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Esophageal atresia with tracheoesophageal fistula is a congenital anomaly requiring early diagnosis and prompt surgical correction. Gross type D esophageal atresia, characterized by both proximal and distal tracheoesophageal fistulas, is an exceedingly rare variant that poses significant diagnostic and operative challenges. We report a case of a full-term female neonate with a birth weight of 3,200 grams who presented with hypersalivation since the first day of life, accompanied by coughing and choking during feeding. Orogastric tube insertion failed, with the tube arrested at approximately 15 cm. The patient was referred with a diagnosis of neonatal pneumonia and suspected esophageal atresia with tracheoesophageal fistula. Physical examination revealed tachypnea, chest wall retraction, and respiratory distress requiring ventilatory support. Babygram demonstrated the orogastric tube tip arrested at the proximal esophageal pouch with distal gastrointestinal air. Contrast esophagography confirmed proximal esophageal atresia at the upper thoracic level with suspected proximal fistula. Associated findings included bilateral pneumonia, right upper lobe atelectasis, and vertebral anomalies suggestive of VACTERL association. Intraoperative findings confirmed Gross type D esophageal atresia with proximal and distal tracheoesophageal fistulas. Both fistulas were excised, followed by primary esophageal anastomosis and transanastomotic nasogastric tube placement. Gross type D esophageal atresia is a rare congenital anomaly that should be considered in neonates presenting with hypersalivation, failed orogastric tube insertion, and respiratory distress. Anatomical subtype confirmation relies on intraoperative findings. Early surgical repair can be performed successfully; however, associated anomalies necessitate careful long-term follow-up.

Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is a condition of insufficient iron that lowers hemoglobin levels and disrupts erythrocyte formation. This condition commonly occurs in children and can weaken the immune system, thereby increasing the risk of recurrent respiratory tract infections such as bronchiolitis, pneumonia, and Acute Respiratory Tract Infections (ARTI). Children with IDA are also at risk of worsening clinical conditions. This study employed a literature review method with a descriptive-analytical approach. A total of 10 journals (2020–2026) from Google Scholar, PubMed, ResearchGate, Elsevier, and the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) were analyzed using the Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome, Study Design (PICOS) framework and synthesized narratively. The results of the review indicate that iron deficiency anemia is significantly associated with an increased risk of recurrent respiratory tract infections in children. Children with IDA have a 2–5 times higher risk of developing bronchiolitis and pneumonia, and up to 10 times greater susceptibility to recurrent ARTI. This condition is also associated with increased disease severity, characterized by low hemoglobin levels, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), and serum iron, as well as elevated total iron-binding capacity (TIBC). Iron supplementation has been proven effective in reducing the incidence of recurrent infections. In conclusion, iron deficiency anemia is associated with an increased risk and severity of recurrent respiratory tract infections in children. Early detection and iron supplementation are essential to reduce morbidity and prevent infection recurrence.

Penyakit Tuberculosis (TBC) merupakan penyakit yang menyerang pada organ pernapasan dan dapat menular melalui droplet, disebabkan oleh Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis). Kadar serum NLR jauh lebih rendah pada pasien yang menderita tuberculosis paru dibandingkan dengan pasien pneumonia komunitas yang disebabkan oleh infeksi bakteri.   Berdasarkan Uraian di atas, maka akan dilakukan peneltian mengenai gambaran nilai Neutrophil-Limposit-Ratio (NLR) terhadap tingkat keparahan pasien tuberculosis paru. Rumusan masalah: Bagaimana gambaran nilai Neutrophil-Limposit-Ratio (NLR) terhadap tingkat keparahan pasien tuberculosis paru? Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mengetahui gambaran nilai Neutrophil-Limposit-Ratio (NLR) terhadap tingkat keparahan pasien tuberculosis paru. Hasil peneltian ini diharapkan dapat menjadi referensi dasar ilmiah pengembangan pengetahuan tentang pemeriksaan TBC paru. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kuantitatif dengan cross sectional yang melibatkan responden TBC paru di R.S Paru Jember. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan tidak adanya perbedaan yang signifikan secara statistic antara nilai NLR rata-rata pada pasien TB Paru dengan tingkat keparahan (lesi paru pada hasil rontgen) sedang dan berat dimana dari uji Mann-Whitney menunjukkan nilai sig.>0,05.

