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Surau is the oldest traditional Islamic educational institution in Minangkabau and played an important role in the development of Islamic education in Indonesia before the twentieth century. This study is motivated by the modern shift in understanding the function of surau, which is often viewed merely as a place of worship, whereas historically it possessed broader educational, social, and cultural functions. The research aims to analyze the origins and transformation of surau, identify the roles of influential figures in its development, and examine its social functions within Minangkabau society. This study employs a qualitative approach using the historical research method through library research based on various primary and secondary sources. Data analysis was conducted through the stages of heuristics, source criticism, interpretation, and historiography to produce a systematic and factual historical account. The findings reveal that surau transformed from a Hindu-Buddhist ritual center into an Islamic educational institution that functioned as a center for religious instruction, character building, intellectual development, and social integration. Figures such as Syekh Burhanuddin Ulakan, Tuanku Nan Tuo, and Syekh Muhammad Djamil Djambek made significant contributions to the reform and development of the surau educational system. In addition, surau also served as a center for community deliberation, a residence for young men, and a space for moral and cultural development. The study implies that surau became an important foundation in shaping the Islamic educational system in the Nusantara by harmoniously integrating religious values, local culture, and social life.

This study aims to examine the existence of dayah as a traditional Islamic educational institution in Aceh in facing the challenges of modernization, as well as to analyze its history, curriculum, and the dynamics of educational transformation within it. This research employs a qualitative approach through library research by collecting data from various sources such as books, scientific journals, research articles, and documents relevant to the topic. The findings indicate that dayah is one of the oldest Islamic educational institutions in Aceh that developed since the early spread of Islam in the Indonesian archipelago and has played an important role in the dissemination of Islamic teachings, moral development, and the formation of social life within the community. The educational system in dayah focuses on the study of classical Islamic texts (kitab kuning) and Islamic sciences through traditional learning methods such as halaqah, religious book studies, and direct learning with teungku or Islamic scholars. Over time, dayah institutions have undergone various transformations through the integration of general subjects, curriculum reform, and improvements in educational management systems in order to remain relevant to modern societal needs. Modernization presents challenges for dayah, particularly in maintaining a balance between tradition and educational innovation. Nevertheless, dayah continues to preserve its Islamic identity while gradually adapting to contemporary developments. Therefore, dayah not only survives as a traditional educational institution but also develops into an adaptive and relevant Islamic educational institution that continues to play a significant role in shaping character and religious values in Acehnese society.

The New Testament is an essential part of the Christian Bible, containing testimonies concerning the life, ministry, death, and resurrection of Jesus Christ, as well as the development of the early Church. To fully understand its message, it is necessary to examine the historical and theological contexts that shaped its composition. This article aims to explore the New Testament from historical and theological perspectives by examining the social, political, cultural, and religious background of the first-century world, the process of the writing of the New Testament books, and their principal theological messages. The study employs a library research method with a descriptive-analytical approach to various biblical and theological sources. The findings indicate that the New Testament emerged within the context of Roman rule, Jewish religious traditions, and Hellenistic cultural influences, all of which shaped both the authors and their audiences. The books of the New Testament were written to address the needs of early Christian communities, affirm the identity of Jesus Christ, strengthen believers' faith, and provide guidance for Christian living. Theologically, the New Testament emphasizes central themes such as the Kingdom of God, salvation through Jesus Christ, grace, the formation of the Church, and eschatological hope. Therefore, an understanding of the historical background and theological message of the New Testament is essential for accurate interpretation and for maintaining its relevance to the life of the Church and contemporary Christian believers.

This study aims to examine the contributions of A.M. Sangaji to the field of education during the period of 1922–1949 within the broader context of anti-colonial struggle. This research employs a qualitative method with a historical approach, involving the stages of heuristics, verification, interpretation, and historiography. Data sources are derived from library research, including books, scholarly articles, and relevant historical documents. The findings reveal that A.M. Sangaji’s contributions to education were closely intertwined with his political and social activism within Sarekat Islam. He actively established Qur’anic teaching centers and educational institutions, particularly in East Kalimantan, aimed at enhancing intellectual and religious awareness among indigenous communities. Furthermore, his role as a writer and orator significantly influenced the development of national consciousness and resistance against colonial rule. His integrity, ideas, and commitment to education highlight his substantial role in the history of Indonesian education. This study concludes that A.M. Sangaji’s contributions extended beyond formal education to encompass social, political, and religious education oriented toward the liberation of society from colonial oppression. Therefore, A.M. Sangaji deserves recognition as both an educational figure and a national hero, with enduring relevance for contemporary educational development.

