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This study aims to analyze the inner conflict experienced by the female protagonist, Alina Suhita, in the novel Hati Suhita by Khilma Anis using Karen Horney’s psychological perspective. The study is motivated by the complexity of the psychological struggles faced by the main character in dealing with marital pressures, family expectations, and socio-cultural demands within a pesantren environment. This research employed a descriptive qualitative approach using content analysis. The data source was the novel Hati Suhita by Khilma Anis, while the research data consisted of textual excerpts depicting the protagonist’s inner conflicts. Data were collected through reading and note-taking techniques and subsequently analyzed based on Karen Horney’s theory of neurotic tendencies. The findings reveal that Suhita’s inner conflict is influenced by marital pressures, family demands, social expectations, as well as cultural and religious values that shape her personality. These conflicts are manifested through three neurotic tendencies: moving toward people, moving against people, and moving away from people. The tendency of moving toward people is reflected in her obedience, self-sacrifice, and need for acceptance. The tendency of moving against people appears in her efforts to maintain self-respect, assertiveness, and courage in confronting pressure. Meanwhile, the tendency of moving away from people is shown through emotional withdrawal, solitude, and the pursuit of inner peace. The findings indicate that the protagonist’s inner conflict is dynamic and functions as a form of psychological adjustment to basic anxiety and socio-cultural pressures throughout the narrative.

This study aims to analyze the religious and spiritual symbols represented in the film Titip Surat untuk Tuhan through Roland Barthes’ semiotic approach, focusing on the three levels of meaning: denotation, connotation, and myth. The research employs a qualitative descriptive method using semiotic analysis based on document studies of selected scenes, dialogues, and visual elements portraying religious values, prayer, sacrifice, patience, hope, gratitude, and trust in God. The findings reveal that symbols such as the mosque, mukena, sarong, prayer mat, the Qur’an, prayer activities, the post office as a medium for sending letters to God, and the calligraphy of “Allah” and “Prophet Muhammad” on the walls function not only as literal signs but also convey profound religious and spiritual connotations. These symbols further develop into myths that reinforce religious norms and cultural beliefs accepted as natural within society. The film successfully constructs a subtle yet powerful representation of faith by portraying a Muslim family that upholds devotion, moral values, patience, compassion, and an enduring relationship with God. Overall, the film demonstrates how religious symbols effectively communicate spiritual messages while strengthening viewers’ understanding of Islamic values through visual and narrative storytelling.

This article aims to explain the theological meaning and implications of the word "worship" (προσκυνέω/proskuneō) in Matthew 2:2 in the context of the birth of Jesus Christ, and its relevance to the worship practices of the church today. This study uses a qualitative method with a contextual-historical analysis approach to the biblical text, supported by a review of theological literature related to worship in the Christian tradition. The results of the study indicate that proskuneō does not only refer to an act of reverence, but also contains the meaning of acknowledgment of divine authority, an attitude of humility, and a deep spiritual commitment. In the context of Matthew 2:2, the actions of the Magi represent theological, relational, and transformative worship. These findings confirm that true worship involves acknowledging God's sovereignty, a readiness for sacrifice, and an openness to renewal of life. The practical implication for the church today is the need to enrich the understanding and practice of worship that goes beyond the liturgy, but is manifested in personal intimacy with God, acts of social benevolence, and service that reflects a God-fearing life. This article contributes to a biblical understanding of worship and its application in the context of the believer's spiritual life.

This article analyzes the recurring flash floods in North Konawe Regency which occurred in 2000, 2013, 2016, 2018, 2019, 2020, and 2021 as ecological disasters causally linked to three decades of natural resource exploitation through logging, oil palm plantations, and open-pit nickel mining. Using the dual framework of political ecology and environmental justice, this article argues that these disasters are not neutral natural events, but rather the product of a structured system of injustice: the indigenous Culambacu People and Tolaki People communities who were excluded from decision-making processes regarding extractive permits have borne the greatest burden of the destructive impacts of such exploitation. The most dramatic event was the 2019 flood that devastated Tapuwatu Village, causing losses amounting to Rp 674.8 billion and displacing 9,908 people. The findings demonstrate that the dominant government narrative framing the floods as “natural disasters caused by high rainfall” constitutes a strategic denial that obscures structural responsibility. Empirical data including rates of deforestation, exceeded river carrying capacity, and the chronology of concession expansion correlated with disaster escalation support the ecological disaster thesis. Persistent poverty amid abundant natural resource wealth confirms the condition of a “sacrifice zone,” characterized simultaneously by distributive, recognitional, and procedural injustices.

