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Problem solving in permutation and combination requires the ability to understand context, choose strategies, and perform calculation procedures accurately. Based on the analysis of students' answers, it was found that difficulties arose consistently at each stage of problem solving according to Polya, namely the problem understanding stage, the planning stage, the plan implementation stage, and the rechecking stage. In general, students' weaknesses are not only related to their understanding of permutation and combination concepts, but also to their inability to apply problem-solving steps systematically. The results of the study indicate the need for a learning approach that not only focuses on mastering formulas, but also strengthens problem literacy, the ability to identify relevant information, and the selection of solution strategies appropriate to the characteristics of the problem. In addition, the habit of reflection through reviewing the process and results of the solution needs to be developed consistently so that students are able to recognize mistakes and improve their accuracy in solving permutation and combination word problems in a more accurate, logical, and structured manner.

This study aims to describe students’ mathematical problem-solving abilities on the topic of Systems of Linear Equations in Two Variables (SPLDV) based on Polya’s problem-solving stages in relation to their levels of self-efficacy. The research employed a descriptive qualitative approach with three ninth-grade students from SMP Negeri 5 Gresik in the 2024/2025 academic year, selected through purposive sampling to represent high, medium, and low levels of self-efficacy. Data were collected using a self-efficacy questionnaire, problem-solving tests consisting of two contextual essay items on SPLDV, and semi-structured interviews. Data analysis followed the interactive model of Miles, Huberman, and Saldana, encompassing data reduction, display, and conclusion drawing, referring to Polya’s four stages: understanding the problem, devising a plan, carrying out the plan, and looking back. The results revealed that students with high self-efficacy were able to complete all four stages comprehensively and reflectively, demonstrating systematic and accurate reasoning. Students with medium self-efficacy successfully performed the first three stages but failed to verify their final results, while students with low self-efficacy only reached the stage of understanding the problem and struggled to plan or execute solutions. In conclusion, the level of self-efficacy influences students’ mathematical problem-solving performance, particularly in terms of strategic accuracy, procedural precision, and reflective evaluation.

Real analysis is one of the main branches of mathematics that serves as a fundamental foundation for the development of science and technology. This study emphasizes the understanding of basic concepts such as real numbers, limits, continuity, the principle of mathematical induction, as well as deductive and axiomatic approaches as a strong framework for mathematical proofs. This research employs the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) method by examining articles and journals related to both the theoretical aspects and the implementation of real analysis in solving mathematical problems. The findings indicate that the application of Polya’s method, visualization through demonstration, and the use of modern technology such as augmented reality (AR) can enhance the effectiveness of real analysis learning. These approaches help students connect abstract concepts with real applications, thereby strengthening logical, systematic, critical, and rigorous thinking skills. However, several learning difficulties are also identified, including the complexity of the material, weak learning habits, social influences, and inappropriate teaching strategies. Therefore, more applicative, interactive, and contextual learning strategies are needed to support the achievement of learning objectives. The conclusion of this review highlights that the integration of theoretical understanding, problem-solving methods, and innovative technology is a strategic step to improve students’ thinking quality in real analysis courses. Thus, real analysis is not only positioned as a theoretical subject but also as a medium for developing problem-solving abilities and higher-order thinking skills that are relevant to both academic needs and real-world applications.

This study aims to analyze the structure and composition of vegetation on the banks of the Ira River (Wae Ira), Negeri Kamarian, Kairatu District, West Seram Regency. Riparian vegetation plays an important role in maintaining the stability of river ecosystems, both in terms of ecological, hydrological, and biodiversity aspects. The method used in this study is a combination of the continuous strip sampling method and the line plot sampling method, which are applied to four levels of vegetation growth, namely seedlings, saplings, poles, and trees. The results of the analysis show that the vegetation structure in the study area is divided into four strata, with varying species compositions in each stratum. The dominant species found include Pulai (Alstonia scholaris), Pulaka (Cyrtosperma merkusii), Buah rao (Dracontomelon mangiferum), and Salam (Syzygium polyanthum). The highest Importance Value Index (INP) at the tree level is owned by Pulai (Alstonia scholaris) at 54,2. The highest vegetation density is at the seedling level with 52000 individuals/ha and the lowest at the tree level with 341 individuals/ha. The Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H') ranges from 1.87–2.65, indicating a moderate level of diversity. The results of this study indicate that the Ira River border area still has a relatively good vegetation structure and composition, although there are ecological pressures that cause dominance by certain species