Pneumonia is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality among children aged 0–18 years worldwide. Appropriate treatment is crucial for improving treatment outcomes and preventing complications and antibiotic resistance. This literature review aims to analyze treatment options for pneumonia in pediatric patients based on articles published in PubMed from 2024 to 2025. The method used involved searching for articles with the keywords “(Case Reports) AND (pneumonia) AND (in children)” using filters for free full text, case reports, English language, human subjects, and the 0–18-year-old age group. Of the 71 articles identified, 10 met the inclusion criteria. The review results indicate that pneumonia treatment in children is dominated by the use of antibiotics and supportive care. In cases of severe pneumonia and necrotizing pneumonia, intensive antimicrobial therapy, close monitoring, and management of complications are required. Modern diagnostic tests such as bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), rapid syndromic arrays, and metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) help identify pathogens more quickly and accurately, thereby allowing for more targeted therapy. Additionally, corticosteroids and immunoglobulins are used as adjunctive therapies in cases of severe inflammation. Accurate diagnosis and individualized therapy selection play a crucial role in improving clinical outcomes for pediatric pneumonia patients. 

Pneumonia is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality among children aged 0–18 years worldwide. Appropriate treatment is crucial for improving treatment outcomes and preventing complications and antibiotic resistance. This literature review aims to analyze treatment options for pneumonia in pediatric patients based on articles published in PubMed from 2024 to 2025. The method used involved searching for articles with the keywords “(Case Reports) AND (pneumonia) AND (in children)” using filters for free full text, case reports, English language, human subjects, and the 0–18-year-old age group. Of the 71 articles identified, 10 met the inclusion criteria. The review results indicate that pneumonia treatment in children is dominated by the use of antibiotics and supportive care. In cases of severe pneumonia and necrotizing pneumonia, intensive antimicrobial therapy, close monitoring, and management of complications are required. Modern diagnostic tests such as bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), rapid syndromic arrays, and metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) help identify pathogens more quickly and accurately, thereby allowing for more targeted therapy. Additionally, corticosteroids and immunoglobulins are used as adjunctive therapies in cases of severe inflammation. Accurate diagnosis and individualized therapy selection play a crucial role in improving clinical outcomes for pediatric pneumonia patients. 

Diabetes mellitus type 2 is a chronic metabolic disorder that frequently affects elderly patients and is often accompanied by multiple comorbidities. The increasing prevalence of diabetes in the aging population contributes to higher morbidity and mortality, especially when complicated by geriatric syndromes, electrolyte imbalances, and infections such as pneumonia. This study aims to present a case of type 2 diabetes mellitus in an elderly patient with associated geriatric problems, electrolyte disturbances, and pneumonia. The method used is a descriptive case report based on clinical findings, laboratory examinations, and radiological assessment. A 76-year-old male presented with generalized weakness, weight loss, decreased appetite, respiratory symptoms, and functional decline. Physical examination and laboratory findings revealed uncontrolled diabetes, electrolyte imbalance, hypoalbuminemia, and signs of infection. Chest radiography confirmed pneumonia. Management included pharmacological therapy such as antibiotics, fluid and electrolyte correction, and supportive care, along with non-pharmacological interventions including dietary regulation and monitoring. The findings highlight the complexity of managing elderly patients with multiple comorbid conditions, emphasizing the need for a comprehensive and multidisciplinary approach. Early detection and appropriate management are essential to improve clinical outcomes and prevent further complications in geriatric patients with diabetes mellitus.

