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Hypertension is a condition in which systolic blood pressure exceeds 140 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure is above 90 mmHg. Hypertension is the leading chronic non-communicable disease among adults in Indonesia, with a prevalence of 26.5%, and tends to increase with age. Family nursing care plays an important role in helping patients manage hypertension through education, pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions, and ongoing monitoring. This case study aimed to describe comprehensive nursing care for Ny. K, a 66-year-old patient from the family of Tn. I, diagnosed with hypertension in Desa Tonjong RT 02 RW 04, Kecamatan Tonjong, Kabupaten Brebes. Nursing care was conducted from December 27 to 29, 2025, using interview, physical examination, observation, and documentation methods. Two nursing diagnoses were identified: (1) Risk of ineffective cerebral tissue perfusion, and (2) Knowledge deficit related to hypertension. Nursing interventions included vital sign monitoring, oral medication administration (Amlodipine 10 mg), health education on hypertension, and non-pharmacological therapy using bay leaf (Syzygium polyanthum) decoction. Evaluation results showed that the knowledge deficit was resolved after one session of health education, while the risk of ineffective cerebral tissue perfusion was partially resolved, with blood pressure decreasing from 180/100 mmHg to 165/90 mmHg over three home visits. It is recommended that families continue the bay leaf decoction therapy for one week and maintain regular blood pressure monitoring at the nearest health facility.

The quality of rice that is suitable for consumption, one of which is determined by the absence of associated components when the rice is in storage. Rice storage is carried out by means of long shelf life and good rice quality. Damage to rice due to pest attacks causes a decrease in quality and quantity. Environmentally friendly efforts are needed to control the rice weevil Sitophilus oryzae using vegetable materials. This study sought to ascertain the death rate of rice weevils treated with lemongrass stem (Cymbopogon citratus), bay leaves (Syzygium polyanthum), and pandan leaves (Pandanus amaryllifolius). The study employed a fully randomized design with three treatments in the form of simplicia plant components. There were 21 study units because each treatment included seven repetitions. Each treatment used 20 rice weevil imago breeding results which were infested in a jar containing 200 g of rice for 4 weeks in the laboratory. The use of pandan leaf, bay leaf, and lemongrass simplicia at 7 days after treatment showed the proportion of rice weevil mortality was 59,29%, 39,29%, and 50,00%, respectively. As for the observations of 14 day after treatments, 21 day after treatments, and 28 day after treatments showed that the mortality rate of all rice beetles was above 50%. Regarding the percentage of rice powder, hollow rice, and rice weight loss, the findings of observations on rice weevil mortality did not reveal any significant variations across all treatments.

Acne (Acne vulgaris) is one of the most common skin problems, affecting 80–85% of adolescents aged 15–18 years, with some cases persisting into adulthood. One of the associated bacteria is Staphylococcus epidermidis, a normal skin flora that can become an opportunistic pathogen. Bay leaves (Syzygium polyanthum) are known to contain secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and essential oils with antibacterial activity. This study aimed to formulate ethanol extract of bay leaves into ointments with concentrations of 10%, 20%, and 30%, test their antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis using the disc diffusion method, and evaluate their physical quality (organoleptic properties, homogeneity, pH, adhesion, and spreadability). Results showed that the ethanol extract of bay leaves contained alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and tannins. The ointments met topical quality standards with pH 5.8–6.9, adhesion time 36–41 seconds, and spreadability 6.9–8.1 cm. Antibacterial activity increased with higher concentrations: 7.8 mm (10%), 12 mm (20%), and 15 mm (30%), although still lower than the positive control (clindamycin, 34 mm). In conclusion, ethanol extract of bay leaves has potential as an active ingredient in topical anti-acne ointments, but further studies with higher concentrations, in vivo testing, and optimized formulations are needed to achieve efficacy comparable to synthetic antibiotics.  

Problem solving in permutation and combination requires the ability to understand context, choose strategies, and perform calculation procedures accurately. Based on the analysis of students' answers, it was found that difficulties arose consistently at each stage of problem solving according to Polya, namely the problem understanding stage, the planning stage, the plan implementation stage, and the rechecking stage. In general, students' weaknesses are not only related to their understanding of permutation and combination concepts, but also to their inability to apply problem-solving steps systematically. The results of the study indicate the need for a learning approach that not only focuses on mastering formulas, but also strengthens problem literacy, the ability to identify relevant information, and the selection of solution strategies appropriate to the characteristics of the problem. In addition, the habit of reflection through reviewing the process and results of the solution needs to be developed consistently so that students are able to recognize mistakes and improve their accuracy in solving permutation and combination word problems in a more accurate, logical, and structured manner.