This study aims to describe students' critical thinking skills in solving social arithmetic problems based on the Polya stages and FRISCO indicators. The research subjects consisted of three students in grade VIII R-5 MTs Nurul Jadid who were purposively selected to represent the high, medium, and low ability categories out of a total of 21 students. The research method used was a descriptive qualitative approach with instruments in the form of two social arithmetic description questions and semi-structured interview guidelines. Data analysis was carried out by referring to the four stages of problem solving according to Polya (understanding the problem, planning the solution, executing the plan, and re-examination) as well as the six FRISCO critical thinking indicators (Focus, Reason, Inference, Situation, Clarity, Overview). The results of the study showed that students with high abilities were able to solve problems systematically through all stages of Polya and met almost all FRISCO indicators, especially in the aspects of Focus, Reason, and Clarity. Students with moderate ability show sufficient understanding but are inconsistent in planning and implementing solutions, and experience difficulties in the Reason, Situation, and Overview indicators. Students with low abilities experience obstacles from the early stages of understanding problems and do not show significant indicators of critical thinking. These findings indicate that the Polya stage and the FRISCO indicator can be used in a complementary manner to identify and analyze students' critical thinking skills in solving contextual math problems. The implication of this study is the need for a learning strategy that emphasizes strengthening the stages of problem solving and developing explicit critical thinking indicators in the mathematics learning process. This research also opens up opportunities for the development of more structured diagnostic instruments in measuring students' individual critical thinking skills.

Physiological quality deterioration during storage is a major factor contributing to the reduced germination capacity of rice seeds. Revitalization treatments are therefore essential to restore seed viability and promote optimal seedling development. One promising approach involves the application of plant growth regulators (PGRs) from the polyamine group, such as putrescine. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of varying concentrations and soaking durations of putrescine in improving the viability of deteriorated rice seeds. The experiment was conducted using a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with two factors: putrescine concentrations (0 ppm/ soaking in distilled water only, putrescine 15 ppm, putrescine 20 ppm, and putrescine 25 ppm) and soaking durations (3, 6, and 9 hours). The parameters evaluated included germination percentage and germination rate. Results indicated that treatment with 20 ppm putrescine combined with a 6-hour soaking period yielded the most significant improvement in seed viability. These findings suggest that putrescine treatment can effectively restore the physiological quality of rice seeds affected by storage-induced deterioration.

This study aims to describe the visual thinking of high school students in understanding three-dimensional problems. This research is a descriptive research with a qualitative approach. Two students with medium and high mathematical skills of the female gender were selected as research subjects. Data was collected by giving three-dimensional problem-solving tasks according to Polya's steps and interviews. Students' visual thinking is described based on seeing, recognizing, imagining, and showing. The results of the study show that at the comprehension stage, students with medium and high mathematical skills do looking and seeing, recognizing and imagining at the planning stage, and showing the steps to implement the problem-solving plan appropriately but in a different way, students with medium ability use more concise steps and vice versa for high-ability students; At the re-examination stage, the two subjects showed (showing) the conclusion of the solution solution, but did not show (showing) re-checking.

This study aims to determine the difficulties of students in solving Higher Order Thingking Skills (HOTS) problems by using the Polya method in Trigonometric comparison materials. This research is a descriptive qualitative research. The subjects of the study were 36 students in class X.1 of SMA Negeri 2 Situbondo. Data collection techniques use test questions, interviews and documentation. The test in the form of Higher Order Thingking Skills (HOTS) questions is carried out to measure students' abilities. Interviews were conducted on 6 students based on the category of ability level of test results. Data analysis was carried out using data induction and reduction theory. The test results showed that those who scored in the high-level category were 10 students (28%), the moderate-level category was 14 students (39%) and the low-level category was 12 students (33%). The conclusion of this study states that the difficulty of students in solving Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) questions using the polya method, namely subjects with high-level categories, experience difficulties at the re-examination stage. Subjects with a moderate level category, experienced difficulties at the stage of implementing the plan and re-examining. Subjects with low-level categories experienced difficulties at all stages of polya, namely at the stage of understanding the problem, making a plan, implementing the plan and re-examining.

This research aims to analyse students' mathematical problem solving ability on length and weight measurement material in class III at SD Negeri Langgenharjo 01. This type of research is a qualitative descriptive research. The data source of this research comes from the answers to the mathematical problem solving ability description test and interviews. This study used 3 subjects from 30 grade III students who were taken using purposive techniques according to the category of mathematical problem solving ability, consisting of high, medium, and low categories. Data collection techniques used observation, interviews, and documentation. The data analysis technique used in this study used the Miles and Huberman model, namely, data collection, data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. Based on the results of research on mathematical solving ability according to Polya's level, namely, (1) Students in the high category are able to fulfil all four indicators of problem solving according to Polya's stages. (2) Students in the medium category can solve problems well, but are often less careful and often hasty. They can only fulfil 2 of the 4 problem solving indicators. (3) Students in the low category have not been able to solve the problem well. They were unable to fulfil all indicators of problem solving ability according to Polya's stages. The conclusion of this study is that students have various potentials in mathematical problem solving ranging from high, medium, and low categories.

This research uses the Polya problem-solving procedure to describe students' difficulty in problem-solving in the material about systems of linear equations in two variables. The method in this research is descriptive research. The subjects in this research were three students in Class VIII of SMP Negeri 6 Tondano. The data analysis techniques used are data presentation, data reduction and conclusion. The results of this research show that of the four stages of Polya problem solving, students who have the highest scores can fulfil all stages of Polya problem solving, students who have medium scores can fulfil three stages of Polya problem solving, and students who have high scores can fulfil two stages of Polya problem-solving.

