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Primary dysmenorrhea frequently disrupts the academic and daily activities of adolescent girls. This study evaluated the effectiveness of a 5-minute warm compress application in reducing menstrual pain intensity. A quasi-experimental study with a one-group pretest-posttest design was conducted on 42 female students of SMAN 28 Batam selected through purposive sampling. Participants applied a warm compress (40–45 °C) to the lower abdomen for 5 minutes. Pain intensity was measured using the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) before and after the intervention. Data were analyzed using the Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test. Before the intervention, 42.9% of participants reported severe pain (NRS 7–10). After the 5-minute application, the severe pain category disappeared entirely (0%), with 57.1% of subjects shifting to the mild pain category (NRS 1–3). Statistical analysis showed a significant reduction in dysmenorrhea intensity (p < 0.001). A 5-minute warm compress application is a rapid and effective non-pharmacological intervention for relieving primary dysmenorrhea in adolescents. Its practicality makes this method a feasible self-care strategy to implement in school settings.

Fractures are one of the most common musculoskeletal disorders caused by trauma, repetitive stress, or pathological factors. Supracondylar femur fracture is a type of femur fracture occurring at the distal 12 cm of the femur, and Open Reduction and Internal Fixation (ORIF) is the primary surgical intervention. Post-operative ORIF patients commonly experience impaired physical mobility and impaired skin integrity. This study aimed to provide comprehensive nursing care to a patient post-ORIF for right supracondylar femur fracture in the Mawar 2 Ward of RSUD dr. Soeselo, Tegal Regency. A descriptive method with a nursing process approach was used, employing interview, observation, documentation study, and literature study. Nursing assessments conducted on February 8, 2026 revealed that the patient (Ny. S, female, 68 years) experienced pain at the surgical site with a scale of 7, inability to move both lower extremities (muscle strength score 2), and a post-operative wound approximately 10 cm in length with redness and edema. Two nursing diagnoses were established: impaired physical mobility related to neuromuscular disorders and impaired structural bone integrity, and impaired skin/tissue integrity related to invasive procedure effects. Nursing interventions included mobilization support, pain management, wound care, and collaborative administration of medical therapy. After two days of nursing implementation, both diagnoses were partially resolved. Discharge planning focused on gradual mobilization, independent wound care, and high-protein and high-calorie diet to accelerate recovery.

Background: Sectio caesarea can delay physical function recovery in postpartum mothers, affecting daily activities. Early mobilization is an intervention that may accelerate recovery. Purpose: To analyze the effectiveness of early mobilization in accelerating physical function recovery in post-sectio caesarea patients at RS Muhammadiyah Selogiri. Method: Quasi-experimental design with a non-equivalent control group pretest-posttest design. Thirty-four postpartum mothers were divided into intervention (n=17) and control (n=17) groups. The Barthel Index, Numeric Rating Scale (NRS), and observation sheets were used. Results: The intervention group showed faster recovery with significant improvements in Barthel Index scores, time to ambulate independently, and pain reduction (p<0.001). Conclusion: Early mobilization effectively accelerates physical function recovery in post-sectio caesarea patients.

Background: Sectio caesarea can delay physical function recovery in postpartum mothers, affecting daily activities. Early mobilization is an intervention that may accelerate recovery. Purpose: To analyze the effectiveness of early mobilization in accelerating physical function recovery in post-sectio caesarea patients at RS Muhammadiyah Selogiri. Method: Quasi-experimental design with a non-equivalent control group pretest-posttest design. Thirty-four postpartum mothers were divided into intervention (n=17) and control (n=17) groups. The Barthel Index, Numeric Rating Scale (NRS), and observation sheets were used. Results: The intervention group showed faster recovery with significant improvements in Barthel Index scores, time to ambulate independently, and pain reduction (p<0.001). Conclusion: Early mobilization effectively accelerates physical function recovery in post-sectio caesarea patients.

Fracture is a condition characterized by the disruption of bone continuity that often causes acute pain, especially in patients following Open Reduction and Internal Fixation (ORIF). Effective pain management is essential to support the recovery process and improve patient comfort during hospitalization. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of cold compress therapy (cryotherapy) in reducing pain intensity in post-ORIF patients. This study used a case study method on a patient diagnosed with a right humerus fracture at PKU Muhammadiyah Bantul Hospital. Data were collected through interviews, interventions, and documentation using the PQRST method. Cryotherapy was administered once daily for three consecutive days using an ice bag applied to the painful area. The results showed a gradual decrease in pain intensity from scale 7 to 6 on the first day, 5 on the second day, and 4 on the third day. The patient also reported increased comfort after the intervention. These findings indicate that cryotherapy is effective as a non-pharmacological intervention in reducing postoperative pain and improving patient comfort.