This paper presents a narrative review focusing on the significance of in silico methodologies in identifying and evaluating natural bioactive compounds as promising antidiabetic agents. By examining scientific publications from 2020 to 2025, the review highlights substantial evidence that various plant-derived metabolites such as flavonoids, phenolic acids, terpenoids, and glycosides from Orthosiphon stamineus, Moringa oleifera, Syzygium polyanthum, Tinospora crispa, and Albizia saman demonstrate notable affinity toward several crucial enzymes implicated in type 2 diabetes, including DPP-4, SGLT-2, α-glucosidase, and PTP1B. Findings from molecular docking analyses and ADMET simulations indicate that many of these compounds exhibit favorable pharmacokinetic behavior, strong receptor interactions, and minimal toxicity, suggesting their potential as multitarget natural therapeutics with synergistic modes of action. Utilizing in silico screening as an initial step effectively predicts biological activity and pharmacological profiles prior to experimental validation through in vitro and in vivo testing, thus reducing both time and research expenditure. The synergy between computational modeling, medicinal chemistry, and phytochemical exploration establishes a scientific framework that supports the advancement of rational, safe, and sustainable herbal-based antidiabetic drug development derived from Indonesia’s vast biodiversity and encourages self-reliance within the national pharmaceutical sector.

This study aims to describe students’ mathematical problem-solving abilities on the topic of Systems of Linear Equations in Two Variables (SPLDV) based on Polya’s problem-solving stages in relation to their levels of self-efficacy. The research employed a descriptive qualitative approach with three ninth-grade students from SMP Negeri 5 Gresik in the 2024/2025 academic year, selected through purposive sampling to represent high, medium, and low levels of self-efficacy. Data were collected using a self-efficacy questionnaire, problem-solving tests consisting of two contextual essay items on SPLDV, and semi-structured interviews. Data analysis followed the interactive model of Miles, Huberman, and Saldana, encompassing data reduction, display, and conclusion drawing, referring to Polya’s four stages: understanding the problem, devising a plan, carrying out the plan, and looking back. The results revealed that students with high self-efficacy were able to complete all four stages comprehensively and reflectively, demonstrating systematic and accurate reasoning. Students with medium self-efficacy successfully performed the first three stages but failed to verify their final results, while students with low self-efficacy only reached the stage of understanding the problem and struggled to plan or execute solutions. In conclusion, the level of self-efficacy influences students’ mathematical problem-solving performance, particularly in terms of strategic accuracy, procedural precision, and reflective evaluation.

Real analysis is one of the main branches of mathematics that serves as a fundamental foundation for the development of science and technology. This study emphasizes the understanding of basic concepts such as real numbers, limits, continuity, the principle of mathematical induction, as well as deductive and axiomatic approaches as a strong framework for mathematical proofs. This research employs the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) method by examining articles and journals related to both the theoretical aspects and the implementation of real analysis in solving mathematical problems. The findings indicate that the application of Polya’s method, visualization through demonstration, and the use of modern technology such as augmented reality (AR) can enhance the effectiveness of real analysis learning. These approaches help students connect abstract concepts with real applications, thereby strengthening logical, systematic, critical, and rigorous thinking skills. However, several learning difficulties are also identified, including the complexity of the material, weak learning habits, social influences, and inappropriate teaching strategies. Therefore, more applicative, interactive, and contextual learning strategies are needed to support the achievement of learning objectives. The conclusion of this review highlights that the integration of theoretical understanding, problem-solving methods, and innovative technology is a strategic step to improve students’ thinking quality in real analysis courses. Thus, real analysis is not only positioned as a theoretical subject but also as a medium for developing problem-solving abilities and higher-order thinking skills that are relevant to both academic needs and real-world applications.

