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This journal examines the concept of salvation (soteriology) from the perspective of Reformed theology with a special focus on the doctrine of Sola Gratia. This research uses doctrinal and historical analysis methods to investigate the development of understanding of the gift of salvation from the time of the Reformation to contemporary interpretations. The research results show that the doctrine of Sola Gratia remains relevant in modern theological discourse and provides an important foundation for an understanding of salvation that is centered on God's sovereignty.

Drones are a new technology that can pose a threat to the sovereignty of many countries. Therefore, preventive efforts are necessary for a government to safeguard its interests. In this context, Indonesia needs to establish a legal framework from an international legal perspective, supported by national positive law, to mitigate the use of drones. The research, conducted through a normative-judicial analysis approach, concludes that a considerable number of legal instruments are aimed at protecting Indonesia from drone threats. However, Indonesia's military capability is not yet fully equipped to enforce the mandates of these laws. Consequently, the approach that can be taken is to prohibit drones altogether because they violate human rights and harm society.

In the era of digitalization, strengthening national identity is important, with the concept of National Defense as the main strategy. Defending the Nation emphasizes the obligation of every citizen to maintain the country's defense and security, especially amidst the threat of digitalization which can change cultural values and national identity. This research aims to examine the role of the concept of National Defense in strengthening national identity and increasing public awareness of the importance of defending the country. By maintaining the principles of Bhinneka Tunggal Ika and Pancasila, defending the country becomes a means of protecting Indonesia's unity, culture and sovereignty in the digital era.

This article examines the story of David’s election as king of Israel in 1 Samuel 16:1-13 through a historical-critical approach. The focus of this study is to understand how God chooses based on the heart, not the outward appearance, as emphasized in verse 7. This study highlights the differences between how humans and God judge a person, as well as the importance of inner qualities in choosing a leader. Through this analysis, it is found that God asserts His sovereignty and prioritizes faithfulness, humility, and obedience as the main criteria in determining the leader of His people. This story is theologically and practically relevant to today’s life, especially in character development and spiritual leadership.  

This paper examines the evolution of international law from its early foundations to its contemporary form. Starting with the basic legal principles, it highlights significant milestones, such as the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, which established the concept of state sovereignty. The study also explores the contributions of Hugo Grotius, who is often regarded as the "Father of International Law," whose work significantly shaped the modern legal framework that governs relations between states. In addition, he analyzed the development of global institutions such as the United Nations, which emerged after World War II and played a crucial role in encouraging international cooperation and advancing international law in the 20th century. Particular attention is paid to treaty law, emphasizing how treaties between countries are important for maintaining global order. Using a qualitative research approach, this study provides a comprehensive understanding of historical and contemporary shifts in international law. It discusses how countries have balanced their sovereignty by pursuing global cooperation and broader peace. These findings underscore important moments in the evolution of international law, offering insights into the ongoing challenges and opportunities for global governance in the modern era.

The maritime conflict between Indonesia and China in the South China Sea arises from overlapping claims, particularly concerning Indonesia’s Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) near the Natuna Islands. China’s assertion of sovereignty through its Nine-Dash Line, which Indonesia does not recognize under the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), has fueled tensions. These have been exacerbated by aggressive actions, including Chinese vessels' incursions and illegal fishing within Indonesia’s EEZ. Despite these conflicts, both nations emphasize maritime cooperation to enhance bilateral ties.This study examines the dynamics of Indonesia-China maritime cooperation and conflicts in the South China Sea and their implications for regional stability. Employing a literature-based methodology, it investigates challenges and potential resolutions, including diplomacy and third-party mediation through bodies like the International Court of Justice. The findings highlight that resolving disputes effectively requires a legal framework and multilateral collaboration through ASEAN. The study concludes with recommendations for bolstering diplomatic engagement and sustainably managing maritime resources to ensure stability across the Indo-Pacific region.

