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Resistance to change (RTC) is a significant challenge in implementing educational reforms, particularly in the 21st century. This study explores strategies to overcome RTC among educators, using a qualitative approach involving 20 teachers from diverse backgrounds. Data collected through open-ended questions and a Likert scale reveal that Facilitation and Support (85%) and Negotiation and Agreement (90%) are the most effective strategies, highlighting the importance of training, resource allocation, and incentives in fostering adaptability. Participation and Involvement (75%) also proves effective by enhancing teacher commitment through collaborative decision-making. In contrast, Manipulation and Co-optation and authority-driven strategies are viewed as less sustainable, with respondents expressing concerns over their long-term impact. Challenges such as frequent curriculum changes, limited technological proficiency, and unclear communication exacerbate RTC. This study emphasizes the need for practical strategies like direct support, collaboration, and motivational incentives to address resistance effectively. The findings extend Kotter and Schlesinger’s framework by contextualizing it within educational settings and highlight the interplay between external pressures for reform and internal resistance mechanisms. By aligning resources, fostering collaboration, and incentivizing participation, schools can navigate the complexities of change and reduce resistance among educators.    

The Internet of Things (IoT)-based automatic bell system is designed to enhance the efficiency of bell operations in educational institutions by utilizing modern technology. This research aims to develop a system that can control the bell automatically according to the class schedule, while also enabling remote control via a mobile application using the Blynk platform. The system is built using an ESP8266 as the main microcontroller, a DFPlayer Mini module for audio playback, and an RTC DS1307 for time management. The results show that the system functions as expected, both in automatic mode based on the schedule and in manual mode through the mobile application. Testing and debugging demonstrated that integration with WiFi networks allows for flexible and effective bell control. For further development, it is recommended to add a power backup feature, web interface, and push notifications to improve system reliability and flexibility. This system provides an efficient and practical IoT solution for automating bell operations in educational environments.

Technological advances in the industrial era 4.0 mean that various things must prioritize convenience and efficiency in carrying out daily work such as carrying out automatic maintenance and control in the home. This has made many people able to produce various forms of technology that can be controlled automatically and help with work. people who can't take up much time. OT is a technology built to provide ease of work that can be connected to each other using the internet. One use of IoT technology is in the household sector to feed ornamental fish according to need and monitor remaining feed. This tool is designed for NodeMCU as control and an internet connection that is integrated with the Blink application. This tool consists of an HC-SR04 sensor input and a DS3231 RTC timer. The output of this tool uses a servo motor to open and close the contents of the fish feed. Arduino IDE software is used in NodeMCU coding and the Blynk application is used to connect the smartphone and NodeMCU. Based on the results of testing carried out, the system success rate has an average of 95% success. Meanwhile, the average delay is 0.052367 milliseconds.