Diabetes Mellitus is a metabolic disorder caused by the pancreas failing to produce insulin hormone adequately. Based on the cause, diabetes mellitus is classified into three types, including type 1 DM, type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, and gestational diabetes mellitus. Hyperglycemia can also occur due to food consumed that is not balanced with physical activity carried out so that fat accumulates in the body and causes blood to be unable to enter the body's cells, ultimately increasing blood sugar levels. Signs and symptoms that often appear in Diabetes Mellitus patients are polydipsia (excessive thirst), polyuria (frequent urination due to excessive urine production), polyphagia (quickly feeling hungry even though you eat a lot and want to eat continuously) and weight loss without a clear cause. Symptoms of diabetes mellitus can be controlled by increasing physical activity, following a healthy diet, and getting enough rest. Several studies have proven that bay leaves have the potential as an antidiabetic. This study aims to determine the content of secondary metabolic compounds and the antidiabetic activity of bay leaf extract using α-amylase enzyme inhibition in vitro. This research method uses laboratory experiments. This study uses α-amylase enzyme inhibition to determine the antidiabetic activity contained in bay leaf extract. The method used is DNSA. The results of this study obtained a yield of bay leaf extract of 30%, water content of simplicia of 6.24%, drying loss of simplicia of 5.3%, ash content test of 5.6%, water content test of extract of 6.34%, drying loss test of extract of 7.03%. Bay leaf extract positively contains secondary metabolite compounds, namely saponins, tannins, flavonoids, and alkaloids. The results of IC50 in bay leaf extract of 66.705 ppm are classified as strong antidiabetic. The results of acarbose of 56.818 ppm are classified as strong antidiabetic.

This study aims to analyze the structure and composition of vegetation on the banks of the Ira River (Wae Ira), Negeri Kamarian, Kairatu District, West Seram Regency. Riparian vegetation plays an important role in maintaining the stability of river ecosystems, both in terms of ecological, hydrological, and biodiversity aspects. The method used in this study is a combination of the continuous strip sampling method and the line plot sampling method, which are applied to four levels of vegetation growth, namely seedlings, saplings, poles, and trees. The results of the analysis show that the vegetation structure in the study area is divided into four strata, with varying species compositions in each stratum. The dominant species found include Pulai (Alstonia scholaris), Pulaka (Cyrtosperma merkusii), Buah rao (Dracontomelon mangiferum), and Salam (Syzygium polyanthum). The highest Importance Value Index (INP) at the tree level is owned by Pulai (Alstonia scholaris) at 54,2. The highest vegetation density is at the seedling level with 52000 individuals/ha and the lowest at the tree level with 341 individuals/ha. The Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H') ranges from 1.87–2.65, indicating a moderate level of diversity. The results of this study indicate that the Ira River border area still has a relatively good vegetation structure and composition, although there are ecological pressures that cause dominance by certain species

Dyslipidemia is a lipid metabolism disorder characterized by elevated levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) accompanied by decreased levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL). This condition is a major risk factor for atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, and stroke. One plant with potential as an antidyslipidemic agent is bay leaves (Syzygium polyanthum). These leaves are known to contain active compounds such as flavonoids, saponins, tannins, alkaloids, and polyphenols that have antioxidant and hypolipidemic activities. The potential of natural compounds from medicinal plants to reduce blood cholesterol levels has gained significant attention in recent years. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of microencapsulated ethanol extract of bay leaves in reducing total cholesterol levels in white rats (Rattus norvegicus) induced by a high-cholesterol diet. The experimental study design employed was a laboratory-based true experimental method with a post-test control group design. A total of 25 male rats were used and divided into six groups: normal control, negative control (high cholesterol diet without therapy), positive control (simvastatin), and three groups treated with bay leaf extract microencapsulates at doses of 0.25%, 0.5%, and 0.75%. The treatment was given for 14 days, then total cholesterol levels were measured using an enzymatic method. The results showed that the group with a dose of 0.75% experienced the highest decrease in total cholesterol levels, namely -70 mg/dL, greater than the simvastatin group (-49 mg/dL). Statistical analysis using One Way ANOVA showed a significant difference compared to the negative control (p < 0.001). These findings indicate that the 0.75% dose of microencapsulated Syzygium polyanthum extract demonstrated an effect equal to or greater than simvastatin. Thus, it can be concluded that bay leaf ethanol extract microencapsulates are effective in reducing total cholesterol levels in hypercholesterolemic rats. This suggests that Syzygium polyanthum microencapsulation has the potential to be developed as an alternative phytotherapy for cholesterol reduction.

This study aims to describe students' critical thinking skills in solving social arithmetic problems based on the Polya stages and FRISCO indicators. The research subjects consisted of three students in grade VIII R-5 MTs Nurul Jadid who were purposively selected to represent the high, medium, and low ability categories out of a total of 21 students. The research method used was a descriptive qualitative approach with instruments in the form of two social arithmetic description questions and semi-structured interview guidelines. Data analysis was carried out by referring to the four stages of problem solving according to Polya (understanding the problem, planning the solution, executing the plan, and re-examination) as well as the six FRISCO critical thinking indicators (Focus, Reason, Inference, Situation, Clarity, Overview). The results of the study showed that students with high abilities were able to solve problems systematically through all stages of Polya and met almost all FRISCO indicators, especially in the aspects of Focus, Reason, and Clarity. Students with moderate ability show sufficient understanding but are inconsistent in planning and implementing solutions, and experience difficulties in the Reason, Situation, and Overview indicators. Students with low abilities experience obstacles from the early stages of understanding problems and do not show significant indicators of critical thinking. These findings indicate that the Polya stage and the FRISCO indicator can be used in a complementary manner to identify and analyze students' critical thinking skills in solving contextual math problems. The implication of this study is the need for a learning strategy that emphasizes strengthening the stages of problem solving and developing explicit critical thinking indicators in the mathematics learning process. This research also opens up opportunities for the development of more structured diagnostic instruments in measuring students' individual critical thinking skills.

Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures due to abnormal electrical activity in the brain. This condition can significantly impact the quality of life of sufferers, making the development of effective and safe anticonvulsant therapies a priority in pharmacological research. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of various anticonvulsant drugs, including herbal candidates, in a mouse model (Mus musculus) using acute and subchronic test protocols. Seizures were induced by administering strychnine, a glycine receptor antagonist that triggers excessive neuronal excitability. Parameters observed included seizure onset (the time from strychnine administration to the onset of the first seizure) and deadtime (the time of survival after a seizure). The study involved six treatment groups: a negative control (Na-CMC), four conventional drug groups (phenytoin, diazepam, pregabalin, and gabapentin), and one herbal candidate group made from Polyalthia longifolia (glodokan tiang). The results showed that most treatment groups were able to delay seizure onset and significantly prolong deadtime compared to the negative control. Statistical analysis using ANOVA yielded a p-value <0.05, indicating a significant difference between groups. The herbal candidate Polyalthia longifolia showed promising anticonvulsant potential, although it did not fully match the effectiveness of conventional drugs such as phenytoin or diazepam. The negative control (Na-CMC) showed the fastest onset and shortest survival time, reflecting the absence of a protective effect against seizures. This study emphasizes the importance of further testing using chronic protocols and evaluating additional parameters such as plasma drug concentrations and neurological side effect profiles. The obtained data are expected to form the basis for the development of anticonvulsant therapies based on a combination of modern drugs and natural ingredients, with the hope of producing safer, more effective treatment alternatives, and potentially reducing dependence on long-term synthetic drugs.

Physiological quality deterioration during storage is a major factor contributing to the reduced germination capacity of rice seeds. Revitalization treatments are therefore essential to restore seed viability and promote optimal seedling development. One promising approach involves the application of plant growth regulators (PGRs) from the polyamine group, such as putrescine. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of varying concentrations and soaking durations of putrescine in improving the viability of deteriorated rice seeds. The experiment was conducted using a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with two factors: putrescine concentrations (0 ppm/ soaking in distilled water only, putrescine 15 ppm, putrescine 20 ppm, and putrescine 25 ppm) and soaking durations (3, 6, and 9 hours). The parameters evaluated included germination percentage and germination rate. Results indicated that treatment with 20 ppm putrescine combined with a 6-hour soaking period yielded the most significant improvement in seed viability. These findings suggest that putrescine treatment can effectively restore the physiological quality of rice seeds affected by storage-induced deterioration.

Livestock farmers in Besowo Village, a buffer zone of the Besowo Natural Reserve, rely heavily on forest resources, leading to potential environmental and social challenges. This study, conducted from August to October 2023 in Kediri Regency, Indonesia, employs a quantitative descriptive survey method with data collected through observations, interviews, questionnaires, and documentation. Data analysis was performed using SWOT and QSPM to identify sustainable forest resource utilization strategies for livestock farming. Farmers utilize non-timber forest products, including Pennisetum purpureum, Pennisetum purpureum cv. Mott, various weeds, and tree leaves such as Swietenia mahagoni, sengon (Albizia chinensis), and mindi (Melia azedarach) for livestock feed. Timber forest products like Swietenia mahagoni, sengon, gembilina (Gmelina arborea), balsa (Ochroma grandiflorum), and salam (Syzygium polyanthum) are used for firewood and livestock pens. The SWOT analysis recommends sustainable strategies, including monitoring forest resource use, optimizing sharecropping land for forage planting, empowering farmers through conservation programs, and enhancing goat and sheep farming. The QSPM analysis emphasizes the importance of government and Perhutani support in ensuring sustainable forest resource utilization. Strengthening institutional collaboration and promoting agroforestry-based livestock farming could further enhance sustainability and reduce dependence on forest resources.

