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Land rights disputes arising from overlapping land certificates remain a complex agrarian law issue frequently encountered in Indonesia. This phenomenon reflects weaknesses in the land administration system, particularly in data collection, land measurement, and certificate issuance. Such disputes create conflicts, legal uncertainty, and reduced public trust in the land registration system. In practice, these disputes are generally resolved through civil litigation procedures in the District Court. This study aims to comprehensively analyze civil procedural law in resolving land rights disputes involving overlapping certificates and to examine the evidentiary strength of land certificates in judicial proceedings. This research employs a normative legal method using statutory and conceptual approaches, supported by primary and secondary legal materials. The findings indicate that dispute resolution begins with the filing of a lawsuit, followed by mediation, court examination, and the evidentiary process as the most crucial stage in determining lawful ownership. Land certificates serve as strong evidence; however, they are not absolute, as they may be challenged if administrative or substantive legal defects are identified. Judges play a central role in assessing certificate validity by considering land history, physical possession, good faith, and compliance with legal procedures. Nevertheless, the effectiveness of dispute resolution still requires improvement through better land administration, enhanced data accuracy, and stronger institutional integration.

Sign language recognition is one of the areas of image recognition and image processing technology that is developing rapidly in human-computer interaction. This technology really helps the deaf and speech impaired in communicating with non-disabled people. This research aims to examine the optimization of an object tracking system in sign language using the Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) and Kalman Filter by including the Region of Interest (ROI). The proposed system consists of three main components, namely hand detection, object extraction, and classification. Hand detection is done using the Kalman Filter to track hand movements accurately. Next, Region of Interest (ROI) features, such as shape, direction and movement features, are extracted from the detected part of the hand. These features are fed into a Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) classifier, which can recognize sign language based on the extracted features. With the combination of GMM and Kalman Filter in this research, it can increase accuracy in object tracking, reduce interference from the background, and ensure the tracking focus remains on important objects. The dataset used is in the form os SIBI alphabet symbols, namely A-Z with the amount of data for each class, namely 620 images. Based on the research result, model testing using GMM, Kalman Filter and ROI produces higher accuracy of 99%, while model testing using GMM and ROI produces accuracy of 90%.

 Background: Perineal pain due to episiotomy is a common complaint experienced by postpartum mothers and can affect patient comfort, mobility, and recovery. Nonpharmacological pain management is needed to help reduce discomfort with minimal risk of side effects. Objective: This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of applying cold compresses using ice packs in reducing perineal pain intensity in postpartum mothers with episiotomy. Methods: The study used a descriptive case study design in three vaginal postpartum patients with episiotomy who were treated in the postpartum ward. The intervention involved applying cold compresses using ice packs to the perineal area for 10–15 minutes, as per nursing procedures. Pain was measured using the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) before and after the intervention. Findings: The results showed a decrease in pain intensity in all patients after the application of cold compresses. Patient P1 experienced a decrease in pain score from 5 to 4, patient P2 from 6 to 5, and patient P3 from 5 to 4, with an average decrease of 1 point. Implications: Cold compresses using ice packs have the potential to be an effective non-pharmacological nursing intervention to help reduce perineal pain and improve the comfort of postpartum mothers with episiotomies during the care period.

This study aims to examine how nepotism can manifest through the role of informal institutions and its influence on administrative integrity within the bureaucracy. The method used is literature analysis by examining various related scientific references, such as books, journal articles, and research, which are then analyzed descriptively and analytically through identification, classification, and data integration. The research findings indicate that nepotism does not only arise from weaknesses in the official system, but is also strongly influenced by the existence of informal institutions such as personal networks, social norms, and organizational culture. This practice tends to persist within a system because it gains social recognition, making it difficult to overcome solely with regulations. The consequences include a decline in employee professionalism, weak accountability, and erosion of administrative integrity, which impacts on reduced public trust in government institutions. The implications of this study indicate that a comprehensive approach is crucial in bureaucratic reform, through strengthening the official system and changing organizational cultural values ​​to produce transparent, accountable, and dignified government management.

