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Language errors in public spaces are still frequently found in various media, such as signboards, banners, billboards, and posters. This phenomenon not only indicates a deviation from standard Indonesian language rules but also has the potential to influence how people understand and use language. This study aims to describe the forms of language errors in public spaces, analyze them from a critical linguistic perspective, and identify their implications for public literacy. The method used is descriptive qualitative research with a critical linguistic analysis approach. Data in the form of examples of language use in public spaces are analyzed based on aspects of spelling, diction, and sentence structure, then interpreted in relation to the social practices and ideologies that underlie them. The results of the study indicate that the dominant language errors include spelling errors, inappropriate word choice, and the use of ineffective sentence structures. From a critical linguistic perspective, these errors are not only caused by a lack of mastery of language rules but are also influenced by social habits, the reproduction of deviant language practices, and the tendency to use foreign languages ​​to construct a certain image. These findings indicate that repeated exposure to language that does not conform to rules can affect the quality of public literacy. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen critical literacy and increase language awareness so that society is able to use and evaluate language more appropriately and responsibly.

The aim of this study is to describe the ineffectiveness of sentences in reports on celebrity infidelity in the DetikHot section of the Detik.com online media. The study uses a qualitative approach with a descriptive method because it focuses on analysing linguistic phenomena in news texts. The data source for the study was the sentences in the news articles about celebrity infidelity, which were selected using the purposive sampling technique. Data were collected using the documentation method by reading, noting and classifying data based on the criteria for effective sentences. Data analysis was conducted through the stages of data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. The results of the study show that there is still a lot of ineffective language use in DetikHot reports, such as wordiness in the phrase 'Masalah yang menyeret nama selebgram Azizah Salsha masih terus bergulir', unclear sentence structure in the phrase 'demi pengakuan suami selingkuh', and the use of non-standard words in the phrase 'bikin heboh'. It was also found that there was the use of illogical sentences and the incorrect choice of words, which caused the information to become ambiguous and less effective. The most common errors were wordiness and unclear sentence structure. This study shows that the quality of journalistic language in online media still needs to be improved to ensure that the information conveyed is clearer, more concise, logical, and easier for readers to understand.  

Document-level sentiment analysis assigns a single polarity label to an entire review, often obscuring opinion diversity within multi-sentence submissions. This limitation is particularly evident in reviews of multi-service platforms, where users frequently express heterogeneous opinions toward different aspects of the platform in the same review. To address this challenge, this study proposes a sentence-level sentiment analysis framework for Indonesian Gojek app reviews collected from the Google Play Store. The proposed framework introduces a two-stage segmentation strategy that combines punctuation-aware rules with conjunction-aware splitting based on coordinating and adversative conjunctions (e.g., tapi [but], padahal [even though]) to identify opinion boundaries and decompose mixed-sentiment reviews into independently classifiable sentence units. A total of 14,730 raw reviews collected between May and July 2025 were subjected to data cleaning and quality filtering, resulting in 7,187 valid reviews that were further segmented into 14,187 sentence-level instances. Each instance was manually annotated by three annotators using a four-class labeling scheme consisting of app-positive, app-negative, app-neutral, and service categories. Sentiment-level inter-annotator agreement, computed on the subset of instances unanimously categorized as app-related by all three annotators (n = 4,384), achieved substantial agreement (Fleiss'  = 0.636). Hyperparameter optimization was conducted using Optuna with the Tree-structured Parzen Estimator (TPE) sampler across four experimental scenarios. The best performance was achieved by IndoBERTweet under Stratified K-Fold evaluation, attaining an accuracy of 0.751 and a macro F1-score of 0.729, outperforming all IndoBERT configurations. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of domain-adaptive pre-training on informal Indonesian text and highlight the value of conjunction-aware segmentation for preserving fine-grained opinion structures in mixed-sentiment reviews. These findings suggest that domain-aligned language representations provide a practical and effective solution for sentence-level sentiment analysis of Indonesian app reviews.