Building maritime regional resilience in Indonesia's border areas is a crucial aspect in maintaining national sovereignty and security. Against the background of the potential threats faced, this strategy aims to strengthen Indonesia's position as a maritime country. Implementation of a total war strategy in peacetime emphasizes the mobilization of national resources, improving infrastructure and strengthening international cooperation, apart from that through modernizing the main weapons system (alutsista) so that maritime resilience can be significantly improved. The method used in writing this journal uses a qualitative method with a descriptive analysis approach, which aims to interpret existing phenomena. Writing this journal also highlights the important role of society in maintaining maritime security and the need for a sustainable approach in managing marine resources. It is hoped that the results of this development will create sustainable stability and security in border areas and can support Indonesia's vision as the world's maritime axis.    

In writing this journal, I as the writer want to describe and present topics regarding issues that are often hot and often become conflicts in our country, the Republic of Indonesia, regarding the border area at the tip of the northern region of Indonesia or what is widely known to the general public is called "Indonesia's outermost islands" or what many of us know as Natuna Island, which is directly adjacent to neighboring countries and directly borders the South China Sea, this is also what often triggers conflicts over state regulations over maritime territories. As an example, we most often know about the number of fishermen from neighboring countries such as Vietnam, the Philippines and Myanmar who smuggle into the seas of the Republic of Indonesia illegally and without official permission and then take the wealth and marine products that Indonesia itself owns. This also causes things such as smuggling of goods and prohibited items to pass through urgent areas such as Natuna Island. The purpose of writing this journal is to describe the steps and efforts taken by the Indonesian state to defend and protect its territorial sovereignty and rights as they should. Based on several articles and news circulating in the Indonesian mass media regarding conflicts and problems that often occur and the most hot news is regarding Indonesia's sea which is considered strategic and has several times wanted to be claimed by neighboring countries.

Natuna waters are the most vulnerable area to illegal fishing because there is abundant potential for fishery resources. It was recorded that from May to December 2016, there were 280 foreign vessels in Natuna waters, which resulted in economic losses of 2.98 trillion Rupiah. This study aims to examine and assess the policies and actions that the Indonesian government has implemented in overcoming illegal fishing activities in the area. The results of this study are that the Natuna Waters Area is part of the Indonesian Archipelago Sea Lane (ALKI) and functions as a global waterway. The Natuna Waters Area borders with neighboring countries and is connected to open waters, making it vulnerable to illegal fishing activities. The Indonesian government's strategy in dealing with cases of unlawful fishing in Natuna waters effectively increases the protection of state sovereignty and marine resources through policies such as sinking ships and maritime diplomacy. However, this implementation policy overcomes obstacles in the form of intimidation from other countries, such as China, and weaknesses in supervision and coordination between domestic institutions, which can affect microorganisms in fisheries management and maritime security in the area.

Children are the future generation of the nation that must be protected, especially when dealing with the law. Law enforcement against perpetrators of drug abuse crimes committed by children has been effective. Drug abuse has a very bad impact on the continuity of a nation's generation. To anticipate this, cooperation is needed from all components of society, such as families, from school to university level, and the government must unite in efforts to prevent narcotics in the surrounding environment. Using the perspective of Law Number 35 of 2009, this study attempts to analyze how narcotics crimes committed by children are prosecuted legally. Drug abuse is a serious crime that can endanger the security and sovereignty of the state, as well as the growth and future of the state, according to a normative legal approach that includes analysis of laws and regulations and previous events. Illegal drug use is prohibited, according to Law Number 35 of 2009. Research findings show that, despite the need for legal action against children who use drugs, the juvenile criminal justice system uses Restorative Justice strategies along with the concept of diversion to protect children from stigma.

This paper examines the evolution of international law from its early foundations to its contemporary form. Starting with the basic legal principles, it highlights significant milestones, such as the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, which established the concept of state sovereignty. The study also explores the contributions of Hugo Grotius, who is often regarded as the "Father of International Law," whose work significantly shaped the modern legal framework that governs relations between states. In addition, he analyzed the development of global institutions such as the United Nations, which emerged after World War II and played a crucial role in encouraging international cooperation and advancing international law in the 20th century. Particular attention is paid to treaty law, emphasizing how treaties between countries are important for maintaining global order. Using a qualitative research approach, this study provides a comprehensive understanding of historical and contemporary shifts in international law. It discusses how countries have balanced their sovereignty by pursuing global cooperation and broader peace. These findings underscore important moments in the evolution of international law, offering insights into the ongoing challenges and opportunities for global governance in the modern era.

