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This article discusses a comparison of phonology between Indonesian and French. Through comparative analysis, this article aims to highlight the similarities and differences in the sound systems of the two languages. In a theoretical study, this article discusses the sound systems of Indonesian and French separately, including consonants, vowels, word stress and intonation in both languages. The method used in this research is contrastive analysis, where the sound systems of the two languages ​​will be compared directly to highlight similarities and differences.    

This article reviews a syntax-based analysis of predication in language, delving into its underlying linguistic structure. The research conducted employs analytical methods sourced from literature to comprehend sentence construction and the syntactic relationships forming predication. The findings of the analysis present a profound understanding of the framework of predication in language and its implications in human communication. In the exploration of syntax and predication in linguistics, the syntactic approach highlights the essential relationship between subject and predicate in a sentence. Predication maps what is stated about the subject, and syntax-based analysis reveals its basic structure. Syntax, with its central role, is key to understanding sentence structure and the meaning conveyed in communication. Research on this concept shows how the arrangement of words, phrases, and clauses forms predication.

This language error analysis aims to describe language errors in terms of phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics and spelling contained in descriptive texts made by X-11 students at SMAN 2 Tasikmalaya as well as providing corrections to these errors. The researcher used a descriptive analysis method by carrying out several stages in the research process, including: (1) collecting data, (2) describing the data, (3) analyzing the data, and (4) drawing conclusions. The research techniques used in this research are observation, interviews and literature studies or literature studies by conducting a review study of books, literature, notes and reports that are related to the problem being solved. The results of the analysis regarding language errors in descriptive texts made by X-11 students at SMAN 2 Tasikmalaya can be concluded that there are forms of language errors in the areas of phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics and spelling. Linguistic-morphological category errors include errors in affixation. Syntactic errors consist of errors in sentence construction. There are also semantic errors which consist of errors in the meaning of a sentence which can make the reader misinterpret the sentence. Then there are errors in the use of spelling or phonology, these spelling errors consist of spelling errors in usage and writing capital letters.

Discussion of language acquisition cannot be separated from the factors that influence it. Language acquisition is a process of acquiring a child's first language without any special learning about language. A child will only respond to utterances that are often heard from the surrounding environment, especially utterances from the mother. In the process of acquiring language, a child cannot be separated from communication activities involving the interlocutor. In this study researchers conducted research on language acquisition, especially on a 5 years old child. This research was conducted with the following objectives; 1) To describe language acquisition in the components of syntax acquisition, semantic acquisition, phonology acquisition, and morphology acquisition in 5 years old child; 2) To describe the factors that influence 5 years old child language acquisition. The results of this study show that language acquisition at the age of 5 a has reached four components, namely syntax acquisition, semantic acquisition, phonology acquisition, and morphology acquisition. Apart from that, there are three factors that influence the language acquisition process as follows; 1) natural factors; 2) cognitive development factors; and 3) social background factors

This research explores the potential of Indonesian animated children's songs videos in supporting vocabulary development in toddlers. Sampling from the "Lagu Anak Indonesia Balita" channel on YouTube, the study utilizes observational methods of visual style and literature review to understand children's visual responses to the content. The results indicate that Indonesian animated children's song videos, with their short duration and repetitive lyrics, can create an enjoyable learning experience. From a phonological perspective, the repetition of sounds in the lyrics aids in the recognition of language sounds. Semantic aspects are represented through the introduction of various vocabulary in an easily digestible manner. The simple syntax of the lyrics supports the understanding of basic sentence structures, and pragmatically, these songs can be applied in everyday communicative contexts. In conclusion, Indonesian animated children's song videos can positively contribute to the vocabulary development of toddlers through a holistic and enjoyable approach. The findings of this research can serve as a foundation for the development of early childhood education curricula that effectively utilize animated media.