This study aims to map the trajectory of syntactic acquisition in three-year-old children through syntactic patterns and communicative functions in naturalistic interaction. Using a mixed-methods approach, data from native Indonesian-speaking children were collected over a period of 1.5 months through the involve-conversation technique. Analysis of 80 utterances using frequency distribution, Mean Length of Utterance (MLU), and functional grammar revealed a dominant Subject–Verb–Object (S–V–O) structure (30%) and an MLU of 5.82 morphemes. These findings indicate a developmental transition from telegraphic speech to early multi-clause constructions, reflecting increasing linguistic complexity. Cognitive compensation is marked by the use of pragmatic particles and non-canonical sentence patterns driven by ideational, interpersonal, and textual functions. The results support the usage-based hypothesis, suggesting that early syntactic development is functional, sequential, and non-linear in nature. Furthermore, the study highlights the role of interactional experience in shaping emerging grammatical competence. This classification serves as a micro-longitudinal assessment tool and provides a pedagogical basis for scaffolding interventions aimed at stabilizing complex linguistic patterns and enhancing language development in early childhood education settings.

The ability to describe graphs accurately in English is an essential academic skill for EFL learners, particularly in higher education contexts where students are required to interpret and communicate visual data. However, many learners still experience difficulties in producing grammatically accurate graph descriptions. This study aims to investigate the level of grammatical accuracy demonstrated by EFL learners in graph description tasks and identify the grammatical aspects that require further improvement. Employing a descriptive qualitative approach, the research analyzed 30 samples of students’ written graph descriptions produced by undergraduate learners. The analysis focused on several grammatical aspects, including subject–verb agreement, tense consistency, article usage, sentence structure, prepositions, and punctuation. The findings reveal that students frequently struggle with subject–verb agreement and article usage, while punctuation errors occurred less frequently. The study highlights that grammatical accuracy remains an important challenge for EFL learners in academic writing tasks involving data interpretation. Therefore, it is recommended that grammar instruction be integrated more intensively into graph description activities in English classes. The findings are expected to contribute to the development of more effective teaching strategies in academic writing instruction for EFL learners.

This study was motivated by the fact that students still experience difficulties in understanding Nahwu and Shorof despite studying both sciences in Islamic boarding schools. The purpose of this research was to examine the perspectives of Arabic language, Nahwu, and Shorof teachers regarding the importance of Nahwu and Shorof in Arabic language learning, their understanding of the concepts and applications, and the effectiveness of learning implementation at Madrasah Aliyah Al-Hidayah East Tanjung Jabung. This research employed a descriptive qualitative approach using interviews, observations, and documentation as data collection techniques. Data analysis was conducted through data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing, while data validity was ensured through source and technique triangulation. The findings revealed that teachers considered Nahwu and Shorof as the fundamental basis of Arabic language learning because these sciences regulate sentence structures, word transformations, and meanings in Arabic texts. Teachers believed that mastery of Nahwu and Shorof is essential for understanding the Qur’an, hadith, and classical Islamic books. The learning process was considered fairly effective since many students already had prior knowledge from pesantren education and showed progress during the learning process. However, the effectiveness of learning still faced several obstacles, including low student motivation, differences in students’ basic abilities, limited learning time, and the complexity of the material. This study concludes that improving the quality of Nahwu and Shorof learning requires more varied teaching methods, continuous motivation, regular material reinforcement, and stronger institutional support.

This study examines the cultural meanings contained in student protest slogans during the October 2025 demonstrations using an anthropolinguistic approach. Language in protest slogans functions not only as a communication tool but also as a cultural representation reflecting social values, ideology, collective identity, and social practices. The purpose of this study is to reveal the cultural meanings embedded in student protest slogans and explain how these meanings are constructed through linguistic choices. This research employs a descriptive qualitative method with observation, note-taking, documentation, and brief interviews with participants as data collection techniques. The data were analyzed using distributional methods by identifying linguistic elements such as metaphors, irony, lexical choices, and sentence structures, then relating them to socio-cultural contexts. The findings show that protest slogans represent values of social solidarity, nationalism, social justice, transparency, criticism of power, gender equality, and resistance to state repression. In addition, slogans construct collective identities between citizens, government, and authorities, while carrying strong socio-political ideologies. These findings confirm that protest slogans are complex cultural practices and reflect students’ collective awareness in responding to social dynamics.