Blood sampling is a mildly invasive medical procedure aimed at detecting diseases, assessing organ function, and evaluating the patient's overall health. It often causes pain, which can affect patient comfort. Pain perception during this procedure is influenced by both physiological and psychological factors. Therefore, safe and easily implemented non-pharmacological interventions are essential to alleviate pain intensity, and one such intervention is deep breathing relaxation. This descriptive observational study employed a quantitative one-shot case study design with a posttest-only approach. Pain intensity was measured after the deep breathing relaxation intervention was given, without any pretest. The findings revealed that after the deep breathing relaxation intervention, most respondents experienced mild pain (84 people, 70.6%), moderate pain (32 people, 26.9%), and severe pain (2 people, 1.7%). The results indicate that deep breathing relaxation significantly reduces pain intensity during blood sampling and can be effectively used as a non-pharmacological intervention to enhance patient comfort during medical procedures.

Post section caesarea (SC) and method of operative female sterilization (MOW) are surgical procedures that may cause various problems, such as pain, limited mobility, decreased muscle strength, and risk of postoperative complications. Physiotherapy management through exercise therapy is an important intervention to accelerate the recovery process. Objective this study aimed to determine the effectiveness of exercise therapy in improving the functional condition of patients post SC and MOW in Annisa Ward 32 A at PKU Muhammadiyah Karanganyar Hospital. Method: used was a case report on a 33-year-old female patient following SC and MOW procedures. The physiotherapy interventions included deep breathing exercises, active range of motion exercises of the extremities, light abdominal muscle contractions, gradual early mobilization, as well as breast massage and oxytocin stimulation. The results showed a reduction in pain from a scale of 4–5 to 2–3 based on the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS), improvement in mobility such as independent position changes, and increased activity tolerance, including sitting and walking with minimal assistance. In addition, the patient showed increased confidence in performing daily functional activities. Conclusion: exercise therapy has a positive effect on improving mobility, reducing pain, and accelerating functional recovery in post SC and MOW patients. Therefore, exercise therapy is recommended as an essential component of postoperative physiotherapy management to improve patients' quality of life.

Introduction: Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS) is the most common neuropathy caused by compression and tension of the median nerve in the carpal tunnel of the wrist. The most common symptoms of CTS include pain and paresthesia (tingling) with or without numbness in the me dian nerve area of ​​the wrist. Method: The method used was a case study on a 72-year-old male patient diagnosed with bilateral CTS who experienced pain (NRS 7/10), tingling, numbness, and limitations in hand movement and functional activity. Physiotherapy interventions provided included Ultrasound therapy (US), Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS), nerve mobilization, and structured exercise therapy in the form of stretching and median nerve gliding. Evaluation was carried out using the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) for pain and the Boston Carpal Tunnel Questionnaire (BCTQ) for functional activity. Result: The results showed a significant reduction in pain, with motion pain decreasing from a scale of 7 to 3 and pressure pain from 5 to 1 after three therapy sessions. Furthermore, there was an increase in functional activity, as indicated by a decrease in BCTQ scores, namely the Symptom Severity Scale (SSS) from 4 to 2 and the Functional Status Scale (FSS) from 4 to 2. This indicates a gradual improvement from the moderate-severe category to approaching mild. Conclusion: A multimodal physiotherapy approach is effective in reducing pain, reducing paresthesias, and improving hand function in CTS patients. Combining various therapeutic modalities has been shown to be more optimal than single therapies because it can address various pathological aspects simultaneously. Therefore, comprehensive, evidence-based physiotherapy interventions are highly recommended in the conservative management of CTS.

Frozen  shoulder or adhesive capsulitis is a chronic condition that causes pain and limited movement in the shoulder joint. Intervention in the early phase (freezing stage) is crucial to prevent more severe functional disabilities, especially in the elderly population. This case study was conducted on a 60-year-old female patient with complaints of pain and stiffness in the right shoulder for one month. Clinical assessment was conducted using the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) for pain, Manual Muscle Testing (MMT) for muscle strength, goniometry for joint range of motion, and the Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI) for functional ability. The therapy program was administered in three intervention sessions. After undergoing three therapy sessions, there was a significant reduction in pain intensity, where movement pain decreased from a score of 7 to 5 and pressure pain from 5 to 2. Muscle strength improved from a value of 3 to 4 on the MMT scale. Additionally, the total SPADI score decreased from 66.1% to 50%, indicating an improvement in the patient's functional capacity in daily activities. The multimodal physiotherapy approach has proven effective in reducing pain, increasing muscle strength, and improving shoulder function in elderly patients with early-stage frozen  shoulder. The combination of electro-physical modalities and manual therapy provides more comprehensive clinical outcomes compared to single interventions.