The focus of this paper is the theme of the Mission of Moses to Free the Israelites from Egyptian Slavery Exodus 6:1-12. The salvation of the Israelites is inseparable from the struggle of Moses who was blessed by God. But with God's word to Moses all problems were resolved with an outstretched hand. The purpose of this paper is to discover the location of God's role for the Israelites who were enslaved by Egypt at that time. The methodology used is the exegesis methodology. There are 6 analyzes used, namely analysis of Story, Structure, Syntax, Semantics, Context, and Theological Reflection. The six analyzes have been done on separate sheets and are summarized in this article. The findings obtained from this writing include: First, God's inclusion in Moses, who struggled with a lack of self-confidence. Second, God's inclusion appeared in Moses when Moses freed the Israelites from Egyptian slavery. Third, God always accompanies those who rely on God in their work. Thus Christians are invited to always rely on God in their life journey.  

Syntax is a branch of linguistics that studies grammar in an utterance. One of the objects of study of syntax is phrases. Phrases are grammatical units consisting of two or more words that do not exceed the function limit. This study aims to use phrases that focus on noun phrases, verb phrases, and adjective phrases in narrative texts in social studies learning books for class VII of the independent curriculum. This study used a descriptive qualitative data analysis method by searching, finding, determining, and analyzing the phrases in the narrative text of social studies learning books for class VIII of the independence curriculum. In analyzing the data using the approach of theoretical study of syntax and using the study of documents as a method of data collection. As for the results obtained from this analysis in the form of finding seven noun phrases as the most used phrases in the text, three verb phrases, and five adjective phrases that are appropriate to their respective uses. It is hoped that this research will help many people, especially those pursuing education, better understand the different types of verb phrases, noun phrases, and adjective phrases in narrative text sentences.

The syntax is a grammar that can decipher the relationship of language elements to form sentences. The function of syntax is as a container in a syntactic structure that contains certain categories. It can be called subject (S), Predicate (P), Object (O), Complement (COMP), and Adverb (ADV). Phrase analysis in short story texts in Indonesian language books for fourth-grade elementary school independence curriculum. This analysis is a qualitative descriptive analysis of the short story text in the Indonesian language book for the fourth grade of the Independent Curriculum. Phrases are syntactic units cobining of two or more words and do not have clauses that occupy one function. Many do not understand how to divide groups of phrases and the causes of errors. Therefore, this research to classify phrases based on their types, and the causes of phrase errors in short stories texts in Indonesian language books for fourth-grade elementary school independence curriculum. Listening and then recording is a technique that can be done when data collection. The results of this study indicate that there are noun phrases, verb phrases, adjective phrases, numeral phrases, and errors in the use of phrases in short stories sentences. This analysis is expected to better understand and be able to develop the use of phrases in short stories.

This review dissects the ineffectualness of sentences in discourse messages in the Indonesian language book Class VIII of the Merdeka Educational program and in the Indonesian language module Topic 12 Class VI. This research analysis is approached using both theoretical and methodological approaches. The theoretical approach to analyzing effective sentences employs an analytical approach in the field of syntax, whereas the methodological approach employs a qualitative descriptive approach. This study's data were gathered through the use of note-taking and extensive reading as data collection methods. Reading the speech's text carefully and thoroughly is the initial step. Following that was to note any sentences in the speech's text that were deemed to be ineffective. The distribution method and the interactive analysis method were employed in this study's data analysis, which followed all data collection. Informal means of data presentation are used. Data can be presented informally by focusing on decomposition with common words. Tabular data presentation is also utilized for this research. Analysis results showed that sentences in speech text were ineffective due to the incompatibility of effective sentence characteristics like equivalence, parallelism, thriftiness, accuracy, coherence, and logic. The findings of this study enhance the researchers' understanding of the subject under investigation. This research can also be used by the general public to help them write good speech texts with good sentences. Keywords:,,,,.