This study aims to identify and explain language errors in a scientific journal article entitled "Analysis of Language Errors in Expository Texts on the Digital Platform 'Ruangguru', August 2024 Edition as a Reading Resource for High School Students," published in the Semantik Journal, Issue 3, Number 4. The method applied in this study is descriptive qualitative using a literature study approach. For data collection, observation and recording techniques were used, while data analysis was carried out using the content analysis method. The findings of this study revealed 27 language errors divided into five categories, including 12 spelling errors (typos) (44.4%), 5 word choice errors (18.5%), 4 punctuation errors (14.8%), as well as ineffective sentence structure errors and errors in the bibliography (3 each) (11.1%). The causes of these errors include minimal editing process, inadequate understanding of PUEBI (Indonesian Standards for Ethics and Education), and inaccuracies from the author. This study shows that articles analyzing language errors still contain errors, so there is a need for improvements in the quality of editing by the author and the journal's editorial team.

This study examines clause structures and syntactic relations in argumentative articles published on the 2025 edition of the Badan Bahasa website. As a communication tool, language plays a crucial role in conveying ideas and shaping logical reasoning, particularly in argumentative texts that require a high degree of cohesion and coherence. The research aims to describe the patterns of clause structure and interclausal syntactic relations used in these articles to understand how linguistic constructions influence argumentative strength. Employing a qualitative descriptive approach with the distributional method, the study relies on internal linguistic elements as analytical instruments. The findings show that the articles generally employ single clauses with S–P–Pelengkap patterns as well as complex clauses expressing causation, alongside syntactic relations that include coordination and subordination, including causal, contrastive, purposive, and additive relations. These patterns indicate consistent application of Indonesian syntactic rules, although some repetitive tendencies appear in the use of active clauses and multi-layered complex sentence structures. The study highlights the importance of mastering clause structure in constructing logical, persuasive argumentative texts, and the findings are expected to serve as a reference for writers and language institutions to improve academic writing quality and enrich linguistic studies in digital contexts.

This study aims to analyze news texts on the online news portal IDN Times. In addition, the study aims to identify various syntactic errors in the news texts on the portal, including non-standard sentence structures, the use of loanwords, ambiguous sentences, inappropriate diction, and low word efficiency, thereby providing an overview of the language quality and presentation of information in the online media. This research employs a qualitative descriptive approach, with a syntactic framework as the theoretical foundation. The researcher obtained data by reading several relevant references and recording information that could be used as data. Therefore, the reading and note-taking technique was used in this study. The data in this study consisted of news texts from the online news portal IDN Times, edition 2025. The data analysis method employed is the distributional method. The researcher analyzed the texts by identifying sentences that did not conform to syntactic rules and assessed the suitability of the texts as proper and accurate news texts. The results revealed various syntactic errors, including errors in sentence structure, diction, punctuation, sentence effectiveness, loanword usage, and conjunction usage. How ever, the findings indicate that although some syntactic errors were found, the news texts on the portal generally have a relatively good and coherent structure. Therefore, the texts can provide valuable insights into language use in the context of online media and serve as sources of information for studying language quality and effective communication in digital news writing.

Inconsistent terminology across cybersecurity frameworks undermines global governance and interoperability. The National Institute of Standards and Technology Cybersecurity Framework (NIST CSF 2.0) and ISO/IEC 27001:2022 share similar objectives but diverge semantically in defining risk, control, and resilience. This semantic gap causes difficulties in compliance mapping and automated policy translation. Research Objectives: This study aims to analyze the semantic similarity and divergence between NIST and ISO/IEC 27000 terminologies, identify conceptual structures influencing interoperability, and propose an AI-assisted foundation for harmonizing cybersecurity language globally. Methodology: A mixed-method semantic comparative design integrates Natural Language Processing (NLP) and ontology mapping. Using the nist_glossary.csv dataset and ISO vocabularies, terms were normalized and analyzed via cosine similarity using sentence-transformer embeddings. Ontological alignment was visualized through the Semantic Threat Graph (STG) and validated by certified experts using Cohen’s Kappa reliability tests. Results: From 672 term pairs, results show 40.9% high semantic equivalence, 38.8% partial overlap, and 20.3% semantic divergence. Strongest alignment appears in “Protect” and “Identify” domains, while divergences occur in governance and recovery-related terms. Ontology mapping revealed three conceptual clusters—Risk Governance, Technical Safeguards, and Organizational Readiness. Conclusions: Findings confirm a 79.7% total semantic alignment, indicating strong potential for harmonizing global cybersecurity standards. The study contributes an empirical model combining computational linguistics and AI-based ontology mapping to establish semantic interoperability, enabling unified cybersecurity governance and AI-driven compliance automation. Keywords: Semantic Interoperability; Ontology Mapping; Cybersecurity Frameworks; Terminology Alignment; AI Harmonization