The tomb of Ario Damar in Palembang City represents one of the important historical sites for understanding the political, social, and religious dynamics during the transitional period from the influence of the Majapahit Kingdom to the development of Islam in the South Sumatra region. The study of this site employs the historical method through the stages of heuristics, source criticism, interpretation, and historiography, using a qualitative approach. Data were collected through direct observation of the Ario Damar tomb complex and literature studies derived from scientific journals, academic articles, and relevant historiographical works. The analysis indicates that the existence of the Ario Damar tomb not only represents a physical relic of a prominent figure within the governmental structure of Palembang in the fifteenth century but also serves as material evidence reflecting the process of cultural and religious transformation in the region. The tomb site demonstrates historical connections between the political authority of Majapahit, the early development of Islam in Palembang, and the political and cultural relations between Java and Sumatra. In addition to its historical significance, the Ario Damar tomb also holds social and cultural functions as a space of collective memory for the community, which continues to be used as a site of pilgrimage and historical reflection. Therefore, the preservation of the Ario Damar tomb site is essential to maintain cultural heritage while strengthening its role as a source of local historical learning and the development of sustainable historical tourism.

Maddoja Bine is an agrarian tradition of the Bugis people in Soppeng Regency, performed before sowing rice seeds in the nursery. This ritual contains social, religious, and cultural values ​​deeply rooted in the belief system and social structure of the local community. This study aims to examine the history, ritual procession, socio-religious dimensions, and the dynamics of change and preservation of the Maddoja Bine tradition through an ethnographic approach. The research method used is a literature study by reviewing various national and international journal sources published in the last ten years, supplemented by a qualitative analysis of the results of previous research. The results of the study indicate that Maddoja Bine functions not only as an agricultural ritual, but also as a medium for collective prayer, a means of transmitting moral values, and strengthening social solidarity in the Bugis community. Along with social change, agricultural modernization, and religious influences, this ritual has undergone transformations in form and practice, but still maintains its core values ​​as a local cultural identity. Thus, Maddoja Bine is a tradition that is dynamic and adaptive to changing times, yet remains relevant as an intangible cultural heritage of the Bugis community.

The development of Islamic Religious Education in Banjar Land represents a long historical process marked by social, political, and religious transformations. Since the era of traditional da‘wah conducted by ulama through halaqah, surau-based instruction, and religious study circles (majelis taklim), the Islamic education system in this region has continuously evolved, eventually giving rise to formal educational institutions such as madrasahs and Islamic-based schools. This study aims to chronologically describe these historical dynamics, examine the factors influencing educational change, and analyze the roles of ulama, the Banjar Sultanate, and community institutions in the transformation of Islamic education. The research employs a qualitative method with a historical approach, involving the stages of heuristics, source criticism, interpretation, and historiography. Data were collected from scholarly literature, local manuscripts, and the works of Banjar ulama. The findings indicate that the transformation of Islamic education in Banjar Land, from the period of Islamization to the emergence of madrasahs and Islamic Religious Education in public schools, occurred through at least three major phases: (1) family- and community-based traditional da‘wah through langgar (prayer houses) and halaqah institutions; (2) the establishment of modern madrasahs in the twentieth century as a response to colonialism and modernity; and (3) the integration of Islamic education into the formal national education system in the post-independence era. This study affirms that Islamic education in Banjar Land possesses distinctive characteristics, is adaptive in nature, and is deeply rooted in local culture.

This study aims to review the historical development of theology from the classical period to the contemporary period and its relationship with Islamic theological thought in the modern era. Theology plays an important role as a basis for understanding the creed and an intellectual response to the challenges of thought in every period of Islamic history. This study uses a qualitative approach with a literature study method on ten major scientific works that discuss the development of Islamic theology. Data were collected through document review and analyzed using descriptive-analytical techniques to trace the evolution of theological thought. The results show that theology of theology experienced three main phases of development: the classical period which emphasized rational defense of faith, the medieval period which combined reason and revelation in theological thought, and the modern period which focused on the issue of pluralism and contemporary socio-religious challenges. This study concludes that Islamic theology is a dynamic discipline and continues to adapt to the intellectual and social contexts of each era.