This research discusses the role of the pillars of democracy, namely the rule of law, community participation, and government transparency, in building Indonesia's national resilience in the era of globalisation. Using a qualitative approach based on literature analysis, this study finds that the rule of law supports social stability through the enforcement of justice, community participation strengthens government legitimacy, and transparency increases accountability and public trust. Global challenges such as economic dependency and radical ideologies require strengthening democracy through legal reform, political education, and administrative digitalisation. With this strategy, Indonesia can face the dynamics of globalisation while maintaining its national stability and sovereignty.  

This study aims to analyze the role of Pancasila in the process of harmonizing international law and national law in Indonesia, with a focus on extradition agreements. As the state ideology and philosophical foundation of Indonesia, Pancasila provides principles that underpin the formation and implementation of national law. This study explores how Pancasila’s values, such as social justice and humanity, influence the policies and implementation of extradition agreements, as well as the challenges faced in aligning national law with international obligations. Using a qualitative approach and case studies, this research demonstrates that Pancasila functions as a moral and ethical guide that reinforces the integrity of Indonesian law in the global context. The findings are expected to provide insights into how the fundamental values of the state can strengthen the harmonization between national and international law and influence foreign policy and law enforcement in Indonesia.

This study aims to conduct a comparative analysis between national law and Islamic law, focusing on the principles, implementation, as well as the differences and similarities between the two in social, political, and cultural contexts. National law in Indonesia is a combination of customary law, colonial law, and modern law derived from Western legal systems, while Islamic law originates from Sharia, based on the Qur'an and Hadith. In certain areas, such as family law, civil law, and criminal law, these two legal systems exhibit distinct approaches, both philosophically and technically. The study finds that while national law emphasizes secularism and state sovereignty, Islamic law places greater emphasis on moral and divine justice. However, in the Indonesian context, both legal systems sometimes operate in parallel or undergo processes of adaptation and accommodation. This research contributes to a deeper understanding of the dynamics of the interaction between national law and Islamic law, as well as how both influence the judiciary and society in general.

Immigration is related to the traffic of people entering or leaving Indonesian territory and its supervision to maintain state sovereignty. Immigration functions include providing immigration services, law enforcement, and maintaining the security and comfort of the country, while contributing to the development of community welfare. With the increase in crimes involving fake identities or misuse of other people's identities, immigration must be stricter in checking travel documents used by Indonesian citizens and foreign nationals when entering and leaving Indonesian territory. Therefore, immigration introduced a new passport design and implemented the use of electronic passports. The research method used in this research is a descriptive qualitative method. The research results show that changes in passport design can increase state sovereignty and security, because the new design is difficult to imitate. This can be seen from the materials used in making the new passports as well as the designs that highlight elements of Indonesian culture. Applying for an electronic passport does require higher costs than a regular passport, but offers advantages that conventional passports do not have, including a better level of security. Using an electronic passport also makes it easier for the holder to undergo immigration service administration because this passport uses a biometric system that only needs to be scanned.

This study aims to analyze the impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) on citizenship policies in Indonesia and explore how changes in these policies can affect citizens' rights and national sovereignty. The research uses a qualitative approach with a literature review method. A literature review is a type of research conducted by collecting and analyzing existing data or scholarly articles to address problems and understand fundamental issues. The reason for using library research is that the researcher needs data from various sources such as books and previous research journals. Using this method, the researcher identifies relevant topics aligned with the research goals and then analyzes journals and books to answer questions about how FDI significantly impacts Indonesia's economy, driving growth, job creation, and global competitiveness. However, citizenship policies related to FDI require careful attention to balance investment needs with national sovereignty. Reforming policies to simplify residency and citizenship status for foreign investors could make Indonesia a more attractive investment destination, but it might also raise concerns about the impact on the rights of native citizens and national integrity. To manage these effects, Indonesia needs to develop integrated citizenship policies, conduct regular evaluations, enhance transparency, and learn from international practices. With a careful approach, Indonesia can maximize the benefits of FDI while maintaining national interests.  

