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The plantation sector is one of the main pillars in Indonesia’s international trade. Commodities such as palm oil, rubber, coffee, and cocoa serve as leading export products that contribute significantly to the country’s foreign exchange earnings. This study aims to analyze the role of plantation commodity exports in Indonesia’s international economic performance and to identify the challenges faced. The method used is a descriptive qualitative approach through literature review from various scientific sources. The results indicate that plantation exports contribute substantially to economic growth, employment generation, and the stability of the trade balance. However, several challenges persist, including global price fluctuations, sustainability issues, and international trade barriers. Therefore, strategic policies are required to enhance the competitiveness of Indonesia’s plantation commodities in the global market.

The purpose of this study was to determine how the application of Local Microorganisms (LOM) from stale rice and oil palm boiler ash impacts the growth and production of shallots (Allium ascalonicum L.) and to determine the interaction between the two treatments. Shallots are a horticultural commodity with high economic value, so efforts are needed to increase production through the use of environmentally friendly organic materials. The study used a factorial Randomized Block Design (RBD) with two factors and three replications. The first factor was LOM from stale rice with four levels (0, 20, 40, and 60 ml/L water/plot) and the second factor was oil palm boiler ash with four levels (0, 500, 1000, and 1500 grams/plot), resulting in 16 treatment combinations and 48 experimental plots. The parameters observed included plant height, number of leaves, number of tillers, fresh weight of bulbs, dry weight of bulbs, and bulb diameter. If there was a significant effect, the data were tested using analysis of variance (ANOVA). This research is expected to produce scientific data on the use of organic waste as an environmentally friendly fertilizer alternative.

This study aims to determine the effect of palm oil fiber (PFFE) (Borassus flabellifer Linn.) levels in egg yolk citrate diluent (C-EY) on the quality of frozen semen from landrace crossbred boar. The material used was fresh semen from 3 landrace crossbred pigs aged 2-3 years. The experimental method was a Completely Randomized Design consisting of five treatments and five replications. T0 = S-KT, T1= C-EY + PFFE 0.75%, T2 = C-EY + PFFE 1.5%, T3 = C-EY + 2.25% PFFE, and T4 = C-EY + PFFE 3%, and the addition of 6% glycerol in each treatment. The parameters observed included motility, viability, abnormalities, and recovery rate of spermatozoa. The data obtained were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and analysis using SPSS version 27. The results revealed that the addition of PFFE had a significant effect (P <0.05) on post-thawing semen motility. With a value of T2: 24.00±2.23%, followed by T3: 15.00±5.00%, T1: 14.00±6.51%, T4: 13.00±4.47% and T0: 12.00±7.58%. Post-thawing viability also revealed that the addition of palmyra fruit fiber extract had a significant effect (P<0.05) with a T2 value of 46.65±3.65% followed by treatment T3: 25.70±6.75, T1: 24.69±8.70, T4:24.24±7.81 and T0: 22.36±8.67. While semen abnormalities did not have a significant difference between treatments. It can be concluded that the use of 1.5% SSBL and S-KT resulted in the highest post-thaw semen motility in treatment P2, with a value of 24.00 ± 2.23% in crossbred Landrace boar semen.

Oil palm plantations are often confronted with the problem of uncontrolled land expansion and suboptimal management, which potentially threaten the sustainability of the business from environmental, social, and economic perspectives for surrounding communities. This condition calls for a comprehensive evaluation of management practices implemented by independent smallholders. This study aims to determine the sustainability status of smallholder oil palm plantations in Parindu Subdistrict, Sanggau Regency, assessed from five main dimensions: ecological, economic, social, institutional, and technological. In addition, the study analyzes attributes that have sensitivity levels affecting the future sustainability of oil palm farming as a basis for formulating improvement strategies. A total of 36 respondents were selected using purposive sampling techniques and in-depth interviews. The research method employed was quantitative descriptive using the Rap-Palmoil approach and qualitative descriptive supported by kite diagrams to clarify the analysis results. The findings indicate that the management status of oil palm plantations falls into the moderately sustainable category, with MDS values of 53.61 for Embala Village and 55.75 for Maju Karya Village. The dimensions that require priority improvement in both villages are the ecological and technological dimensions.

The development of the palm oil industry in Indonesia typically relies on collaboration with smallholder farmers, but this collaboration often faces various problems such as poor cultivation techniques, lack of technical guidance, unclear administrative matters, and limited access to certification and markets. This study aims to develop a specific human resource management model to support collaboration with smallholder farmers, thereby improving production yields, sustainability, and engagement in the palm oil supply chain. The method used is a desk study, namely by analyzing and reconstructing information from research results, industry reports, and palm oil certification and sustainability policies. Based on the analysis, a career structure and Human Resource Management functions are proposed, consisting of collaboration supervisors, field officers, capacity training officers, collaboration administration staff, and collaboration/certification managers. This model allows for technical and administrative assistance, training for farmers, collaboration coordination, and certification and compliance management. The implementation of this model is predicted to improve cultivation quality, improve smallholder access to certification and markets, and strengthen the stability and sustainability of the supply chain. Thus, the HR model for smallholders offers a strategic solution to the various challenges of working with smallholders and supports the development of a socially, economically, and environmentally sustainable palm oil agribusiness sector.