Regulatory overlap between the Electronic Information and Transactions Law, the Pornography Law, and the Sexual Violence Crimes Law in the handling of online gender-based violence (KBGO) in Indonesia creates a conflict of norms that results in double victimization. This normative legal study aims to identify the concrete forms of victim sacrifice resulting from overlapping regulations and to critique the inability of conflict-resolution mechanisms to address these conflicts through the principle of lex specialis systematica from a substantive justice perspective. The findings reveal four forms of victim sacrifice: victim criminalization, the length of the judicial process, inconsistencies in court rulings, and the failure to fulfill the right to restitution and the right to be forgotten. This study also concludes that the lex specialis systematis principle is inadequate because its dogmatic approach disregards the interests of victims, requires time and expertise that ordinary victims lack, and is not consistently applied in courts. This study recommends a paradigm shift from a dogmatic approach to a victim-centered approach.

The concept of mahabbah (divine love) is one of the pinnacles of achievement in the Sufism tradition that marks the existential closeness between man and God. In the context of prophetic literature, this concept is not only present as an individual spiritual experience, but also undergoes a transformation into a communicative aesthetic and ethical discourse. This study aims to examine the transformation of the concept of mahabbah in Kuntowijoyo's poems by placing them in a prophetic literary framework that emphasizes the dimensions of transcendence, humanization, and liberation. The method used is literary hermeneutics with an interpretive approach to uncover the layers of symbolic meaning in the text. The data is in the form of selected poems that represent the themes of spirituality, Divine love, and human relationship with God. The results of the study show that the concept of mahabbah in Kuntowijoyo's poems undergoes a transformation from the concept of classical Sufism which is esoteric in nature to a more contextual and communicative symbolic expression. This transformation is seen through the use of symbols of love, longing, sincerity, and sacrifice that represent not only man's vertical relationship with God, but also a horizontal relationship with fellow humans. Thus, mahabbah in prophetic literature does not stop at the mystical dimension, but moves towards social praxisis oriented towards human values. This research confirms that poetry functions as a dialectical medium between spiritual experience and social reality, as well as a means of transforming transcendental values into concrete life.

This research is motivated by the urgency of integrating humanistic values into literature learning for character building among students, as well as the lack of scientific studies that thoroughly examine the novel ‘3726 MDPL’ by Nurwina Sari. The purpose of this research is to identify and analyze the humanistic values contained in the novel and to describe its relevance as teaching material in high schools. The study employs a qualitative descriptive method with a case study design, where data is collected thru content analysis and documentation techniques, and then analyzed using the interactive model of Miles, Huberman, and Saldana. The research results show that there are six forms of humanistic values in the novel, namely respecting others opinions, cooperation, caring for others, helping each other, solidarity, and self-sacrifice. These values have significant pedagogical relevance as teaching materials in high school literature because the align the Indonesian Language Learning Outcomes Phase F and the Pancasila Student Profile, particularly in the dimensions of mutual cooperation and global diversity, thus making them an effective medium for fostering empathy and social sensitivity among students.

This article examines umpasa as the determinant of the validity of the Mangalahat Horbo ritual and as a vehicle for transmitting the cultural values of the Batak Toba people from an anthropolinguistic perspective. Mangalahat Horbo is a buffalo sacrifice ritual that functions simultaneously as a cosmological, political, and linguistic event. This study employs a descriptive qualitative approach using three theoretical frameworks: Dell Hymes' (1974) SPEAKING model to analyze the ritual as a speech event, Roland Barthes' (1968) semiotics to dissect the denotative and connotative meanings of umpasa, and Kluckhohn's (1953) theory of cultural values and Sibarani's (2014) local wisdom theory to identify embedded cultural values. The findings reveal that umpasa operates on three simultaneous layers of meaning: pragmatic-performative, social-hierarchical, and cosmological-ecological. Umpasa is not merely an aesthetic ornament but a constitutive element of the ritual that shapes the social and cosmological reality of the Bius community. Eight cultural values are identified: communicative courtesy, adat knowledge transmission, self-restraint, collective responsibility, cultural preservation, cosmological reciprocity, distributive justice, and ecological harmony. This study affirms the urgency of anthropolinguistic documentation of Mangalahat Horbo before the Parhata masters of umpasa diminish further.