A quality paper is a good and correct paper the writing code, the synthesis of it, and the aspects of its meaning. However, incorrect papers on writing are often found. It would be necessary to analyze the syntax error on the paper to identify any of the existing syntax errors and to provide the corresponding explanation. The approach researchers use is a methodological approach and a theoretical approach. The methodological approach that researchers use is a descriptive qualitative approach, while the theoretical approach is a syntax approach. A descriptive qualitative approach by gathering data, identifying, analyzing data, and defining analysis results. The syntax approach by reading, analyzing, analyzing, and noting the results of syntax analysis. These two approaches are what researchers use in analyzing syntax errors in the paper. The object of the study that researchers are using is a paper entitled the Theory of Learning and Learning. Research in this article shows that the KBBI and EYD codes still vary in number. Not only that, there was also cohesion, cohesive, and the squandering of words that resulted in inadequate discourse. The study is done to find out what makes it unqualified and to explain detailed analysis results.

This article examines the analysis of sentence types in the History Text of Class XI Sociology Books in the Merdeka Curriculum. The content of this study uses narrative text. The purpose of this study is to describe functions, categories, and roles at the syntactic level. sentences in the presentation of sociology book material for class XI SMA/MA contained in Chapter 2 Social Problems Due to Social Grouping pages 41 to 81. This research is a literature study. Therefore, the method used in collecting data is reading and taking notes. The collected data were analyzed by descriptive analysis. In qualitative research, data is analyzed inductively, which means that specific things found during the research are grouped and conclusions are drawn from these results. This approach does not use the collected data to prove or disprove the hypotheses that have been made before but rather focuses on describing data to facilitate understanding. The writing method of this research adopts historiography as the main approach. Sentence structure analysis is also used to improve grammar skills and abilities to better understand. Sentence structure analysis itself is a topic that is rarely discussed. To improve the application of linguistic rules in writing historical texts, a good understanding of grammar, a broad vocabulary, and a habit of reading and writing historical texts are required. Therefore by analyzing sentence structures in historical texts in Sociology Class XI books SMA/SMA/ MA Kurikulum Merdeka, this research provides an overview of the variations in the use of sentence structures and the importance of correct grammar in understanding texts. It is hoped that this research can improve understanding of syntax and grammar which will facilitate understanding of sociology and historical texts.

This study analyzes one part of the syntax, i.e. sentences. The method used in this analysis is descriptive qualitative and theoretical syntax. Meanwhile, the study’s data were obtained directly through excerpts of sentences contained in the book “Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan SMA/SMK Kurikulum Merdeka”. The sentence is the largest grammatical unit consisting of a bunch of words, which are arranged by certain rules to explain written language. The main purpose of this research was to find out the types of sentences in the reading text entitled “Tantangan Berpancasila pada Kehidupan Global” which are contained in the book (page 46). Sentences are analyzed in the form of passive sentences, active sentences; transitive sentences, compound sentences; multilevel compound sentences, and single sentences; ekatransitive sentences, adjective sentences. The advantage of this research is that we can find out that the types of sentences that are most often used in this text are compound sentences, while sentences that are rarely found are active and passive

A grammatical arrangement has smaller constituents, namely sentences. This study aims to describe the types of sentences based on the number of clauses, modes, passive sentences, direct sentences, and negative sentences contained in the biographical text in the learning book entitled "Cerdas Cergas Berbahasa dan Bersastra Indonesia untuk SMA/SMK Kelas X Kurikulum Merdeka," which is made by Aulia & Gumilar. This article can increase knowledge about the types of sentences in the study of syntax and their application in biographical texts. The approach used in this research is a qualitative approach with a type of descriptive research. The object of the data study is in the form of sentences in four biographical texts in predetermined learning books. Data collection was carried out by determining the biographical text contained in the teaching material. Data analysis was carried out by reading each sentence in the text, analyzing the building blocks of the text, and classifying the sentences based on the types of sentences. This study uses note-taking techniques. The note-taking technique is to record the results of data analysis from sources that have been identified. The results obtained from this study show that broad sentences are more dominant than simple sentences in the types of sentences classified based on the number of clauses. Then, based on the types of sentences based on the mode, it was found that all the biographical texts contained in the learning book used declarative sentences. There were 41 types of passive sentences found in the four biographical texts analyzed. Indirect sentences totaled 3 sentences, and we found 6 negative sentences from 4 biographical texts. Based on the analysis conducted, it was found that one biographical text did not contain negative sentences and one text did not contain indirect speech.