This research aims to analyze the structure and identify various forms of linguistic errors found in students’ research reports. A qualitative approach with a descriptive method was employed, using documentation studies on three different students’ research reports as the primary data. The findings indicate discrepancies in the text structure, such as unsystematic composition of the introduction, methodology, results, discussion, and conclusion sections. Furthermore, various linguistic errors were identified, including spelling, punctuation, diction, ineffective sentence construction, and inconsistencies in citations and references. Other identified issues include content duplication, technical errors in word processing features, and lack of relevance in the theoretical review. The implications of this research emphasize the necessity of improving the quality of research report writing through strengthened academic writing curricula, structured mentoring, the use of reference management technology, and a disciplined scientific literacy culture. This study is expected to serve as an evaluation tool for students, lecturers, and study programs to enhance the standards of scientific writing in higher education.

The development of Arabic learning materials requires a strong theoretical foundation so that the materials can help students understand the language effectively. This article aims to explain the role of linguistics, psycholinguistics, and sociolinguistics as the theoretical basis in the preparation of Arabic learning materials. The method used in this article is a literature study by reviewing various sources related to the development of language learning materials. The results of the study show that linguistics provides an understanding of the structure of the Arabic language, including sounds, word formation, sentence structure, and meaning. Psycholinguistics helps explain the process of language learning experienced by students so that learning materials can be designed according to their abilities and stages of development. Sociolinguistics explains the relationship between language and society so that learning materials can be adapted to the social and cultural context of language use. By integrating these three perspectives, Arabic learning materials can be developed in a more systematic, understandable, and relevant way to meet the needs of students.

This study aims to describe the shift in language variety within the student social media ecosystem and analyze its relevance to strengthening the use of formal Indonesian in higher education. The development of digital communication technology has created new interaction patterns that influence students' lexical choices, syntactic structures, and discourse construction. This study employed a qualitative descriptive method with a sociolinguistic approach. Data were obtained through documentation of students' social media posts over three months, in-depth interviews, and analysis of academic essay texts. The analysis was conducted through data reduction, categorization, interpretation, and verification using source and method triangulation techniques to ensure data validity. The results indicate four dominant forms of language shift: code-mixing, the use of digital abbreviations, non-standard vocabulary, and simplification of sentence structure. These shifts are partially carried over into academic writing and affect grammatical accuracy, sentence effectiveness, and text coherence. However, digital language practices also demonstrate students' linguistic creativity and social identity construction. This study emphasizes the importance of integrating digital literacy and language awareness-based learning into the higher education curriculum to maintain formal Indonesian standards without ignoring sociolinguistic dynamics in the digital space.

Language and news have a close relationship because language is a medium to convey news. In news, the use of noun phrases is important to pay attention to, so that there is no misunderstanding. Therefore, this study aims to analyse the use of object phrases in news texts, focusing on their elements, types, and functions. In this research, two approaches are used, namely qualitative descriptive and syntax. The results show that in the news text, there are various variations of noun phrases. This diversity is seen in the different patterns of phrase formation, which differ in structure and constituent elements. The type of noun phrase that is often found is the subordinate noun phrase. The results showed that noun phrases can occupy syntactic functions as long as their use does not exceed the limits of sentence structure. In Indonesian syntax, noun phrases can function as subjects, objects, or descriptions. Therefore, noun phrases play an important role in the formation of a sentence.

This research is motivated by the importance of phrase analysis in syntactic studies for understanding the structure and relationships among components within Indonesian sentences. As grammatical units, phrases play a strategic role in shaping meaning, so they should be examined in terms of their constituent elements and their functions in the text. This study aims to analyze the use of adjectival phrases and prepositional phrases found in news texts. The method used is a qualitative descriptive method with observing and note-taking techniques, supported by a syntactic theoretical approach. The findings show that there are twenty-five adjectival phrases and sixty-eight prepositional phrases identified in five news texts published on Tempo.com in August 2025. “lebih cepat” is one example of an adjectival phrase found in the texts, while “ke arah pendemo” is an example of a prepositional phrase. These findings indicate that Indonesian phrases have systematic formation patterns and complementary syntactic functions. This research serves as a useful reference for the development of syntactic studies, linguistic learning, and the analysis of phrase usage in various language contexts.