Pneumonia caused by extensively drug-resistant (XDR) Pseudomonas aeruginosa is still  clinicaly chalenging, particularly among geriatric patients with neurological comorbidities such as stroke. This report presents a case of XDR P. aeruginosa pneumonia complicated by sepsis in a 73-year-old patient, characterized by persistent leukocytosis until the tenth day of hospitalization despite empirical meropenem therapy. This evidence-based case report aims to analyze clinical outcomes, specifically 28-day and 30-day mortality rates, and to identify mortality predictors in the adult population through a systematic literature search of the PubMed and Google Scholar databases for the 2019–2026 period. Synthesized evidence from six core studies indicates that XDR P. aeruginosa infections carry a profoundly high 28-day mortality rate, ranging from 41% to 51% in cohorts receiving antibiotic monotherapy. Key mortality predictors identified include the presence of sepsis or septic shock, a delay in initiating adequate therapy exceeding 52 hours, advanced age, and the requirement for Intensive Care Unit (ICU) admission. The phenomenon of persistent or worsening leukocytosis during treatment, as observed in this case, serves as a critical clinical indicator associated with antimicrobial response failure and a dismal prognosis. Ultimately, XDR P. aeruginosa pneumonia is associated with poor clinical outcomes, where therapeutic success is strictly contingent upon the timely administration of antibiotic regimens with proven activity against these highly resistant isolates.

With growing antimicrobial resistance becoming a major health concern, there is an urgent need to explore alternative treatment options. This study examined the efficacy of copper sulfate pentahydrate (CSP) against eight microorganisms commonly implicated in vaginal infections. We tested three Candida species (C. albicans, C. glabrata, and C. tropicalis) along with five bacterial species, including Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Gardnerella vaginalis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The agar dilution test was performed at concentrations ranging from 0.0001M to 0.7M of CSP. We obtained an effect of CSP antimicrobial, which was concentration-dependent. Concentrations low ( ≤ 0.007M) did not influence growth significantly. We observed partial growth inhibition at medium concentrations (0.05-0.07M, equivalent to approximately 780 -1092 µg/ml) of the solution. The growth of bacteria and yeasts was fully inhibited at 0.05M and 0.07M, respectively. The dose required to kill the organisms (not merely inhibit their growth) was 0.25M (approximately 2014 µg/ml) across all microorganisms used, and we verified this by observing no growth when samples were inoculated into fresh media. These findings have indicated that CSP possesses good antimicrobial efficacy against typical vaginal pathogens at doses that may be applied in topical therapies. However, some additional research is required, especially the research that will investigate the toxicity on human cells and the production of suitable formulations to be used clinically.

Pneumonia remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, particularly in resource-limited settings and among elderly populations, where timely diagnosis and continuous monitoring are often constrained by limited clinical infrastructure. This study presents an edge–cloud–integrated framework for early pneumonia risk monitoring, leveraging multimodal wearable sensors and deep learning to support continuous short-duration monitoring. The proposed system is designed to operate in near real time under simulated deployment conditions, continuously acquiring and analyzing physiological signals (respiratory rate, heart rate, SpO₂, and body temperature) alongside event-driven acoustic biomarkers (cough sounds) within a distributed architecture. A lightweight edge module performs local signal preprocessing and anomaly triage, selectively transmitting salient information to a cloud-based multimodal deep learning model for refined risk estimation and interpretability analysis. The framework was evaluated using a multi-source dataset comprising public repositories (MIMIC-III and Coswara) and a clinically supervised wearable study conducted in two Nigerian hospitals, resulting in 718  hours of quality-controlled multimodal monitoring data. In a pooled multi-source evaluation, the system achieved an AUC of 0.95, while in a clinically realistic local-only evaluation, the AUC was 0.86, reflecting a consistent but preliminary diagnostic signal. These results highlight the importance of local data adaptation for real-world applicability and suggest that multimodal AI can provide meaningful early risk indicators under resource constraints. Beyond predictive performance, this work demonstrates the feasibility of integrating multimodal learning, edge–cloud computation, and explainable analytics into a deployment-aware, privacy-preserving monitoring framework for low-resource healthcare environments.

Introduction: Bronchopneumonia is an inflammatory lung condition involving one or more lobes, characterized by patchy infiltrates commonly caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae (30–50% of cases), followed by Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae in more severe infections. Clinical manifestations include high fever, restlessness, dyspnea, rapid and shallow breathing accompanied by rales, vomiting, and either dry or productive cough. Respiratory infections may trigger inflammatory responses that increase excessive mucus production. Case Illustration: A 1-year-5-month-old girl weighing 7.9 kg presented to RSUD Ir. Soekarno Sukoharjo with shortness of breath and intermittent fever for six days, accompanied by vomiting, decreased appetite and fluid intake, cough, weakness, runny nose, and oral sores. Physical examination revealed a weak general condition, compos mentis consciousness, dyspnea, wheezing, and fine wet rales in both lung bases. Dysmorphic facial features consistent with Down syndrome were observed. Laboratory findings showed leukopenia, eosinopenia, and elevated RDW-CV, while chest radiography indicated bilateral bronchopneumonia. Management included intravenous fluids, antibiotics, antipyretics, antiemetics, and bronchodilators. The patient was diagnosed with sixth-day fever due to bronchopneumonia, mild-to-moderate dehydration, recurrent nausea and vomiting, atrial septal defect, and Down syndrome.