Background: Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS) is a condition caused by compression of the median nerve at the wrist, resulting in pain, paresthesia, and decreased hand function. This condition is commonly experienced by individuals who perform repetitive wrist activities. Objective: To determine the effectiveness of a combination of neural mobilization exercises and electrotherapy modalities in improving hand function, increasing muscle strength, and reducing pain in a patient with Carpal Tunnel Syndrome. Methods: This study used a case report design involving a 57-year-old female patient (Mrs. Q) who presented with pain and sensory disturbances in the right hand. The intervention was administered for four weeks and consisted of ultrasound therapy, Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS), grip strengthening exercises, and nerve gliding exercises. Outcome measures included pain intensity assessed using the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS), muscle strength evaluated using Manual Muscle Testing (MMT), and functional ability measured using the Wrist Hand Disability Index (WHDI). Results: The evaluation showed a reduction in pain intensity, with resting pain at 0/10, tenderness at 4/10, and movement pain at 4/10. Muscle strength improved from grade 3 to grade 4 based on MMT. Functional ability also improved, as indicated by a 20% reduction in the WHDI score. The combination of these interventions proved effective as a conservative management approach for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome. Conclusion: The administration of ultrasound, TENS, grip strengthening exercises, and nerve gliding exercises over four therapy sessions in Mrs. Q resulted in decreased pain, increased muscle strength, and improved hand functional ability.

Background: Anxiety can affect physiological functions in patients prior to surgery, including increased heart rate and respiration, changes in blood pressure and temperature, relaxation of smooth muscles in the bladder, cold and clammy skin, and dry mouth, which may reduce the patient’s energy level. Psychologically, anxiety can lead to increased postoperative pain, delayed wound healing, increased physical disability, and decreased quality of life. One effective non-pharmacological intervention to reduce anxiety is Benson relaxation therapy. Objective: This study aimed to determine the effect of benson relaxation therapy on reducing anxiety levels in pre operative. Methods: This study used a case study design involving one preoperative patient with anxiety symptoms in the Teratai Ward of Prof. Dr. Margono Soekarjo Hospital, Purwokerto. Benson relaxation therapy was administered for 3 days, twice daily, with a duration of 15 minutes per session. Anxiety levels were measured using the Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (ZSAS) before and after the intervention. Results: The patient showed a decrease in anxiety score from 55 (moderate anxiety) to 40 (mild anxiety) after receiving Benson relaxation therapy. Subjectively, the patient reported feeling calmer, more accepting, and motivated. Objectively, there was a reduction in heart rate and physical signs of anxiety. Conclusion: Benson relaxation therapy is effective in reducing anxiety levels in preoperative patients. This intervention can be used as a non-pharmacological alternative to support psychological recovery of pre-operative patients.

Ankle sprain is one of the most common musculoskeletal injuries in sports activities and often results in pain, limited range of motion, muscle weakness, and decreased functional ability. Appropriate physiotherapy management is essential to accelerate recovery and restore ankle function. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of combining electrotherapy modalities and exercise therapy in the rehabilitation of bilateral grade II ankle sprain caused by sports injury. The research used a case study approach with physiotherapy interventions conducted through several treatment sessions. The interventions consisted of electrotherapy modalities combined with therapeutic exercises designed to reduce pain, improve joint mobility, and increase muscle strength and functional stability of the ankle. Clinical evaluation was carried out through observation of pain levels, range of motion, and functional ability during the therapy period. The findings indicated a gradual improvement in the patient’s condition, including decreased pain, increased ankle range of motion, improved muscle strength, and better functional performance during daily activities. These results suggest that the integration of electrotherapy and exercise therapy can provide a comprehensive rehabilitation approach for ankle sprain injuries. The combined intervention not only supports pain reduction but also enhances joint stability and functional recovery, enabling patients to return safely to their physical activities and reducing the risk of recurrent injury.