Flooding is one of the most frequent disasters in DKI Jakarta and contributes not only to physical and economic losses but also to the emergence of various psychological problems among affected communities. This study aims to analyze the psychological impacts of post-flood disasters, particularly among vulnerable groups such as children and the elderly, and to examine the effects of repeated flood exposure on mental health conditions. This study employs a literature review method with a qualitative descriptive approach through the identification and synthesis of relevant scientific sources. Data analysis was conducted using content analysis to identify patterns, relationships, and trends in research findings. The results indicate that flooding is associated with psychological disorders such as stress, anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), with varying levels of severity. Repeated exposure to flooding has been shown to increase individuals’ vulnerability to mental health problems and reduce psychological well-being. However, protective factors such as social support, religiosity, emotional regulation abilities, and adaptive coping strategies play a significant role in strengthening resilience and accelerating psychological recovery. The findings highlight the importance of a holistic disaster management approach that integrates mental health services, strengthens community capacity, and enhances preparedness education to improve the psychological resilience of flood-affected communities.

This study aims to analyze the implementation of information technology in improving the quality of public services. The research method used is library research by collecting and analyzing various scientific sources, such as journals, books, research articles, and government documents related to information technology and public services. The results show that the implementation of information technology through online service systems, official websites, and administrative information systems is able to improve the effectiveness, efficiency, transparency, and accessibility of public services. Information technology also helps accelerate administrative processes, reduce data management errors, increase employee productivity, and strengthen communication between the government and the community. In addition, the implementation of information technology supports the realization of e-government and good governance through increased accountability and information transparency. However, the implementation of information technology still faces several challenges, such as limited human resources, inadequate technological infrastructure, unstable internet connections, and the low ability of some communities to use digital services. Therefore, it is necessary to improve employee competencies, develop technological infrastructure, and conduct public socialization to optimize the implementation of information technology in public services. Overall, information technology has proven to be a strategic solution in creating modern, effective, efficient, transparent, and community-oriented public services.

This study aims to analyze the skills gap in the era of the Industrial Revolution 4.0 and the factors influencing it. The research employed a descriptive-analytical approach based on literature studies and the author’s analysis of the dynamics of formal education curricula and the development of industrial needs. The findings indicate that formal education curricula that are less adaptive to technological developments are the main factor causing the skills gap. In addition, the slow adaptation to technology in educational and industrial environments, as well as the unequal distribution of skills development across various regions in Indonesia, further widen the gap between graduates’ competencies and labor market demands. This condition affects the low readiness of the workforce in facing digital transformation and global competition. The study concludes that the skills gap is a strategic issue requiring serious attention from the government, educational institutions, and the industrial sector. Curriculum reform that is responsive to technological advancements, strengthening digital literacy, and ensuring equal access to training and skills development are essential steps to improve the competitiveness of Indonesian human resources. These efforts are expected to support poverty reduction, reduce social inequality, and achieve the long-term national development goals toward Indonesia Golden Vision 2045.

Stunting remains a persistent nutritional challenge that threatens human capital development in Indonesia. This study examines the effects of exclusive breastfeeding, female education, sanitation, access to safe drinking water, inadequate food consumption, and poverty on stunting prevalence across 34 provinces in Indonesia during 2017–2024. The study employs a random-effects Panel EGLS estimator with Panel Corrected Standard Errors (PCSE) to address heteroskedasticity and cross-sectional dependence in provincial panel data. The findings reveal that exclusive breastfeeding, female education, and adequate sanitation significantly reduce stunting prevalence, while poverty significantly increases it. Interestingly, inadequate food consumption is negatively associated with stunting prevalence, potentially reflecting the contribution of government nutritional assistance and social protection programs. In contrast, access to safe drinking water does not show a statistically significant effect. Among the explanatory variables, female education is strongly associated with reductions in stunting. These findings highlight the importance of strengthening women’s education, improving sanitation quality, and expanding poverty-alleviation and nutrition-sensitive interventions to accelerate reductions in stunting and support the achievement of Sustainable Development Goal 2 in Indonesia.

This study aims to analyze the environmental impact of waste generated by the gecko processing home industry based on environmental law regulations in Indonesia. In its processing activities such as lizards and snakes. These activities produce organic waste in the form of animal organs, blood, body fluids, and other waste in the materials that are later utilized as catfish feed. The research method used is qualitative with a normative juridical approach, statutory approach, and literature study. Data were obtained from laws and regulations , scientific journal, and environmental law literature. The results of the study indicate that the disposal of waste into rivers can increase Biological Oxyen Demand and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) levels, cause unpleassant odors, and reduce water quality and public health. The utilization of waste as catfish feed can reduce the amount of waste disposed of, however, it still requires hygienic processing to prevent biological risks. From the perspective of environmental law, the direc disposal of the waste into rivers is not in accordance with Law No. 32 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management and Government Regulation No. 22 of 2021 concerning the Implementation of Environmental Protection and Management. Therefore, better waste management is needed through proper waste treatment, increased awareness among business actors, and goverment supervision so that home industries can operate sustainably and in an environmentally friendly manner