This study aims to analyze and identify various types of phrases found in educational opinion texts published on the Pundi.or.id website, 2025 edition. The research is based on the importance of syntactic understanding, particularly the use of phrases, in constructing effective and meaningful sentence structures in opinion texts. A qualitative descriptive method was applied using the observation and note-taking technique. The data were collected by examining, recording, and classifying different types of phrases, including nominal, verbal, adjectival, numerical, and adverbial phrases. The findings reveal that each type of phrase functions differently in shaping sentence meaning and enhancing the clarity of the writer’s arguments. Nominal and verbal phrases were found to dominate the texts, indicating their significant role in presenting ideas and logical reasoning. This research contributes to the development of syntactic studies and provides practical benefits for teachers and students in learning Indonesian, especially in mastering sentence structure and improving opinion writing skills. Furthermore, the study serves as a reference for future linguistic research within the context of digital media and education.

This study aims to describe the internal structure and syntactic functions of noun phrases in online news articles about demonstration actions published by Detik.com in August 2025. This research employs a qualitative descriptive approach, with observation and note-taking. Data were obtained from five news articles discussing demonstrations, then analyzed to identify the core elements (head) and modifiers, and to determine the syntactic functions of the phrases within sentences. The analysis results show that the most frequently encountered noun phrase pattern is Noun + Noun (N + N), with modifiers on the right that provide explanations of identity, location, or ownership. The most common syntactic function found is as the subject, followed by the object and adverbial of place. These findings confirm that noun phrases play an important role in explaining information and sentence structure in online news texts. Additionally, the use of noun phrases also reflects the media's language strategy in constructing social and political realities through concise, efficient, and information rich language.

This research is driven by the urgency of maintaining the quality of the Indonesian language in the realm of online journalism, particularly on major media platforms such as CNN Indonesia. Online media plays a central role as the primary source of information, but the speed of publication often encounters linguistic errors that have the potential to damage credibility and lead to misinterpretation among readers. The focus of the study on syntactic errors is crucial because errors in sentence structure, diction, and conjunctions directly affect the meaning and effectiveness of communication. This study aims to analyze and describe the forms of syntactic errors (including sentence pattern errors, non-standard diction, and conjunction redundancy) and offer recommendations for improvement based on standard Indonesian language rules. The method used is a qualitative descriptive approach with a syntactic approach. Data in the form of linguistic units at the phrase, clause, and sentence levels from all CNN Indonesia news texts for the period of August 2025, collected using the Listen and Note Technique. The findings are anticipated to show a dominance of sentence ineffectiveness, incorrect use of conjunctions, and temporally illogical diction errors. This research is expected to contribute as a practical guide for editors and news writers to improve the quality of editing, while also supporting literacy efforts and the use of good and correct Indonesian in the digital public space.

The rapid development of information technology has pushed the dissemination of news through online media, demanding a language that is fast, concise, and informative to ensure accurate news delivery. This necessity positions the syntactic structure, particularly the phrase, as a critical element in determining the quality and communication effectiveness of digital news. This study has a dual objective: to comprehensively identify and analyze the types of phrases found in five online news articles published by CNBC Indonesia in August 2025, and to elucidate the grammatical function of each phrase  within the context of news sentences. The method employed is a descriptive qualitative method, involving a systematic process of reading, noting, and accurately analyzing the textual data repeatedly. The results indicate a diversity  of phrase types, with a significant dominance of  noun and verb phrases. The findings also include adjectival, prepositional, adverbial, numerical, exocentric, and endocentric phrases, which collectively enrich the linguistic structure, enhance information richness, and greatly facilitate reader comprehension of the news content. These findings not only highlight the specific patterns of phrase usage in digital news writing but also provide deep insights into their structural and grammatical roles. This study is expected to serve as a valuable reference for linguistic research and language learning, as well as offering practical guidance for online media practitioners to continuously improve the clarity, effectiveness, and quality of news writing in the digital realm.