Hypertension is a non-communicable disease that can lead to cardiovascular complications and requires both pharmacological and non-pharmacological management. One of the non-pharmacological therapies that can be applied is warm water foot soaking and progressive muscle relaxation, which may help reduce blood pressure through peripheral vasodilation, stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system, and decreased sympathetic nervous system activity. This study aimed to analyze the implementation of nursing care through warm water foot soaking therapy and progressive muscle relaxation to reduce blood pressure in patients with hypertension. The method used was a case study with a pre-experimental design using a one group pre-test post-testapproach involving three hypertensive patients, with the intervention administered once daily for three days. The results showed a decrease in blood pressure in all patients. The average systolic reduction was 5.3 mmHg, 12.3 mmHg, and 5.6 mmHg, while the diastolic reduction was 1.6 mmHg, 2.6 mmHg, and 4 mmHg, respectively. In addition, all patients reported a reduction in pain scale. It can be concluded that warm water foot soaking therapy combined with progressive muscle relaxation is effective as a complementary nursing intervention to help reduce blood pressure in patients with hypertension.

Achilles tendon rupture is a common lower extremity injury that significantly affects functional mobility and gait performance. Post-operative patients frequently experience pain, edema, limited range of motion (ROM), muscle weakness, and impaired ambulation. Physiotherapy rehabilitation plays a crucial role in restoring tissue integrity and functional capacity. This case study aimed to analyze the effectiveness of combined electrotherapy modalities and therapeutic exercises in a post-operative left Achilles tendon rupture patient. The intervention included ultrasound therapy, Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS), infrared therapy, dry needling combined with Percutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (PENS), and progressive therapeutic exercises such as isometric training and calf raises. Clinical outcomes were evaluated through ROM measurement, Manual Muscle Testing (MMT), edema observation, and gait analysis across four therapy sessions. Results demonstrated gradual improvement in dorsiflexion and plantarflexion ROM, reduction of edema, increased gastrocnemius-soleus muscle strength, and restoration of independent ambulation without assistive devices. The multimodal physiotherapy approach appears to support tendon healing, enhance neuromuscular activation, and accelerate functional recovery during the subacute post-operative phase.

Labor pain begins in the first stage, which includes the latent phase (cervical dilation up to 3 cm) and the active phase (cervical dilation from 4 cm to 10 cm). The active phase sees an increase in the intensity and frequency of contractions, leading to peak pain. Research on 2,700 delivering mothers found that 15% experienced mild pain, 35% moderate pain, 30% severe pain, and 20% very severe pain. To reduce maternal mortality (AKI), minimizing labor pain is crucial. Labor pain can be controlled through pharmacological and non-pharmacological methods. Non-pharmacological methods include counter pressure, hypnobirthing, endorphin massage, effleurage massage, relaxation techniques, warm compresses, Mozart music, murottal therapy, acupressure, and aromatherapy. Distraction and pain management techniques are vital for healthcare providers to help reduce pain, especially during the first stage of labor. One effective method is deep breathing relaxation, where regulating the breathing pattern can reduce pain caused by cervical dilation. Slow deep breathing, a conscious relaxation technique, has several benefits, such as reducing stress and anxiety, improving focus, lowering blood pressure, enhancing sleep quality, and improving digestion. Objective: To determine the effect of slow deep breathing on labor pain reduction. Results: Wilcoxon statistical test showed a significance value of ρ = 0.023 (ρ<0.05), indicating a significant difference in labor pain levels before and after applying slow deep breathing. Conclusion: Slow deep breathing reduces labor pain levels.

A fracture occurs when bone continuity is disrupted due to external pressure or force that exceeds the bone's capacity. Fractures constitute a medical emergency requiring immediate treatment. A primary surgical intervention for this condition is the Open Reduction and Internal Fixation (ORIF) procedure, which aims to reposition broken bone fragments to their normal anatomy. This procedure is considered crucial for achieving proper bone union and minimizing the potential for postoperative complications. As a consequence of the surgical incision and tissue trauma, patients commonly experience postoperative pain. The management of this pain can broadly be categorized into two approaches: pharmacological and non-pharmacological. Among non-pharmacological methods, cold compress therapy has proven effective in alleviating pain in patients following ORIF surgery. The sensation of pain can be alleviated through the application of a cold pack by inhibiting sensory nerve conduction and suppressing local inflammation. Simultaneously, cryotherapy also reduces blood flow to the injury site, which in turn limits blood extravasation and the accumulation of edema fluid. A descriptive case study analysis of four patients with acute pain after lower extremity ORIF surgery. The effectiveness of the intervention was measured using the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS).: The application of cold compresses using cold packs for 3 days to 4 respondents before the cold compress was applied was on a pain scale of 6–7 (moderate to severe category), after the intervention the pain scale became 2–3 (mild category). The results indicate that cold compress therapy in patients with lower extremity post-ORIF fractures is effective in reducing pain levels. Therefore, cold compress therapy is recommended as a non-pharmacological therapy to reduce pain in patients with fractures after ORIF.