The study of Islamic manuscripts contributes to understanding the development of thought, values, and social practices in Muslim communities, especially when texts are viewed as cultural artifacts. This research examines the Eid al-Adha sermon manuscript from the private collection of Mgs. Muhammad Jufri using a philological approach combined with value and da'wah analysis. The method is qualitative, applying philological stages such as inventory, description, transliteration, and textual criticism to produce a reliable text edition close to the original form. The analysis is strengthened by hermeneutics and da'wah studies to interpret meanings, values, and messages contextually. The findings show that the manuscript has a structured sermon format consisting of opening, main content, and closing, with strong rhetorical and religious functions. The text contains core values such as tawhid, obedience, sacrifice, social solidarity, and morality, as well as da'wah messages emphasizing piety, qurban practice, ukhuwah, and social awareness. Although limited by the absence of data regarding authorship and transcription time, the manuscript remains relevant as a source of Islamic values. This study shows that combining philology with interpretive approaches can enrich textual meaning and support Islamic studies development in contemporary society and strengthening cultural understanding among modern Muslim communities today worldwide context.

This study analyzes the construction and contestation of the “green development” narrative within Indonesia’s nickel downstreaming policy, particularly in the Sulawesi region. Using a Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) approach, the study examines how the state and corporations form a discursive coalition that dominates the policy space, as well as how counter-narratives from civil society critique the social and ecological impacts of mining expansion. The findings show that the dominant narrative emphasizes energy transition and economic growth, while overlooking agrarian conflicts, pollution, and the marginalization of local communities. A crosstab analysis of five types of policy documents indicates that public involvement remains very limited, with the majority of policy formulation processes taking place without substantive participation. This condition reveals an imbalance in the deliberative structure and the exclusion of meaning within the policy process. The study concludes that the green development narrative in nickel policy has functioned as a political-economic instrument of legitimation that sacrifices ecological justice. Institutional reform is therefore required to ensure spaces for public participation and recognition of local community narratives as part of a just and sustainable energy transition.

William Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet portrays deep reflections on human nature and moral values, emphasizing the importance of dignity, freedom, and emotional connection in human life. The tragedy explores the conflict between personal feelings and social constraints, revealing how human ideals often clash with rigid traditions and authority. Through the struggles of Romeo and Juliet, Shakespeare presents the essence of humanity love, empathy, and the pursuit of understanding amid division and hostility. This study aims to analyze the values of humanism in William Shakespeare’s tragedy Romeo and Juliet. The research focuses on how humanist ideals such as dignity, freedom, solidarity, and communicative rationality are reflected through the characters’ dialogues, decisions, and relationships. Using a qualitative descriptive method, the analysis applies Hardiman’s theory of humanism, supported by references from academic books and journals. The findings reveal six categories of humanism values: appreciating opinions (20%), cooperation (17%), sacrifice (23%), caring for others (13%), helping (13%), and solidarity (14%). Among these, sacrifice appears as the most dominant value, especially reflected in the willingness of Romeo and Juliet to risk everything for love and moral ideals. These findings indicate that Romeo and Juliet embodies humanist values that emphasize empathy, moral responsibility, and the importance of understanding in overcoming social barriers. Although the story ends in tragedy, the play highlights that love, empathy, and dialogue are essential for building a humane society. Therefore, Romeo and Juliet is not only a timeless love story but also a literary work that reflects enduring humanist ideals relevant to modern life.

Tabuh Rah in Bali is part of a Hindu religious ceremony involving animal sacrifice to maintain harmony between nature and human life. In practice, it is often accompanied by tajen (cockfighting) involving monetary or valuable bets, potentially violating Article 303 of the Indonesian Criminal Code concerning gambling. This study examines the regulation of cockfighting as a criminal offense under Article 303 and the criminal liability of perpetrators of tajen within the context of the Tabuh Rah ceremony. The research employs a normative legal method using statutory and conceptual approaches. The findings indicate that cockfighting conducted as part of the Tabuh Rah ritual is permissible based on the Batur Agung Inscription (933 Saka) and the Batuan Inscription (944 Saka) without requiring official authorization. However, cockfighting conducted outside the ritual context and involving betting constitutes gambling in violation of the Criminal Code and Law No. 7 of 1974. Perpetrators may be held criminally liable for intentionally committing an unlawful act.

