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Trade wars and protectionism have again become major issues in global economic dynamics, especially since trade tensions between the United States and China began in 2018. This research aims to analyze tariff policy as part of a protectionist strategy in the context of the political economy of bilateral trade relations. Using a qualitative approach with case studies and document analysis, data were obtained from policy reports, scientific journals, and trade statistics. The results show that tariff policies are often not purely based on economic considerations, but are also influenced by domestic political interests, industry group pressure, and global negotiation strategies. On the other hand, these policies have a significant impact on the structure of bilateral trade relations, trade volume, and global supply chains. Indonesia as a partner country is also affected, both directly through changes in export-import values, and indirectly through supply and investment disruptions. Policy implications show the importance of developing countries' preparedness in anticipating changes in global trade policies and encouraging the formulation of adaptive and competitive national strategies. This study provides recommendations for policymakers to balance national interests with global dynamics.

The World Trade Organization (WTO) acts as the main institution in regulating the global trading system based on the principles of fairness and openness. However, in practice, protectionist challenges arising from large countries, such as in the trade conflict between the United States and China, hamper economic liberalization efforts and create instability in the global market. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the WTO's role in facing these protectionism challenges. The method used is normative juridical with a qualitative approach, which includes analysis of WTO regulations and policies, as well as a comparative approach to examine the impact of protectionism in several countries. Data were obtained through literature study of academic sources and relevant international legal documents. The results show that policy harmonization between the WTO and its member countries is needed to maintain the stability of the multilateral trading system. In addition, reforms to the WTO dispute settlement mechanism are crucial to make it more adaptive to global geopolitical dynamics. Developing countries are advised to improve competitiveness through market diversification and strengthening economic diplomacy to remain relevant in the changing international trade architecture.

Geopolitical tensions have evolved from peripheral risks to central drivers of global capital flows, disproportionately affecting Emerging Markets (EMs). This study provides a comprehensive bibliometric mapping of the academic landscape linking geopolitical dynamics, international finance, and investment in EMs. This study uses a dataset of 1,039 documents extracted from high-impact databases to analyze performance and conduct science mapping with R-Bibliometrix. The analysis covers publication trends, citation structures, and conceptual evolution over the last century, with a focus on the surge in literature post-2018. Results indicate an exponential growth in scientific production, peaking in 2024. The thematic structure reveals a shift from traditional debt crisis narratives (1990s) to contemporary concerns regarding sanctions, protectionism, and trade policy (2020s). Network analysis identifies three distinct clusters: (1) International finance and market mechanisms, (2) Political economy and development in the Global South, and (3) Institutional governance (IMF/World Bank). This paper bridges the gap between political science and financial economics by visualizing how international finance serves as the dominant anchor connecting developed economies (the USA and the UK) with key emerging markets (China and Indonesia) amid rising global fragmentation.