Background: Discomfort in third trimester pregnant women often arises due to physiological changes, with back pain being the most common complaint, occurring in 70% to 90% of cases. If left untreated, this pain can interfere with daily activities, cause insomnia, and even affect the childbirth process. Objective: This study aimed to determine the effect of back massage on reducing the intensity of back pain in third trimester pregnant women at Adow Community Health Center. Methods: The research design used a pre experimental approach with a one group pretest posttest design. The sample consisted of 40 third trimester pregnant women experiencing back pain at Adow Community Health Center. Data were analyzed using the paired t test statistical method. Results: Before receiving back massage, the majority of respondents (57.5%) experienced moderate scale pain. After the intervention, the majority of respondents (70%) reported a reduction in pain to a mild scale. The statistical test results showed a p value of 0.000 (p < 0.05) with an average pain reduction of 1.125. Conclusion: Back massage has a significant effect on reducing the intensity of back pain in third trimester pregnant women at Adow Community Health Center.

The postpartum period is a critical phase with a high risk of complications, particularly perineal wound infection, especially in mothers with premature rupture of membranes (PROM). PROM increases the risk of microbial invasion into the birth canal, making infection prevention essential. Vulva hygiene is a non-pharmacological intervention that can help reduce this risk. This study aimed to evaluate the application of vulva hygiene in reducing the risk of perineal wound infection in postpartum mothers with PROM. This study used a case study design involving four postpartum mothers with PROM treated in the Wijaya Kusuma Ward of RSUD Limpung Batang in 2025. Data were collected through comprehensive nursing assessments, observation of perineal wound conditions, and evaluation of infection risk signs before and after the intervention. The results showed that regular implementation of vulva hygiene led to a reduction in infection risk signs, decreased perineal pain, and improved genital hygiene in all patients. Nursing education and assistance played a crucial role in the success of this intervention. It can be concluded that vulva hygiene is an effective nursing intervention in preventing perineal wound infection in postpartum mothers with PROM.

Cupping therapy is a traditional therapeutic method that has long been recognized in Thibbun Nabawi and continues to be used as a complementary therapy in contemporary healthcare. Along with the development of scientific research, cupping therapy has increasingly been examined from a medical perspective, highlighting the need for an integrative review that combines medical evidence and Islamic perspectives. This study aims to examine cupping therapy from both medical and Islamic perspectives based on a literature review. This study employed a qualitative approach using a literature review design. Data were collected from national and international scientific articles published between 2019 and 2025 through indexed databases, including Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Garuda. The review was complemented by Islamic sources such as the Qur’an, Hadith, and scholarly works on Thibbun Nabawi. Data were analyzed using descriptive qualitative analysis by categorizing findings into medical benefits and religious foundations of cupping therapy. The literature review indicates that cupping therapy has potential medical benefits, including pain reduction, blood pressure control, and improvement of metabolic parameters such as blood glucose and cholesterol levels. From an Islamic perspective, cupping therapy is regarded as part of Thibbun Nabawi and is recommended as a form of human effort to maintain health, while ultimate healing is believed to come from Allah SWT. Cupping therapy demonstrates strong relevance from both medical and religious perspectives. Integrating cupping therapy with modern medical principles and Islamic values may provide a holistic health approach that supports promotive, preventive, and curative healthcare services within complementary medicine.

Background: Adolescence is a transitional phase marked by biological changes, one of which is menstruation. A common problem during menstruation is dysmenorrhea or lower abdominal pain, which can interfere with quality of life and daily activities. One non-pharmacological effort to address this is consuming dark chocolate, which contains magnesium and triggers the release of endorphins as a natural pain reliever. Methods: This study used a quantitative method with a pre-experimental design through a one-group pretest-posttest design. The research population and sample consisted of 30 adolescent girls experiencing menstrual pain, selected using total sampling technique. Data analysis used the Wilcoxon Test to examine the effect before and after the intervention. Results: Before consuming dark chocolate, the majority of respondents experienced moderate pain (76.7%) and severe pain (16.7%). After the intervention, a significant reduction in pain level occurred, with 90% of respondents falling into the mild pain category and no respondents experiencing severe pain. The mean pain level decreased from 2.07 to 1.20 with a p-value = 0.000. Conclusion: The administration of dark chocolate has a significant effect on reducing the level of dysmenorrhea pain in adolescents at Puskesmas Ibu.