Until now, truancy behavior is still frequently found among students during school hours. This behavior is caused by various factors, such as waking up late, staying up too late at night, feeling tired or sleepy, vehicle problems such as flat tires, lack of motivation to go to school, and other reasons. This problem has become an important concern for school counselors in providing assistance, one of which is through individual counseling services. Students’ participation in the learning process greatly affects the smoothness of learning and the results achieved at school. If truancy behavior continues to be ignored, it can lead to more serious impacts and even increase the risk of students dropping out of school. Therefore, school counselors have an important role in helping overcome this problem with support from students, subject teachers, and parents. One method that can be applied is individual counseling using the behavior contract technique. This technique aims to help students change negative behavior into more disciplined behavior so that truancy habits can be reduced and not repeated again. This study used a qualitative method with interview techniques for data collection. The results of the study showed that individual counseling services using the behavior contract technique were effective in helping overcome truancy behavior among students.

This study aims to improve subcontractor safety performance through strengthening governance systems, leading safety indicators, capability building, and performance monitoring at PT Putra Perkasa Abadi (PPA) Jobsite Borneo Indobara (BIB). The research was motivated by the increasing trend of subcontractor incidents during Quarter 1 to Quarter 3 of 2025, where seven incidents occurred and exceeded the company threshold. In addition, subcontractor performance evaluation scores remained below the target threshold of 70, while customer satisfaction scores in subcontractor management decreased from 8.45 to 7.58. The study applied a continuous improvement approach using Quality Control Circle (QCC), Pareto analysis, Nominal Group Technique (NGT), and root cause analysis with the Ishikawa method. Improvement initiatives were implemented through four strategic pillars: strengthening governance, reinforcing leading indicators, capability building, and integrated dashboard monitoring. The implementation results showed significant improvements in subcontractor safety management. The subcontractor incident frequency rate was reduced to zero incidents in Quarter 4 of 2025, subcontractor performance evaluation increased above the threshold to 70.81, and customer satisfaction scores improved to 8.55. The findings indicate that structured governance strengthening combined with real-time monitoring and subcontractor engagement can significantly improve mining safety performance and stakeholder trust.

This study aims to analyze the role of teachers’ personality competence in shaping students’ learning environments through a literature review approach. Personality competence reflects teachers’ stable, mature, and authoritative character, enabling them to serve as role models for students and influencing the creation of a conducive learning environment both psychologically and socially. The method used is a literature review by analyzing various sources such as books, academic journals, and relevant official documents. The results show that teachers with positive personality traits are able to build harmonious relationships, create a comfortable classroom atmosphere, and enhance students’ learning motivation. Therefore, teachers’ personality competence is an important factor in supporting the quality of the learning environment and the success of the learning process. In addition, findings from various studies indicate that personality competence not only affects classroom interactions but also contributes to the development of students’ attitudes, discipline, and emotional stability. Teachers who demonstrate consistency, empathy, and integrity tend to foster a sense of trust and respect among students, which further strengthens classroom engagement. Moreover, a positive teacher personality helps reduce learning barriers such as anxiety, lack of confidence, and lack of participation in classroom activities. In the context of modern education, where student-centered learning is increasingly emphasized, teachers’ personality competence becomes even more essential in facilitating active learning and meaningful student involvement. Thus, strengthening teachers’ personality competence through training, reflective practice, and continuous professional development is crucial to improving overall educational quality and achieving optimal learning outcomes.

