is carried out in two cycles. Each cycle consists of four stages, namely planning, implementation of actions, observation, and reflection. The research subjects amounted to 26 students. Data collection techniques are carried out through learning outcome tests, observation of teacher and student activities, and documentation. The results of the study showed a significant increase in the completeness of student learning outcomes. In cycle I, completeness reached 73.92%, and increased to 85.30% in cycle II. This improvement shows that the application of the discovery learning model combined with image media is effective in improving IPAS learning outcomes. This model encourages active involvement of students in the learning process, fosters curiosity, and hones critical and logical thinking skills. Image media as a visual aid has also been proven to be able to strengthen concept understanding and improve students' memory of the material studied. In addition, the learning process becomes more fun and meaningful because students are directly involved in the activity of discovering concepts through the stages of observing, questioning, gathering information, reasoning, and concluding. Teachers are no longer the center of information, but play the role of learning facilitators. This strategy is also relevant to the cognitive development characteristics of elementary school students who tend to favor concrete and visual learning. Thus, the application of the discovery learning model assisted by image media can be an alternative to an effective and innovative learning strategy in improving social studies learning outcomes. Teachers are advised to continue to develop adaptive, creative, and contextual learning methods and media.

This research aims to improve the learning outcomes of Natural and Social Sciences (IPAS) by applying a discovery learning model assisted by image media in grade V of SD Nurul Khoir, Jambi City. The method used is Class Action Research (PTK) which is carried out in two cycles. Each cycle consists of four stages, namely planning, implementation of actions, observation, and reflection. The research subjects amounted to 26 students. Data collection techniques are carried out through learning outcome tests, observation of teacher and student activities, and documentation. The results of the study showed a significant increase in the completeness of student learning outcomes. In cycle I, completeness reached 73.92%, and increased to 85.30% in cycle II. This improvement shows that the application of the discovery learning model combined with image media is effective in improving IPAS learning outcomes. This model encourages active involvement of students in the learning process, fosters curiosity, and hones critical and logical thinking skills. Image media as a visual aid has also been proven to be able to strengthen concept understanding and improve students' memory of the material studied. In addition, the learning process becomes more fun and meaningful because students are directly involved in the activity of discovering concepts through the stages of observing, questioning, gathering information, reasoning, and concluding. Teachers are no longer the center of information, but play the role of learning facilitators. This strategy is also relevant to the cognitive development characteristics of elementary school students who tend to favor concrete and visual learning. Thus, the application of the discovery learning model assisted by image media can be an alternative to an effective and innovative learning strategy in improving social studies learning outcomes. Teachers are advised to continue to develop adaptive, creative, and contextual learning methods and media.

Mathematics plays a crucial role in everyday life, as it enhances students' abilities to absorb lessons more effectively and develop rational, critical, logical, analytical, and systematic thinking. This study employs the literature review method, which involves gathering relevant information from various sources to support the research topic. The author collects references from articles and journals using Google Scholar, an open-access database that simplifies the process of locating topic-specific materials. Difficulties faced by students in learning mathematics are not always due to a lack of mathematical knowledge. They may stem from other issues such as memory problems, difficulty in recalling mathematical problems, weak calculation skills, confusion with operational signs, or reversing numbers. Students with learning disabilities may particularly struggle with both mathematical reasoning and basic computation. Furthermore, mathematical learning difficulties are also associated with cognitive challenges, such as solving complex word problems and understanding numerical concepts. These learning difficulties often result from internal and external factors that hinder the brain’s ability to process, analyze, and retain mathematical information effectively.

This paper discusses the cognitive development of 5-6 year old children in PAUD KB Ananda. Early childhood cognitive abilities in PAUD KB Ananda are described in this study. It includes aspects of cognitive development such as creativity, problem-solving, memory, and thinking skills. This research was conducted through case studies and a qualitative descriptive approach. Data was collected through observation, interviews with teachers and parents. The results of the study showed that most children in PAUD KB Ananda showed good cognitive development according to their age, although there were individual differences in development levels. Certain children are highly creative and critical, but some require further stimulation for some cognitive aspects.