The purpose of this service is to increase the understanding of students at the Darul Falah Islamic Boarding School in Purwokerto regarding civic politics, which is currently experiencing a rather acute erosion, even tho civic politics is an important aspect of nationhood; it guaranties the right to life, the right to equal treatment and recognition before the law, the right to think, the right to express opinions, and the right to assemble. In this case, the method used is socialization based on a participatory approach thru lectures, discussions, and statements of attitude. The results of this service activity show that after the presentation of material on the history of santri and the rights of citizens, enthusiasm arose among the santri of Pondok Santri Darul Falah Purwokerto regarding the inherent rights and obligations of all citizens. Students can actualize civic politics by integrating religious sciences, such as by contextualizing environmental jurisprudence in response to the massive environmental damage occurring thanks to state policies. This service activity encourages the role of santri in the state, which was initially only stigmatized as being limited to the realm of seeking religious knowledge and preaching.

The Protestant Reformation, pioneered by Martin Luther in the 16th century, was an important moment in Christian history. This movement emerged as a critique of Catholic Church practices, particularly the sale of indulgences and the abuse of power by clergy, which were considered to deviate from the teachings of the Bible. In response, the Catholic Church convened the Council of Trent. This council not only reaffirmed the teachings of the faith but also tightened spiritual discipline and reformed the internal structure to maintain the unity of the Church. In addition, the Council of Trent also encouraged pastoral renewal supported by religious orders, especially the Society of Jesus (Jesuits), which played a major role in education, missions, and social services. This study analyzes the roots of the Reformation, examines the Council of Trent as the official response of the Catholic Church, and explores the forms of pastoral renewal that emerged afterwards. The results show that although the Protestant Reformation was a major challenge, the Catholic Church's response through the Council of Trent and the pastoral renewal movement succeeded in strengthening Catholic identity and left an important legacy that has influenced the development of the Church to this day.

In this article, we explore the concept and goals of Islamic education from the perspective of Imam Shafi'i, a great scholar and founder of one of the most important schools of Islamic jurisprudence in history. Based on the Quran and Sunnah, his views offer a balanced perspective on the intellectual and spiritual aspects of the educational profession. He believed that education aims not only to increase one's knowledge but also to develop one's character, morality, and devotion to Allah SWT. He emphasized that true knowledge is knowledge that benefits individuals and society and helps them draw closer to the Creator. According to Imam Shafi'i, Islamic education must combine religious and general knowledge in a balanced way, as both complement each other to shape the whole person. He believed that an educated person must possess not only intellectual intelligence but also high moral and spiritual integrity. He emphasized that academic success is measured not only by a student's ability to understand the subject matter but also by how they apply ethical principles, social responsibility, and a sense of community service. Furthermore, Imam Shafi'i emphasized the importance of maintaining a balance between cognitive, emotional, and intellectual abilities during the pursuit of knowledge. He argued that knowledge without morality loses its foundation, while morality without knowledge loses its foundation. This concept presents Islamic teachings holistically, where knowledge, ethics, and spirituality must be integrated.Imam Syafi'i's views remain relevant today. They can serve as a guide in building a character-based Islamic education system capable of adapting to changing times and addressing global challenges. The education he taught, which encompasses values ​​such as honesty, responsibility, and balance between this world and the hereafter, provides a clear path to producing a generation of educated and noble Muslims who will contribute positively to the world and humanity as a whole.

This study examines the implementation of Fardhu kifayah counseling in Telagah Village, Sei Bingai District, Langkat Regency, focusing on the social and cultural problems and challenges faced by the local community. Telagah Village is known for its rich history, strong traditions, and local wisdom that shape its social life. However, in the practice of handling the deceased, several issues remain, including limited community knowledge, lack of regeneration among younger members, inadequate facilities, and the absence of a designated team responsible for the Fardhu kifayah process. These limitations often lead to dependence on a few individuals who possess the necessary skills, creating sustainability concerns in the long run. Furthermore, cultural aspects such as conservative norms, gender role divisions, and deeply rooted customs influence how the community perceives and accepts Fardhu kifayah counseling. The study highlights that successful implementation requires not only technical guidance but also sensitivity to local values and traditions. Strengthening community participation and fostering collaboration between religious leaders and local authorities are essential to ensure the sustainability and effectiveness of Fardhu kifayah education in Telagah Village.