The Problem-Solving Learning Model is one of the learning models that can develop problem-solving skills and student learning independence where this model is developed based on polya theory known as problem-solving steps, namely: identifying problem information/understanding problems, planning problem-solving strategies, using problem-solving strategies and re-examining solutions or solutions to problems that have been generated. The Use of the Problem-Solving Learning Model to Improve the Problem-Solving Ability of Pancabudi Private Vocational School Students for the 2023/2024 Academic Year. The purpose of this research is to determine the effectiveness of learning using the Problem-Solving learning model. This research is located at SMK Swasta Pancabudi where the class applies the Problem Solving learning model which will be compared with different classes using the classical learning model.

Problem solving skills are important for students to overcome various problems related to learning and community life. This involves students actively exploring, observing, trying, and investigating using the knowledge and abilities they have. Problem solving is the main focus of developing students' higher order thinking skills in mathematics. This research was conducted by means of observation, interviews, and post-test methods on the 4th grade students of SD Negeri 7 Gondosari. In the results of the discussion, there are 10 data from 31 students which can describe a good level of problem solving. Some students experienced difficulties in implementing the problem and re-examining the results of the solution. Therefore, it is important for students to continue to hone their problem solving abilities using the Polya procedure and to re-check the correctness of the solutions that have been done.

Di Indonesia, sebagian orang lebih percaya untuk menggunakan obat herbal, disamping harga yang relatif murah, obat herbal dianggap bersifat alami, sehingga bebas dari efek samping yang tidak diinginkan. Tanaman salam secara ilmiah mempunyai nama Latin Eugenia polyantha Wight dan memiliki nama ilmiah lain, yaitu Syzygium polyantha Wight. dan Eugenia lucidula Miq. Tanaman ini termasuk suku Myrtaceae. Tanaman salam merupakan salah satu contoh obat herbal yang dianggap efektif dalam pengobatan berbagai macam penyakit. Khasiat yang terkandung dalam daun salam mempunyai senyawa-senyawa seperti minyak atsiri, tanin, dan flavonoid. Dalam pengobatan, daun salam digunakan untuk pengobatan kolesterol tinggi, kencing manis (diabetes mellitus), tekanan darah tinggi (hipertensi), sakit maag (gastritis), diare dan kandungan kimianya mempunyai aktivitas sebagai obat asam urat. Tujuan penulisan ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh rebusan daun salam dalam pengobatan berbagai macam penyakit, terkhusus hipertensi, dan asam urat. Dengan tulisan ini diharapkan daun salam bisa menjadi alternatif pengobatan dalam menurunkan kadar hiperteensi dan asam urat. Penelitian ini menggunakan Metode Literature Review dengan pencarian artikel dengan menggunakan search engine Google Scholar.  Pencarian tersebut menghasilkan 23 makalah yang sesuai dengan judul penelitian, namun hanya 6 publikasi yang memenuhi persyaratan inklusi penelitian ini. Dari hasil penelitian diketahui bahwa ada pengaruh pemberian rebusan danu salam terhadap penderita hipertensi dan asam urat.

Myrtaceae  is one of the largest families, numbering 5500 species. General characteristics of this family include taproots, woody stems, thin skin, shrubs, tannins, single leaves, and flat leaf edges. The fruit is in the form of tubers, tops, capsules and drupes. The purpose of this study was to determine the types of plants belonging to the Myrtaceae and to determine the morphology and distribution of the Myrtaceae family. The research was conducted on June 12 2023 in Andir Village, RT.01 / RW.08, Rancamulya Village, Sumedang Utara District, Sumedang Regency. The method used is the method of exploration and observation by exploring the research location while observing the surrounding plants. The species results obtained included Syzygium aqueum totaling 4 individuals, Syzygium polyanthum totaling 6 individuals, Syzygium myrtifolium Walp totaling 176 individuals and Psidium guajava L totaling 7 individuals.

Kesalahan-kesalahan yang dilakukan oleh siswa tidak diketahui pasti apa saja bentuk kesalahannya. Oleh karena itu kesalahan-kesalahan tersebut perlu diidentifikasi melalui hasil jawaban siswa dalam menyelesaikan soal cerita bentuk aljabar dan ditinjau apakah siswa memahami maksud soal, apakah siswa dapat menyusun rencana penyelesaiannya, apakah siswa dapat melaksanakan rencana penyelesaiannya dan apakah siswa memeriksa kembali jawaban akhir untuk menentukan kesimpulan. Dalam penelitian ini diperoleh kesalahan berdasarkan langkah penyelesaian Polya, kesalahan yang paling sering dilakukan oleh siswa adalah kesalahan melaksanakan rencana penyelesaian dengan persentase 52,94%, disusul oleh kesalahan memeriksa kembali jawaban akhir dengan persentase 50,98%, selanjutnya kesalahan berdasarkan langkah memahami masalah dengan persentase 23,52%, dan terakhir yaitu kesalahan menyusun rencana dengan persentase 21,56%.