Questioning skills are skills that teachers must develop in the teaching and learning process. The aim of this research is to illustrate how teachers' questioning skills play an important role in stimulating the cognitive development of early childhood. This research method uses descriptive qualitative research which collects data through interviews, documentation and observation. The subjects of this research were young children who received institutional education. In fact, teachers' questioning skills have been proven to have a significant impact on the cognitive development of young children. Teachers' questioning skills can increase children's curiosity and improve children's memory, imagination and creativity in finding answers in the teaching and learning process. It can be concluded that teachers' questioning skills play a very important role in improving children's cognitive development. Because through these questions children can continue their thinking processes, obtain new information and expand their knowledge.

Science education in early childhood plays a crucial role in their cognitive and creative development. Science education in early childhood also has a vital role in supporting cognitive and creative development. This research aims to explore the benefits provided by science education in stimulating critical thinking, problem solving and innovation skills in children. Through qualitative and quantitative approaches, data is collected from various sources, including classroom observations, interviews with educators, and analysis of children's learning outcomes. The results showed that children who were involved in science activities from an early age showed significant improvements in cognitive skills such as memory, concentration and analytical abilities. Apart from that, science education has also been proven to encourage children's creativity by enriching their imagination and ability to think outside the box. This article concludes that the integration of science education in the PAUD curriculum not only supports children's intellectual development but also forms a strong foundation for creativity and innovation in the future. Therefore, it is important for educators and policy makers to recognize and prioritize science education as an essential component in early childhood education, science education must be a top priority in early childhood education strategies by educators and policy makers.

This study aims to examine the Deep Learning approach as a strategy for creating meaningful learning. The research employs a literature review method, utilizing a systematic approach to collect, analyze, and synthesize information from various written sources such as reference books, scientific articles, research reports, and other relevant documents. Its main focus is to understand and evaluate existing theories or research findings in order to answer the research questions without conducting field data collection. The research procedure includes problem formulation, searching for relevant literature, selecting valid and reliable sources, recording important data, conducting critical content analysis, and drawing conclusions. The findings indicate that the Deep Learning approach plays a significant role in fostering meaningful learning and supports effective pedagogical practices. Meaningful learning encourages the development of higher-order thinking skills such as critical and analytical thinking. When students engage in meaningful learning processes, they are better equipped to develop future-relevant competencies and enhance long-term cognitive development. Many education experts today believe that meaningful learning promotes deep understanding, long-term memory retention, and the ability to apply knowledge in real-life situations. This aligns with David Ausubel’s theory, which emphasizes that learning becomes meaningful when new information is connected to relevant concepts already present in an individual’s cognitive structure.

Creativity in students will be a guide for them when they face problems and make decisions in the future. Students are also able to receive feedback from experience or from teachers with the title of best student and teacher so that later they will be able and ready to receive the development of a creative mindset. A student feels useful and beneficial if he is involved in developing concepts to trigger his creativity and gain the ability to think with broad incentives (Anugraheni, 2018).  

The implementation of the 2013 curriculum learning which is now being held in several schools, emphasizes the learning process based on the development of students' cognitive activities that are creative and productive. Puskurbuk (retnawati, 2016) argues that the 2013 curriculum is required to be able to produce productive, creative, innovative and affective human resources, through strengthening attitudes, knowledge, and skills competencies. Think creatively so innovations and ideas will emerge including using puzzles, puzzles are a method that is very enjoyable and is able to make class consistency in learning creative, innovative and fun, the puzzle method is also very stable when combined between thinking learning and puzzles which hopefully can become a good collaboration and effect in a lesson. The purpose of this research is to find out the collaboration of thinking learning and puzzles in increasing the creativity of students at the smpit at taisiriyah sukabumi after using this method. This research method is a qualitative research conducted on October 23, 2022 to October 26, 2022. The place of this research is at the taisiriyah school of Sukabumi. The object of research is class VIII at smpit at taisiriyah Sukabumi. The results of the collaborative thinking learning and puzzles themselves can increase student learning creativity, this can be seen from the achievement of very high indicators of creativity. For students who have advantages or tend to learn more easily by means of audio less portion because this learning character focuses more on pictures or illustrations. The material is appropriate for learning other general subjects. Conclusion Collaborative thinking learning and puzzles can help students better understand various concepts, improve memory, and simply make learning more interesting. It is very beneficial to apply mind mapping to various fields of teaching and study