Stunting in toddlers is a chronic nutritional problem caused by lack of nutritional intake due to feeding that does not meet basic needs. UNICEF data in 2024 shows that the infant mortality rate for toddlers is 48 per 1,000 live births and the neonatal mortality rate is 23 per 1,000 live births. Conditions that cause mortality and morbidity in infants and toddlers include malnutrition, sepsis, pneumonia, and premature birth (WHO, 2023). Factors that cause stunting include nutrition, health, environment, and socio-economy, such as malnutrition in pregnant women and children, recurrent infections, poor sanitation, and limited access to health services and nutritious food (Sari, 2023). The effects of stunting include brain development inhibitions, weakened immune systems, delayed psychosocial and motor development, and suboptimal physical growth. Based on a preliminary study at the Sungai Raya Dalam Health Center, there were 134 children under five who were stunted. This study aims to determine the relationship between maternal nutritional status during pregnancy and the incidence of stunting in toddlers aged 0–24 months. The research design used case control with a retrospective approach, involving 58 mothers with toddlers aged 0–24 months. The results showed that mothers with nutritional status with KELK had a higher risk of giving birth to stunted toddlers (72.7%) compared to mothers with good nutritional status (19.1%). The Fisher Exact test yielded a value of p = 0.000 (p < 0.05), which means that there is a significant relationship between the nutritional status of pregnant women and the incidence of stunting.

Pneumonia is a lung infection that causes the air sacs to fill with fluid or pus. This disease can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites, with varying degrees of severity depending on the cause and condition of the sufferer. Symptoms include cough, fever, and shortness of breath. Data obtained from the Batam City Health Office of pneumonia in 2023, there were 1,509 cases of pneumonia, the most cases were found in Batam City (1,182 cases), while the fewest cases were recorded in Lingga Regency (5 cases). This Professional Scientific Paper aims to provide medical-surgical nursing care with the application of chest physiotherapy to Ms. N to reduce the amount of sputum for pneumonia sufferers in the inpatient room at Harapan Bunda Hospital, Batam City in 2025. The method used in this Professional Scientific Paper is a case study conducted based on the stages of nursing care including assessment, data analysis, diagnosis, intervention, implementation, and nursing evaluation. The results showed a decrease in sputum production on the third day, a decrease in fever, and an improvement in sleep patterns. Patients are expected to understand that chest physiotherapy can reduce sputum production.

Pneumonia is one of the leading causes of mortality in children under five, especially those living in households with active smokers. This study aims to determine the risk of pneumonia in toddlers from smoking families in the working area of Meuraxa Public Health Center, Banda Aceh City. The research used a case-control design with 33 respondents, consisting of 11 cases (toddlers with pneumonia) and 22 controls (toddlers without pneumonia). Data collection was conducted through a structured questionnaire and analyzed using the chi-square test. The findings revealed that the prevalence of pneumonia among toddlers from smoking households was 33.3%. There were significant associations between pneumonia incidence and several factors, including nutritional status (p = 0.024), immunization status (p = 0.034), exclusive breastfeeding (p = 0.027), parental smoking behavior inside the house (p = 0.009), and household ventilation (p = 0.017). Toddlers who were not exclusively breastfed, had poor nutritional status, incomplete immunization, poor air ventilation, and exposure to cigarette smoke at home were at higher risk of developing pneumonia. This study emphasizes the vital role of the family in creating a healthy, smoke-free home environment that supports children's well-being. Community-based interventions and educational programs are essential to prevent pneumonia and improve the quality of life of children, particularly in urban public health areas like Meuraxa.