Multiculturalism is a view that recognizes and respects cultural diversity in social life, politics, and community values. This concept emphasizes the importance of recognizing differences in cultural identity as the basis for creating a harmonious, peaceful, and inclusive society. Historically, the idea of ​​multiculturalism emerged as a response to the melting pot paradigm in countries with high immigration rates, which tend to assimilate minority cultures into the dominant culture. Conversely, multiculturalism seeks to maintain the cultural identity of each group while building social cohesion within the framework of shared life. This study uses a qualitative descriptive method with a literature study approach to examine the definition, history, and basic ideas of multiculturalism from various literature sources. The results of the study show that multiculturalism has a strong foundation in the principles of respect, tolerance, equal rights, and social justice in a pluralistic society. A deep understanding of this concept is very important in the context of a complex and diverse modern society, because it is able to strengthen mutual respect, build social solidarity, and maintain national unity amidst cultural, religious, and ethnic differences. Thus, multiculturalism is not only a social concept but also a cultural strategy for realizing a just and harmonious life together.

Quality education is the key to improving skills and knowledge for students. However, there are still many challenges faced in improving the quality of education, especially at the primary level. Collaborative Madrasah Ibtidaiyah Lecturers and Teachers in book writing can be one of the strategies to improve the quality of Education. This research aims to be active through collaboration in writing Madrasah Science Competition books between Tarbiyatut Tholabah Islamic Institute Lecturers and Madrasah Ibtidaiyah 02 Mazro'atul Ulum teachers. The results of the service showed an increase in the quality of lecturers and teachers in presenting learning and academic materials in order to provide excellent service for students, especially Madrasah Science Competition participants. And the most important thing is the creation of a collaborative book masterpiece entitled Madrasah Science Competition which contains a summary of material from science, social studies, mathematics, Arabic English and religious sciences such as Fiqh, Aqidah, Islamic Culture History and the presentation of sample questions and discussions. Moreover, the project has had a positive impact on the educators involved. It has allowed them to deepen their understanding of the subjects and improve their ability to present complex concepts in an accessible way. The collaborative nature of the project has fostered a supportive learning community, where educators learn from one another's expertise and experiences. The resulting Madrasah Science Competition book is not only a valuable educational resource but also a testament to the power of collaboration in enhancing the quality of education.

Lawang Kidul Mosque is one of the historical buildings that holds significant architectural, social, and religious value in the city of Palembang. Founded during the Dutch colonial era by Ki Marogan, this mosque not only served as a center for religious activities but also stood as a silent witness to the historical journey of Palembang from the colonial period to independence. This article aims to trace the history of Lawang Kidul Mosque, its architectural form, and analyze its strategic role in community life. The methods used include literature review and qualitative methods through direct observation and interviews to collect the necessary data for this study. The results show that Lawang Kidul Mosque was established in 1881, built by Ki Marogan. It is the second mosque founded by him, with the first being Kiyai Marogan Mosque, which was constructed earlier in 1871. The architectural style of Lawang Kidul Mosque resembles that of the Great Mosque of Palembang, although it is smaller in size. Lawang Kidul Mosque is supported by four large wooden soko guru pillars and twelve smaller columns. The pulpit of Lawang Kidul Mosque features distinctive Palembang carvings dominated by floral motifs. Additionally, there are four green flags inscribed with Islamic phrases such as the Asmaul Husna and the Shahada. The pulpit also displays the year of its construction, which is 1310 Hijri