This study aims to describe the visual thinking of high school students in understanding three-dimensional problems. This research is a descriptive research with a qualitative approach. Two students with medium and high mathematical skills of the female gender were selected as research subjects. Data was collected by giving three-dimensional problem-solving tasks according to Polya's steps and interviews. Students' visual thinking is described based on seeing, recognizing, imagining, and showing. The results of the study show that at the comprehension stage, students with medium and high mathematical skills do looking and seeing, recognizing and imagining at the planning stage, and showing the steps to implement the problem-solving plan appropriately but in a different way, students with medium ability use more concise steps and vice versa for high-ability students; At the re-examination stage, the two subjects showed (showing) the conclusion of the solution solution, but did not show (showing) re-checking.

Providing education to the public by using bay leaves as a preparation will increase public awareness of the plants that grow in Indonesia, which are rich in health benefits, thereby increasing public enthusiasm. Bay leaves combined with white rice powder are often used as a moisturizer so they are made into a body scrub preparation that can increase moisture into the skin for better. The aim of this service is that the community is expected to provide education about bay leaves and white rice powder in Klambir V Village, Medan, Indonesia. This community service method was carried out using leaflets, modules, power points and presentations to the community. The result of this service was an increase in public knowledge of tamarind fruit as an antioxidant by 85%..

This study aims to determine the effect of Polya's strategy in improving students' interpretation ability in solving problems contained in story problems on mixed number operations. The method used in this research is a pre-experimental design method with one-group pretest-posttest design type with quantitative research model. The population used in this study were grade V students of SDN X, Lubang Buaya Village, Cipayung District, East Jakarta as many as 13 students. The research data collection technique is using multiple choice questions and essay instruments given to students at the beginning and end of learning. The results showed that there was an influence on students' interpretation ability in solving math story problems on mixed number counting operation material.  This is evidenced by the results of the Paired Sample T-test data analysis with a significance value <0.05, which is 0.000 so that H0 is rejected and H1 is accepted. So it can be concluded that there is an influence on the ability to interpret math story problems on mixed number operations using Polya's learning strategy for fifth grade students at SD X.

This study aims to determine the difficulties of students in solving Higher Order Thingking Skills (HOTS) problems by using the Polya method in Trigonometric comparison materials. This research is a descriptive qualitative research. The subjects of the study were 36 students in class X.1 of SMA Negeri 2 Situbondo. Data collection techniques use test questions, interviews and documentation. The test in the form of Higher Order Thingking Skills (HOTS) questions is carried out to measure students' abilities. Interviews were conducted on 6 students based on the category of ability level of test results. Data analysis was carried out using data induction and reduction theory. The test results showed that those who scored in the high-level category were 10 students (28%), the moderate-level category was 14 students (39%) and the low-level category was 12 students (33%). The conclusion of this study states that the difficulty of students in solving Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) questions using the polya method, namely subjects with high-level categories, experience difficulties at the re-examination stage. Subjects with a moderate level category, experienced difficulties at the stage of implementing the plan and re-examining. Subjects with low-level categories experienced difficulties at all stages of polya, namely at the stage of understanding the problem, making a plan, implementing the plan and re-examining.

This research aims to analyse students' mathematical problem solving ability on length and weight measurement material in class III at SD Negeri Langgenharjo 01. This type of research is a qualitative descriptive research. The data source of this research comes from the answers to the mathematical problem solving ability description test and interviews. This study used 3 subjects from 30 grade III students who were taken using purposive techniques according to the category of mathematical problem solving ability, consisting of high, medium, and low categories. Data collection techniques used observation, interviews, and documentation. The data analysis technique used in this study used the Miles and Huberman model, namely, data collection, data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. Based on the results of research on mathematical solving ability according to Polya's level, namely, (1) Students in the high category are able to fulfil all four indicators of problem solving according to Polya's stages. (2) Students in the medium category can solve problems well, but are often less careful and often hasty. They can only fulfil 2 of the 4 problem solving indicators. (3) Students in the low category have not been able to solve the problem well. They were unable to fulfil all indicators of problem solving ability according to Polya's stages. The conclusion of this study is that students have various potentials in mathematical problem solving ranging from high, medium, and low categories.

This research uses the Polya problem-solving procedure to describe students' difficulty in problem-solving in the material about systems of linear equations in two variables. The method in this research is descriptive research. The subjects in this research were three students in Class VIII of SMP Negeri 6 Tondano. The data analysis techniques used are data presentation, data reduction and conclusion. The results of this research show that of the four stages of Polya problem solving, students who have the highest scores can fulfil all stages of Polya problem solving, students who have medium scores can fulfil three stages of Polya problem solving, and students who have high scores can fulfil two stages of Polya problem-solving.