Low Birth Weight (LBW) refers to infants born with a birth weight of less than 2,500 grams and remains an important issue in neonatal health due to its association with increased neonatal morbidity and mortality. To analyze the determinants of LBW based on primary studies published from 2021 to 2026. A literature review was conducted using the PRISMA approach. Article searches were performed through PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and ProQuest using the keywords low birth weight, determinant factors, risk factors, BBLR, and faktor risiko with Boolean operators AND/OR. The inclusion criteria were primary studies, full-text availability, publication in Indonesian or English, and publication years from 2021 to 2026. A total of 20 articles were included, consisting of 15 international articles and 5 national sources. The review showed that LBW is influenced by interrelated maternal, nutritional, obstetric, and sociodemographic factors during pregnancy. The most dominant factors included multiple pregnancy with an adjusted OR of 21.74, maternal food insecurity with an AOR of 6.85, maternal hemoglobin level <11 g/dL with an AOR of 5.21, lack of iron-folic acid supplementation with an AOR of 4.17, maternal age ≤20 years with an AOR of 3.42, pregnancy interval <1 year with an adjusted OR of 2.92, missed antenatal care visits with an AOR of 2.74, smoking during pregnancy with an OR of 2.18, and maternal hypertension with an AOR of 1.94. LBW is influenced by multiple interrelated factors; therefore, efforts to reduce its incidence should focus on evidence-based interventions, particularly through optimizing antenatal care services, improving maternal nutritional status, and early detection of pregnancy.

The development of digital technology has encouraged the transformation of the financial sector through the emergence of Sharia financial technology (fintech) as a financial service based on Islamic principles that emphasize justice, transparency, and public benefit (maslahah). The presence of various Sharia fintech products such as Sharia peer-to-peer (P2P) lending, Sharia crowdfunding, Sharia E-wallets, and digital ZISWAF (zakat, infaq, alms, and waqf) services is considered capable of increasing financial inclusion in Indonesia, especially for unbanked communities and MSMEs that have limited access to formal financial services. This study aims to analyze the innovation of Sharia fintech products, their role in increasing financial inclusion, and their conformity with the perspective of Islamic Economic Law. This research uses a qualitative method with a library research approach through collecting data from scientific journals, DSN-MUI fatwas, OJK and Bank Indonesia regulations, as well as various literature related to Sharia fintech published within the last five years. The data analysis technique was carried out descriptively and analytically by examining the concepts, implementation, and regulations of Sharia fintech in Indonesia. The results of the study indicate that Sharia fintech has a strategic role in expanding public access to financial services through the digitalization of financing, payments, and Islamic social fund collection. In addition to increasing Islamic financial inclusion and literacy, Sharia fintech also helps reduce transaction costs, facilitate MSME financing access, and expand the distribution of financial services to remote areas. From a Sharia perspective, the operation of Sharia fintech must continue to adhere to DSN-MUI fatwas and maqashid sharia principles in order to avoid elements of riba, gharar, and maisir and to create justice and public benefit for society. Therefore, Sharia fintech has a great opportunity to support the development of an inclusive and sustainable Islamic digital economy in Indonesia, although strengthening regulations, Sharia supervision, public education, and product innovation based on community needs are still required.

This article analyzes the legal status of golf course development, specifically Gunung Geulis Country Club (GGCC) in the Puncak-Bogor Area within Indonesia's spatial planning policy and Green Open Space (RTH) protection framework, while evaluating its ecological impacts from an environmental justice perspective. Employing a normative juridical method with statutory, conceptual, and case-based approaches, this research identifies two core issues. First, golf course development occupies a legal grey area: it is recognized as private RTH under Article 29(2) of Law No. 26 of 2007 on Spatial Planning, yet substantively fails to fulfill the ecological functions mandated by law due to its exclusivity and inaccessibility to the public. Second, from an environmental justice perspective, GGCC's development generates layered distributive, procedural, and corrective injustices: surrounding communities bear the burden of groundwater contamination, reduced spring discharge, increased surface runoff, and flood risk, while economic and recreational benefits are concentrated among a small number of high-fee members. Weak AMDAL instruments, minimal public participation, and inconsistent spatial monitoring in the Puncak-Bogor protected area exacerbate these conditions. This article recommends policy reforms including stricter private RTH definitions, strengthened participatory AMDAL processes, and consistent application of the polluter-pays principle.

Islamic religious education at the Madrasah Diniyah level often relies on passive, one-directional teaching methods that reduce madrasah student engagement and long-term retention. This community service study aimed to improve the quality of Fiqh instruction at Madrasah Diniyah Al-Ishlah Kalirejo, Pasuruan, by implementing kinesthetic games, Small Group Discussion (SGD), and visual teaching aids within the framework of Kitab Mabadi’ Fiqhiyyah. A qualitative descriptive approach was employed through four participatory observation sessions, with visual documentation serving as primary data. The program was implemented in four thematic meetings covering funeral prayer procedures, tayammum, hajj simulation (tawaf), and najis classification. Findings indicate that kinesthetic games effectively reduced affective barriers and increased student focus, while the SGD model with a 1:8 mentor-to-student ratio enabled precise procedural correction for motor-based worship practices. The use of concrete teaching aids successfully transformed abstract Fiqh concepts into tangible, memorable knowledge. This study concludes that the integration of active learning methods, small-group mentoring, and visual media within traditional Islamic education settings can significantly enhance student engagement and comprehension. These findings offer a replicable pedagogical model for Madrasah Diniyah educators seeking to modernize instruction while preserving classical curriculum integrity.