Citizenship is a legal status that gives a person rights and responsibilities as a citizen. Many laws in Indonesia regulate political rights, including the right to vote. One of them is Law Number 7 of 2017 concerning General Elections. Within Indonesia's democratic framework, the right to vote is an important expression of popular sovereignty, allowing voters to actively elect their leaders at both the legislative and executive levels. Fulfilling the right to vote cannot be separated from various technological, political and social difficulties that may have an impact on democracy in Indonesia. Over the last five years, several dynamics have emerged in the enforcement of voting rights regulations, including changes to regulations, election implementation, and the application of digital technology to increase election transparency and accountability. Despite the implementation of legal and technological reforms, there are still challenges in verifying permanent voter lists, especially for vulnerable groups such as people with disabilities and those living in remote locations or abroad, which continues to hinder efforts to tackle disinformation and hoaxes on social media. This research examines the political rights of Indonesian individuals, especially regarding their right to vote in general elections as regulated by law. The right to vote is one manifestation of political participation that is recognized internationally and guaranteed in various national legal instruments.

General elections play an important role in a democratic country like Indonesia, guaranteeing people's sovereignty, government legitimacy and people's sovereignty. regular change of power. The importance of the Permanent Voter List (DPT) lies in the ability of citizens to exercise their right to vote effectively. However, challenges often arise in compiling accurate voter lists, which are critical to the functioning of the democratic process. The General Election Commission (KPU) plays an important role in this process by determining eligible voters, coordinating data collection, and utilizing the Sidalih voter list information system. The KPU also collaborates with regional institutions, ensuring the accuracy of voter lists through cross-checking activities, and designating voting areas, all to maintain the integrity of the election and encourage citizen participation.

This study seeks to examine the legal vacuum surrounding regional head elections that feature only a single candidate, as well as the legal implications that arise from this scenario. In a democratic system, the principle of popular sovereignty necessitates a fair and free electoral process; however, the absence of clear regulations for regional head elections with a solitary candidate can jeopardize the integrity of this principle. Employing a normative legal methodology with both legislative and conceptual approaches, this study investigates various regulations that govern regional head elections and assesses how this legal vacuum impacts the electoral process and the constitutional rights of citizens. Additionally, the study identifies several strategies to address the legal vacuum, which include establishing clear legal provisions for the election process involving a single candidate, implementing a plebiscite mechanism, and enhancing transparency throughout the electoral process. The findings suggest that a more definitive and explicit legal framework is essential to uphold the principle of popular sovereignty in regional head elections featuring a single candidate. 

Language in a state address functions not only as a medium for delivering information but also as a political communication tool rich in meaning and pragmatic strategies. This study describes the forms and functions of implicature found in President Joko Widodo’s State Address at the 2024 Annual Session of the People’s Consultative Assembly (MPR RI). The study focuses on two aspects: (1) the types of implicature, consisting of conventional and nonconventional implicatures, and (2) the functions of implicature, including assertive, directive, expressive, and commissive functions. The research employs a descriptive qualitative method with a pragmatic approach and content analysis. The data, in the form of utterances containing implied meanings, were collected using the listening and note-taking techniques and analyzed based on Grice’s implicature theory and relevant pragmatic frameworks. The results show that President Joko Widodo’s state address contains two types of implicature: conventional implicature, which carries explicit and commonly understood meanings, and nonconventional implicature, which requires contextual interpretation because of its implicit nature. Furthermore, four functions of implicature were identified: (1) assertive, used to express facts and the speaker’s beliefs; (2) directive, containing appeals and encouragement to continue national development; (3) expressive, conveying gratitude and appreciation to national institutions; and (4) commissive, emphasizing the President’s commitment to maintaining international trust and national sovereignty. Overall, the findings reveal that the use of implicature in the state address serves as an effective and polite political communication strategy.