This study examines the construction of heroism in the character of Joshua Taylor in The Creator (2023) using Christopher Vogler’s Hero’s Journey framework. In modern cinema, heroism is no longer limited to physical strength or traditional bravery but is often defined through moral struggle, emotional conflict, and ethical decisions in complex situations. Joshua represents a modern hero whose journey unfolds amid a global conflict between humans and artificial intelligence (AI). This research applies a qualitative descriptive method with a structural mapping technique to analyze Joshua’s narrative progression across the stages of Vogler’s Hero’s Journey. The findings show that Joshua’s heroism is constructed through moral transformation, sacrifice, and his shift from a disillusioned soldier to a protector figure who prioritizes life and empathy over ideology. His journey highlights that modern heroism is rooted in ethical awareness and personal redemption rather than dominance or power, it reflects cinematic developments in depicting heroism that are more relevant to today's social and technological context.

This study aims to examine the lived experience of the Eucharist as an experience of love in the lives of Catholic families at St. Michael Buluq Sen Station, Good Shepherd Parish of Ritan Baru, Archdiocese of Samarinda, through the lens of Henri Nouwen’s spirituality. It employs a descriptive qualitative approach, with data gathered through observation, semi-structured interviews with eight active Catholic families, and a review of relevant literature. Data were analyzed through systematic stages of reduction, display, and conclusion drawing, supported by source and method triangulation. The findings show that the experience of the Eucharist is expressed in four interrelated dimensions of Nouwen’s spirituality: being chosen, blessed, broken, and shared. “Being chosen” appears in the family’s awareness of belonging to a community loved by God; “being blessed” is reflected in gratitude for life; “being broken” is revealed in the willingness to embrace suffering and sacrifice; and “being shared” is embodied in active participation in Church ministry and social engagement. This study affirms the Eucharist as a transformative source shaping family relationships and social life, enriching theology and supporting formation in rural families.

This study explores the reconstruction of the abolition of compensation payments to foster justice for convicts, specifically evaluating the intersection between Law No. 31 of 1999 and Law No. 20 of 2001. The research addresses the persistent legal dilemma where state loss recovery mechanisms often overlook the fundamental rights and socio-economic realities of prisoners. Under the current regime, the imposition of substitute imprisonment for unpaid financial obligations is perceived as a "layered punishment" that undermines human dignity and fails to reflect proportional justice. The analysis reveals that the retributive orientation established in Law No. 31 of 1999 results in a "lose-lose" outcome: the state remains uncompensated while the financial burden of correctional costs increases due to extended incarceration. By integrating the fiscal and state financial management principles found in Law No. 20 of 2001, this research proposes a shift toward more proportional and restorative asset recovery. The study concludes that the role of the Prosecutor must be reoriented toward accurate asset tracing and the implementation of humane payment schemes. Future legal reforms must ensure that the state's interest in fiscal restoration does not sacrifice the convict's basic rights, prioritizing distributive justice to create a more humane anti-corruption framework.

This study aims to analyze the influence of customer experience and perceived value on tourist satisfaction among users of the Sidoarjo City Tour Bus as a form of public tourism transportation service. The Sidoarjo City Tour Bus represents a regional government service innovation intended to support tourism development while improving urban tourism accessibility. This study employs a quantitative approach using a survey method involving tourists who used the Sidoarjo City Tour Bus. Data were collected through questionnaires distributed to 99 respondents and analyzed using multiple linear regression with the assistance of SPSS software. The results indicate that customer experience does not have a significant effect on tourist satisfaction, suggesting that the experiences perceived by users are still subjective and not consistently felt by all service users. In contrast, perceived value has a positive and significant effect on tourist satisfaction, making it the most dominant variable in influencing satisfaction among Sidoarjo City Tour Bus users. These findings indicate that tourist satisfaction is more strongly determined by perceptions of benefits, service quality, and the suitability between sacrifices made and benefits received rather than by emotional experience alone. Therefore, this study recommends that the management of the Sidoarjo City Tour Bus and the local government enhance service value through improvements in facilities, information systems and registration processes, as well as optimization of comfort and schedule certainty. These efforts are important to increase tourist satisfaction and to support sustainable tourism development in Sidoarjo Regency.