This research was conducted to analyze the phrases in the procedural text in the Indonesian book Moving Together Class V SD Kurikulum Merdeka. This study focuses on analyzing phrases based on categories or word classes used in procedure texts. The purpose of this research analysis is to examine the use of adverb phrases, numerals, adjectives, nouns, and verbs in the Indonesian book Moving Together Class V SD Merdeka Curriculum. This study uses a methodological approach in the form of a qualitative descriptive approach and a theoretical approach in the form of a syntactic approach. The data in this study were taken from fragments of phrases in procedural texts in the Indonesian book Moving Together Class V SD Kurikulum Merdeka. The results of this study are that there are 9 noun phrases or nouns, 8 adverb phrases or adverbs, 2 verb or verb phrases, 2 adjective phrases or adjectives, and 1 numeral phrase or number word. The benefit of this research is to find out the types of phrases in the procedural text in the book Indonesian Moving Together for class V at the Merdeka Curriculum Elementary School as well as provide initial knowledge about phrases to fifth-grade elementary school students as an introductory knowledge to continue to the next level of education.

Phrases can start with a preposition or a verb and also can just be the subject.  Phrases are in a syntactic function which is formed from a combination of words.  Often found in the text in a sentence, for example, is one of which is in the Book-Based Play and Learning Guide for Early Childhood Teachers.  This study discusses the analysis of the use of phrases in the textbook.  The aim is to find out the relevance of the sentence study of the types of phrases contained in book-based play and study guides for early childhood teachers.  This study uses a qualitative method with a descriptive approach. The data collection method uses observation techniques and examines how the language is applied, and the note-taking method is also used to record the structure being analyzed.  This study found that there are 3 verb phrases, 3 adjektiva phrases, 3 numeral phrases, 3 noun phrases, 3 exocentric phrases, and 3 endocentric phrases.  One of the benefits of this research is that we understand more about the types of phrases in each sentence.

This research analyzed one of the syntactic fields of study, namely phrases in argumentation texts in class XI textbooks of the Kurikulum Merdeka. Two data will be studied in argumentation texts entitled "Ketahanan Pangan Lokal” and “Ketahanan Pangan pada Masa Pandemi Covid-19". In this study, the researchers limit the analysis of phrase type studies, namely based on word categories in the form of verb and noun phrases. The purpose of this research is to know in depth the research data along with an explanation of the types of phrases based on word categories, namely verb phrases and noun phrases found. In addition, this research is also expected to be valuable as a learning medium, especially in one of the fields of syntactic units, namely about phrases. The research method used a qualitative descriptive methodological approach and theoretical syntax with reading, listening, and recording techniques. In the analysis, it was found that verb phrases based on their position and location were divided into two, namely Coordinative Verb Phrases (FVK) and Subordinative Verb Phrases (FVS). Meanwhile, noun phrases based on their position and location are also divided into two, namely Coordinative Noun Phrases (FNK) and Subordinative Noun Phrases (FNS). To facilitate the analysis and understanding of the reader, the phrase data is presented in the form of a table accompanied by an explanation. This research is important to analyze the phrases in the argumentation text contained in the independent curriculum textbook, this is because the independent curriculum is the latest educational learning system in Indonesia.

The main discussion in this research article is the analysis of phrases that have a function in observing the use of the types of phrases contained in the essay text entitled "Dusta yang Jujur" and "Godaan". There is also a purpose in conducting this research, namely to inform, classify, and describe the types of phrases in the essays listed in Giyato's Dusta yang Jujur and Goenawan Mohamad's Godaan. The type of research in this article is a type of descriptive qualitative research. Data collection methods and techniques applied in this study are the observing methods and the note-taking technique. Data collection refers to the essay text in the Class XII book of the Merdeka Curriculum. The objects of research in this article are the essay entitled Dusta yang Jujur by Giyato which has 3 pages and the text of the essay entitled Godaan by Goenawan Mohamad in the Indonesian language book Class XII of the Merdeka Curriculum. With this research on phrases, it is hoped that readers will be able to find out the types of phrases contained in the essay text entitled Dusta yang Jujur by Giyato which has 3 pages, and the text of the essay entitled Godaan by Goenawan Mohamad in the Indonesian language book class XII of the Merdeka Curriculum.