The Umayyad Dynasty (661–750 AD) was the first Islamic dynasty to implement a hereditary monarchy and played a significant role in the massive expansion of Islamic rule. After the end of the Caliphate, power passed to Muawiyah ibn Abu Sufyan, who founded the dynasty and moved the center of government to Damascus. This study aims to examine the political, social, economic, and religious dynamics during the Umayyad Dynasty through qualitative methods and a literature review approach. The results of the study indicate that the success of the Umayyad expansion to Spain in the west and India in the east was driven by solid military strength, intelligent diplomatic strategies, and an established government administration system. In the economic aspect, the Umayyad Dynasty developed a taxation and currency system that supported the country's financial stability. Infrastructure such as roads, postal services, and communication systems were also improved to support connectivity between regions. In the social and cultural fields, interactions between various ethnicities and religions encouraged the development of science, art, literature, and architecture, including the emergence of a distinctive Islamic architectural style. However, the unequal social system between Arabs and non-Arabs (mawali), as well as discrimination within the government, fueled public dissatisfaction. Furthermore, sectarian conflict between Sunnis and Shiites exacerbated the domestic political situation. Inequities in the distribution of power, nepotism, and authoritarianism were the main causes of the weakening of support for the Umayyad government. Ultimately, this dynasty collapsed after being overthrown by the Abbasid Dynasty in 750 CE. This study emphasizes that the success of a government is greatly influenced by just leadership, an inclusive government system, and the ability to respond adaptively to socio-political challenges.

The tradition of pilgrimage in Banten is one of the cultural and religious heritages that still lives today. Pilgrimages to the graves of prominent saints and scholars, such as Sultan Maulana Hasanuddin and Sheikh Nawawi Al-Bantani, are spiritual activities undertaken by the community, both from the local area and outside the region. This tradition not only serves as a tribute to religious figures, but also as a means to get closer to God while strengthening social bonds among pilgrims. In addition to the religious aspect, this pilgrimage activity also has a significant economic impact on the surrounding community, especially in the trade and service sector. This article will discuss the history, meaning, and dynamics of the pilgrimage tradition in Banten in the cultural and social context of the community.

This study explores the role of Vihara Buddhagaya Watugong as a center for the revival of Buddhism in post-independence Indonesia. The main objective is to understand how this vihara contributed to the revitalization of Buddhism through historical, cultural, and spiritual lenses. A qualitative descriptive approach was employed, involving archival research, in-depth interviews, architectural observation, and oral history. Findings reveal that Vihara Buddhagaya Watugong serves multiple functions as a place of worship, cultural hub, and interfaith dialogue platform. Its architectural features, such as the Avalokitesvara Pagoda and other sacred elements, illustrate a fusion of Buddhist values and local wisdom. The vihara actively engages in education, tradition preservation, and the strengthening of Buddhist religious identity within a multicultural society. These results suggest that the revival of Buddhism in Indonesia is not solely a spiritual phenomenon but also contributes to the national narrative of cultural identity and social harmony. Thus, Vihara Buddhagaya Watugong stands as a significant symbol of religious revitalization, cultural heritage, and social cohesion in modern Indonesia.

The Idrisid dynasty played a crucial role in the spread of Islam in Morocco during the late 8th century CE. Founded by Idris I, the dynasty successfully unified various Berber tribes under Islamic rule. Through political consolidation, social integration, and cultural development, the Idrisids strengthened the foundations of Islam in the region. They established key urban centers such as Fez, which became a major hub for Islamic scholarship and missionary activities. Their support for education, the construction of mosques, and the promotion of the Zaidi Shia school of thought significantly accelerated the Islamization process among the local population. This article examines the process of Islamic dissemination in Morocco by the Idrisid dynasty, the factors contributing to its success, and the religious and cultural legacy it left behind. Using a historical-analytical approach, the study highlights how the Idrisids not only facilitated the Islamization of Morocco but also laid the groundwork for the broader development of Islamic civilization in the Maghreb region.

This study uses a qualitative literature review methodology to examine the influence of local philanthropy on the formation and sustainability of social welfare systems in Indonesia. Local philanthropy has flourished through religious teachings, cultural values, and community-oriented charitable acts since before colonialism. It has become an essential component of the social framework for addressing poverty, natural disasters, and social injustice. This study examines the evolution of traditional local philanthropic organizations, including zakat, infaq, waqf, gotong royong, and village barns, into a structured and formal framework. The study shows that, in addition to strengthening the national welfare system, local philanthropy pursues strategic goals aimed at increasing social capital and fostering citizen unity. This research shows that the revitalization of local philanthropic principles can significantly replace the establishment of an inclusive, dynamic, and sustainable social welfare system in Indonesia.