Pneumonia is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in toddlers in Indonesia. Poor family knowledge about pneumonia prevention worsens children's health, necessitating educational efforts as a promotional and preventive measure. This community service activity aims to increase family knowledge and awareness regarding pneumonia prevention in toddlers through health education at Bayu Asih Regional Hospital, Purwakarta, in 2025. Implementation methods included lectures, interactive discussions, and the distribution of educational leaflets to 18 families of toddlers treated in the pediatric ward. Evaluation was conducted by comparing pretest and posttest results. The results showed an average increase in knowledge of 18%, from 76.7 to 90.3. Participants gained a better understanding of the risk factors, signs and symptoms of pneumonia, and preventive measures. Furthermore, families were more motivated to maintain environmental cleanliness, complete immunizations, and provide optimal nutrition for toddlers. In conclusion, family education is effective in increasing family understanding and awareness regarding pneumonia prevention in toddlers and can be a sustainable program in healthcare facilities.

Bronchopneumonia is the most common form of pneumonia in children and remains a leading cause of death in those under five years of age. This condition is characterized by shortness of breath due to lung infection. One of the interventions used is nebulizer inhalation therapy, which helps relieve breathing difficulties and thin secretions. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of inhalation therapy in children experiencing ineffective airway clearance. The method applied is a case study based on evidence-based practice (EBP) involving one patient, with nebulizer interventions administered for three consecutive days, each lasting 10–15 minutes. The findings showed improvement, including reduced shortness of breath, decreased productive cough, and the disappearance of rhonchi. Therefore, nebulizer therapy is proven effective in managing respiratory problems in children with bronchopneumonia, and its implementation should be accompanied by education for patients and their families to support collaborative nursing care.

Indonesian people's understanding of immunization and early detection is still different, so babies and toddlers have not received immunizations in health services. Husband's support has an important role in providing support and motivation so that mothers come to every posyandu activity. Data from the 2020 Indonesian Health Profile shows that diarrhea is the second largest contributor to death after pneumonia (lung infection) in babies aged 29 days - 11 months, namely 9.8% and in the group of toddlers aged 12-59 months, 4.5% of total deaths. . The aim of the research is to determine the relationship between maternal knowledge and husband's support with the provision of Rotavirus immunization in Merjosari Village, Malang City. The research design is an analytical method with a cross sectional approach which was carried out on a sample of 80 respondents in Merjosari Village, Malang City. The data collection tools used were a mother's knowledge questionnaire with 17 question items, a husband's support questionnaire with 12 statement items. The results of research on maternal knowledge showed that of the 80 respondents, the majority of mothers' knowledge was good with 52 respondents (65%) being given rotavirus immunization. The results of the Chi-Square test in this study show that there is a relationship between maternal knowledge and immunization for babies in Merjosaroi Village, Malang City with a value of p=0.000; 0.05.  The results of research on husband's support showed that of the 80 respondents, the majority supported rotavirus immunization, 61 respondents (76.3%). The results of the Chi-Square test in this study show that there is a relationship between saumi support and immunization for babies in Merjosaroi Village, Malang City with a value of p=0.001; 0.05. Based on the results of this research, community health centers and cadres can carry out the activities needed to increase mothers' knowledge about rotavirus immunization and husband support, such as providing counseling to mothers, holding programs that demonstrate immunization activities and encouraging mothers to come to the posyandu for immunization.

Health problems in older adults, particularly oral function disorders, often lead to serious complications such as chewing difficulties, which disrupt adequate nutritional intake and may trigger broader health issues including malnutrition, aspiration pneumonia, and a decline in overall quality of life. One intervention that has been introduced to address these challenges is the PATAKARA exercise, a simple oral rehabilitation technique designed to strengthen oral and facial muscles. This study aimed to analyze the effect of PATAKARA exercise on the oral function of older adults at Roujin Home Seseragi No Sato Zao, Japan. The research employed a quasi-experimental approach with a One Group Pretest-Post Test Design. The study population consisted of 75 older adults, with 40 participants selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected using the Oral Health Impact Profile-14 (OHIP-14) questionnaire and analyzed with the Wilcoxon test. Findings showed that most participants were in the advanced elderly category (≥80 years), predominantly female, and had a secondary education background. Prior to the intervention, the majority exhibited moderate oral function, while after the exercise, most participants demonstrated improved oral function categorized as good. Statistical analysis revealed a significant effect of the PATAKARA exercise on oral function (p = 0.000). The results suggest that PATAKARA exercise effectively enhances oral muscle strength, including the lips, tongue, pharynx, and larynx, thereby improving chewing, swallowing, and speech functions. This exercise can be recommended as a practical, non-invasive, and low-cost intervention to support oral health and overall well-being among older adults.