This study focuses on the analysis of the study of sentence types in prose text literary works. The formulation of the problem in this study is how the arrangement or sentence structure is contained in the prose text of the Bahasa Indonesia Tingkat Lanjut Cakap Berbahasa dan Bersastra Indonesia Kelas XI Kurikulum Merdeka textbook. Prose text is a genre in literature which is commonly called fiction or narrative text. Prose texts presented in narrative form contain various types of sentences. Sentence types are divided into declarative sentences, interrogative sentences, imperative sentences, and exclamatory sentences. This research was conducted with the aim of finding and describing types of sentences based on syntactic structures in prose texts of the Bahasa Indonesia Tingkat Lanjut Cakap Berbahasa dan Bersastra Indonesia Kelas XI Kurikulum Merdeka textbook. The method used in this study is a descriptive qualitative approach combined with note-taking techniques for the data collection process and syntax analysis techniques. Qualitative research is included in the methodology used for research procedures that produce descriptive data. Based on the analysis that has been carried out on prose texts, it is known that of the 3 prose titles analyzed, namely “Penggali Sumur yang Ingin Pensiun”, “Saat Ayah Meninggal Dunia”, and “Janji Ayah” there are only three types of sentences, namely 229 declarative sentences, 17 question sentence, and 1 imperative sentence. So, it can be concluded that there are no exclamatory sentences in the prose text but are strongly influenced by declarative sentences.

The study was created to analyze the function, role, and syntax category in the sentences in story texts used in the Indonesian language textbook for class VIII junior high school independent curriculum. The data analysis technique used in this study is a billing technique with a theoretical language approach that focuses on each of the grammatical elements in sentence formation. The data on this analysis is the function, role, and syntax category in direct sentences and indirect sentences. The data source is two-story texts entitled "Parki and Egg Allergies" and "Uncle Tom's Magic Box" of the Indonesian language textbook for class VIII junior high school independent curriculum. Research has revealed five syntax functions (subjects, predicates, objects, appendages, and references), revealed a variety of syntax roles that do not always occupy the same function (the perpetrator, activity, target, driver, status, circumstances, time, tools, locative, and result), then found ten syntactic categories (pronouns, nouns, verbs, transitive verbs, intransitive verbs, verbal phrases, nominal phrases, adjective phrases, nominal-adjective phrases, and prepositional phrases). It is hoped that more variations of syntax functions, roles, and categories based on the findings of the research conducted.

In the paragraphs of scientific writings, it is possible to find multilevel compound sentences, namely sentences consisting of one basic sentence that acts as the core and one or many other basic sentences that also act as subordinate clauses. Thus, the writing team was moved to carry out an analysis of multilevel compound sentences. The purpose of this analysis is to examine or dissect multilevel compound sentences, both in the use of variations in patterns and sequences of clauses and their descriptions. A qualitative, descriptive approach is the method used in this analysis. The data used in this analysis comes from scientific papers entitled "Status Kondisi Terumbu Karang di Teluk Ambon" and "Karakteristik Vegetasi Habitat Orang Utan (Pongo pymaeus morio) di Hutan Tepi Sungai Menamang, Kalimantan Timur" in the Language and Literature Smart Book Indonesia SMA/SMK Class XI Independent Curriculum. This data was collected using observing and note-taking techniques. The results of this analysis indicate that there are 8 multilevel compound sentence forms, consisting of 6 multilevel compound sentences with time relations, 2 multilevel compound sentences with conditional relations, 2 multilevel compound sentences with comparative relations, 7 compound multilevel sentences with causal relations, 12 multilevel compound sentences with causal relations, 8 multilevel compound sentences with manner relations, 6 compound multilevel sentences with explanatory relations, and 16 compound multilevel sentences with attribute relations. This research is expected to be useful in providing an understanding of multilevel compound sentence patterns and can be used as reference material for subsequent research.