This study aims to analyze the effect of price and product quality on purchasing decisions of Gudang Garam Signature Kretek cigarettes in the premium machine-made kretek segment. The Indonesian tobacco industry continues to face sustained regulatory pressure through excise tax increases and intensifying brand competition, prompting consumers to reassess purchasing decisions using both rational evaluation and experiential judgment. A quantitative correlational approach was employed in this study. Primary data were collected through structured Likert-scale questionnaires distributed to 100 active consumers of Gudang Garam Signature Kretek selected using purposive sampling techniques. Data analysis was conducted through validity testing, reliability testing, and multiple linear regression analysis using SPSS software. The results indicate that price and product quality have a positive and significant influence on purchasing decisions, both partially and simultaneously. Product quality emerged as the most dominant factor, suggesting that premium cigarette consumers prioritize consistent quality, taste, aroma, and overall consumption experience as the primary basis for decision-making. Meanwhile, price remains an important rational reference for assessing the fairness between perceived benefits and financial sacrifice. Simultaneously, both variables explain 50 percent of the variation in purchasing decisions, while the remaining variance is influenced by other factors outside the research model. These findings highlight that purchasing decisions in the premium cigarette market are shaped by a value-based assessment, where sustained product quality and adaptive pricing strategies play a critical role in maintaining consumer loyalty amid regulatory pressure and evolving market dynamics

This study aims to examine pragmatic aspects, particularly speech acts and implicatures, in the lyrics of the song “Sedia Aku Sebelum Hujan” by Idgitaf. By applying a qualitative descriptive method through pragmatic content analysis techniques, this study examines locutionary, illocutionary, and perlocutionary speech acts based on Austin's theory, as well as conversational implicatures based on Grice's framework. The results show that the song lyrics are dominated by expressive and commissive illocutionary acts that serve to express sacrifice, vulnerability, and unconditional commitment. Locutionary acts play a role in constructing a literal narrative about protection and relationship inequality, while perlocutionary acts are aimed at evoking feelings of security and gratitude in the listener. Furthermore, the study of implicature reveals deeper implied meanings related to self-sacrifice, acceptance of inequality in relationships, and anticipatory commitment, which are often conveyed through the metaphors of “rain” and “war”. This study concludes that the power of lyrics lies not only in explicit romantic expressions, but also in the strategic use of language to perform actions and convey implicit values of devotion, reflecting the complex dynamics of human relationships, even when they are unbalanced. These findings emphasize the importance of pragmatic analysis in fully understanding the communicative and artistic impact of song lyrics.

Advances in in vitro fertilization (IVF) technology have expanded the scope of reproductive interventions, from simply addressing infertility to enabling genetic selection of embryos through preimplantation genetic testing (PGT). This advancement not only enables the detection and prevention of severe genetic diseases, but also opens up opportunities for the selection of non-medical traits such as intelligence potential, physical characteristics, or specific polygenic scores, giving rise to the phenomenon of “designer babies.” This development presents complex bioethical issues related to human dignity, social justice, biological safety, and the right of children to have an open future. This paper aims to analyze the ethical issues of selecting non-medical characteristics of embryos in modern IVF through a literature review using a biomedical ethics framework, including the principles of autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice. The findings show that the application of technology for non-medical purposes is still fraught with scientific risks, biological uncertainties, the potential for commercialization of humans, and the threat of socio-biological inequality. This analysis emphasizes the need to restrict the use of technology to clear medical indications, increase regulation and governance, and involve the public in policy formulation. Thus, advances in reproductive technology must be accompanied by strict ethical considerations so as not to sacrifice individual dignity and the value of justice in society.

This research aims to analyze religious and structural values in Dede Soepriatna's short story "Titah yang Berkuasa" through an integrated religious and structural approach. Employing a qualitative descriptive method with content and structural analysis techniques, this study reveals various spiritual values implicit within the narrative of this contemporary Indonesian literary work. The analysis results demonstrate fundamental religious values such as destiny (qada and qadar), tawakkal (submission to God's will), sacrifice, betrayal, and divine justice. The character Roro Oyi represents spiritual steadfastness and surrender to the Creator amidst life's trials, while King Amangkurat's character critiques the abuse of power that contradicts moral-religious principles. Structurally, the short story presents a complex plot with effectively developed central conflict, multidimensional characterization, and rich symbolism that deepens the spiritual meaning of the narrative. The research findings confirm that literature can function as an effective medium for moral and religious education without sacrificing narrative integrity. The integration of religious and structural approaches provides a holistic perspective in understanding how spiritual messages are conveyed through formal beauty, offering a literary appreciation model that harmoniously combines ethical and aesthetic dimensions.