The incidence of pneumonia has a significant impact on the health of toddlers because the disease can cause death. One of the factors influencing the incidence is the lack of maternal knowledge about early detection of pneumonia. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of health education with booklet media on mothers' knowledge about early detection of pneumonia toddlers in Bandungrejosari Village, Janti Health Center area, Malang City. This study used preexperimental design with one group pretest-posttest design approach with population of 111 people. The sampling technique used was proportional random sampling, the sample size was 42 respondents. The research instrument used a questionnaire. Data analysis using the Wilcoxon signed rank test. The statistical test results obtained p-value of 0.000 <0,05, which means that there is an effect of health education with booklet media on mothers' knowledge about early detection of pneumonia toddlers in Bandungrejosari Village, Janti Health Center area, Malang City. Based on the results of this study, the provision of health education with booklet media needs to be done so that it can improve mothers' knowledge about early detection of pneumonia toddlers. Future researchers can also use control group as a comparison in this study.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a major global health threat, with severe impacts in developing countries due to weak health systems, poor regulation, and low sanitation standards. This review summarizes 12 studies from Asia and Africa on AMR’s clinical, social, economic, and environmental effects. AMR leads to first-line treatment failure, prolonged hospital stays, increased morbidity and mortality, and necessitates costly, toxic last-line antibiotics. Economic consequences include higher treatment costs, productivity loss, and poverty risk from high medical expenses. Environmental contributors such as contamination from medical waste, livestock, and the food industry accelerate resistant bacteria spread. Effective control requires integrated strategies, including Antimicrobial Stewardship Programs (ASP) based on AWaRe classification, laboratory strengthening, One Health approaches, public education, strict antibiotic distribution regulations, and cross-sector monitoring. These measures aim to curb AMR progression and reduce health burdens in developing nations. The rise of AMR further complicates healthcare delivery in countries already struggling with limited resources and underfunded healthcare systems. The growing prevalence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) organisms threatens the effectiveness of current medical treatments, including those for common infections such as tuberculosis and pneumonia. Infections that were once easily treatable with antibiotics are now leading to longer and more complicated hospitalizations, greater healthcare costs, and higher death rates. Additionally, the lack of access to newer, more effective antibiotics and diagnostic tools makes managing resistant infections in these regions even more challenging. Environmental factors, particularly contamination from healthcare facilities and agricultural practices, play a key role in the proliferation of resistant pathogens.  

Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) is a disease that attacks the respiratory system and is classified as an infectious disease. This disease can be caused by various types of microorganisms such as viruses, bacteria, or fungi, but most cases of ARI are caused by viral infections. ARI includes conditions such as the common cold, bronchitis, pharyngitis, and pneumonia. In developing countries, ARI is a leading cause of death, especially in children under the age of five. Lack of access to health services, poor sanitation, and malnutrition are factors that contribute to this condition. Therefore, efforts to prevent and treat ARI are crucial, both through conventional and alternative medicine. One herbal plant that has long been used in complementary therapy for ARI is Echinacea, which comes from the flowering plant Echinacea purpurea and is native to the United States. Echinacea is believed to have immunostimulant properties, meaning it can stimulate the immune system, thereby helping to prevent and accelerate the healing of upper respiratory tract infections. Several studies have shown that the use of Echinacea can reduce the duration and severity of ARI symptoms, as well as reduce the risk of recurrent infections. However, research findings on the effectiveness and safety of Echinacea continue to show significant variation. Some clinical trials report significant benefits, while others find no significant effect compared to placebo. Therefore, a systematic review aims to gather the latest evidence regarding the effectiveness and safety of Echinacea in the treatment and prevention of acute respiratory infections (ARI). This approach is expected to yield stronger and more reliable conclusions to support the use of Echinacea as a safe and effective alternative therapy.