The waste problem in Indonesia has now reached a critical stage and has become an increasingly serious environmental issue. The ever-increasing volume of waste is not being managed effectively, leading to various negative impacts, particularly environmental pollution. This study aims to examine the state of waste management in Indonesia and its impact on water pollution from the perspective of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The method used is descriptive qualitative research through a literature review utilizing various sources such as journals, official reports, and legislation. The results indicate that the majority of waste originates from household activities, while management practices remain rudimentary, such as the “collect-transport-dispose” method and open dumping. This situation leads to waste accumulation, which contributes to water pollution, deteriorating environmental quality, and increased health risks for the community. Furthermore, suboptimal waste management also poses a challenge in achieving sustainable development goals, particularly regarding responsible consumption and access to clean water and sanitation. Therefore, improved efforts are needed through the application of the reduce, reuse, recycle (3R) principles, increased public awareness, and the active role of the government and the private sector in providing a sustainable waste management system. With the right measures, it is hoped that the waste problem in Indonesia can be reduced and the environment preserved.

Flooding in Aceh has become a recurring phenomenon that cannot be understood solely as a natural disaster but also as a result of human activities within modern society. This study aims to analyze flooding in Aceh through the perspective of Ulrich Beck’s risk society theory, focusing on how modernization, environmental change, and development policies contribute to the production of risk. This research uses a literature review approach by examining scientific articles published between 2021 and 2026 from indexed national and international journals. The analysis was conducted thematically to identify patterns, similarities, and research gaps. The findings show that natural factors such as high rainfall and atmospheric conditions act as primary triggers, while human activities including land-use change, river sedimentation, and ineffective policies significantly intensify flood risks. Flooding is therefore categorized as a manufactured risk produced by modern development processes. In addition, the impacts are not limited to ecological damage but also affect social and psychological conditions of society. These results indicate that floods should be understood not only from a technical perspective but also from a social perspective. The study implies that flood management requires a comprehensive approach integrating environmental sustainability, social awareness, and evidence-based policy to reduce both the impact and sources of risk in a sustainable manner.

Machines, Materials and Manpower are the three main elements in production, if one of them is lacking it will affect productivity at work, so that the production output results will also be affected by the lack of these three elements. The workforce in a company must be considered in terms of welfare at work so that there is no spike in employee turnover rates. Turnover is the process of leaving a company's workforce due to several factors. Employee turnover greatly affects productivity at work, if the workforce in a company is lacking, then the production output figure will also decrease, this greatly affects the company's income later and will reduce consumer confidence. In this study, it focuses on the intensity of employee turnover at PT. XYZ located in Brebes, there are several factors causing employee turnover, including low income, the presence of many factories close to where employees live. The method used in this study is descriptive qualitative. Data collection techniques in the form of direct interviews with employees at PT. XYZ.

Advances in information and communication technology have encouraged governments to integrate digital systems into public service delivery through e-government initiatives. In Riau Province, the Riau application at the Soeman H.S. Library exemplifies this implementation. This study examines how the Riau application enhances the effectiveness and efficiency of public services within the library. Using a descriptive qualitative method, data were collected through interviews, observations, and documentation. Findings show that the application provides convenient online access to library information and services. However, challenges remain, including limited financial resources, dependence on external parties, and insufficient feature development to meet user needs fully. These findings underscore the importance of strengthening institutional capacity, improving infrastructure, and formulating strategic plans to sustain digital library services. In line with Indonesia’s 1945 Constitution, regional governments possess autonomy to manage local affairs, aiming to improve public welfare through enhanced services, community empowerment, and civic participation while promoting regional competitiveness with attention to equity and democratic values. Following Presidential Instruction No. 3 of 2003, digital governance transformation is necessary to reduce bureaucratic barriers, integrate workflows, and support inter-institutional collaboration.