The development of the palm oil industry in Indonesia typically relies on collaboration with smallholder farmers, but this collaboration often faces various problems such as poor cultivation techniques, lack of technical guidance, unclear administrative matters, and limited access to certification and markets. This study aims to develop a specific human resource management model to support collaboration with smallholder farmers, thereby improving production yields, sustainability, and engagement in the palm oil supply chain. The method used is a desk study, namely by analyzing and reconstructing information from research results, industry reports, and palm oil certification and sustainability policies. Based on the analysis, a career structure and Human Resource Management functions are proposed, consisting of collaboration supervisors, field officers, capacity training officers, collaboration administration staff, and collaboration/certification managers. This model allows for technical and administrative assistance, training for farmers, collaboration coordination, and certification and compliance management. The implementation of this model is predicted to improve cultivation quality, improve smallholder access to certification and markets, and strengthen the stability and sustainability of the supply chain. Thus, the HR model for smallholders offers a strategic solution to the various challenges of working with smallholders and supports the development of a socially, economically, and environmentally sustainable palm oil agribusiness sector.

The purpose of this study is to determine the perception of Plasma Farmers/Partners on the Existence of PT. Tani Prima Makmur Oil Palm Plantation, Andabia Village, Anggaberi District, Southeast Sulawesi Province. The number of samples in the study was 54 respondents of partner/plasma farmers. There are two types of data in general, namely quantitative data and qualitative data. The data sources used in this study are primary data and secondary data. The data analysis method in this study is qualitative descriptive analysis, with a qualitative analysis model. With a Likert scale, the measured variables are described into variable indicators. Then the indicators are used as a starting point for compiling instrument items that can be in the form of questions or statements. The answers to each instrument item using a Likert scale have positive questions and negative questions. Based on the results of the analysis, it appears that public perception regarding the economic impact of PT Tani Prima Makmur's activities is assessed as a total score of 574, indicating that the existence of oil palm plantations has a positive impact on improving the economy of partner/plasma farmers. The overall social impact has a total score of 416, which means that the presence of oil palm plantations is perceived to have a negative impact on the social community of partner/plasma farmers.

In article 157A of Law Number 6 of 2023 that in the process of termination of employment, employers and permanent workers must carry out their respective obligations, employers can carry out suspension actions and still pay wages and other rights, but in reality employers rarely apply article 157A. The purpose of the research is to analyze the Implementation, Obstacles and Efforts on Workers' Rights in Wage Payment During the Termination of Employment Process at Palm Oil Company in Siak Regency. This type of research is Sociological legal research. In this research, three approaches are used, namely the legislative approach and the data source case approach using primary data and secondary data. The data collection technique used is primary data through interviews and questionnaires. The conclusion of this study is the legal protection of workers' rights during the termination of employment by the company through the settlement of industrial relations disputes in which there are various interpretations regarding the wage process. Article 157A of Law Number 6 of 2023 states that the responsibility of employers and workers remains valid until the industrial relations dispute settlement agency makes a decision. The implementation in the process of termination of employment is that workers are no longer allowed to work by the company but do not carry out suspension actions, but there are many companies that do not carry out things regulated by law. With the existence of multi-interpretation regulations on wages, the process provides uncertainty for workers, as well as in the interim decision submitted by the worker/plaintiff which is rejected by the judge which is clear that the worker can prove that the employer does not carry out his obligations as it should.

Strategies to increase the income of self -help palm oil farmers can help farmers to increase production yields. This study aims to formulate and obtain strategies in an effort to increase the income of oil palm farmers. This research was conducted in Kalis District, Kapuas Hulu Regency. This study was carried out from April 5 to May 524. This study used a descriptive quantitative method with case study methods and identified internal factors (strengths and weaknesses) and external (opportunities and threats) used for the strategy to increase the income of oil palm farmers in the sub -district dull. The variables used in this study were obtained from indicators of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. Based on the results of the research results of the collection, processing and analysis of the main internal factors, it is found that the main strength factor of farmers is the status of land ownership and land area owned by farmers with a weight score of 0.41. As for the main weakness of self -help farmers is inadequate access to infrastructure with a weight score of 0.18 and the total score of the IFE matrix is ​​2.51. For data analysis of the main external factors, it is found that the main opportunity factor of farmers is oil palm can be a term investment for farmers with a weight score of 0.41. As for the main threat of self -help farmers is a long queue at the Palm Oil Mill (PKS) with a weight score of 0.18 and the total score of the IFE matrix is ​​2.62. The results of processing internal and external data of farmers using the IE matrix show that the position of farmers is in quadrant I, the suitable strategy is an aggressive strategy that can support the growth of oil palm farming.

This study examines the development of a Crude Palm Oil (CPO) price forecasting model using an artificial neural network algorithm, specifically the backpropagation algorithm. As one of Indonesia’s main export commodities, CPO has a significant economic impact and influences the income of oil palm farmers. The CPO price data used in this study were obtained from CIF Rotterdam, covering the period from January 2019 to December 2023. The research methodology consists of several stages, including data collection, preprocessing, model design, and model implementation using Python programming. The training results of the backpropagation algorithm show an error value of 0.537829578 after 1,000 epochs, while the evaluation using Mean Squared Error (MSE) indicates an MSE of 0.022709 during the training process and 0.017604 during the testing process. The model also produces CPO price predictions for the next three months, namely 932.578 for the first month, 949.568 for the second month, and 774.855 for the third month. These findings indicate that the developed model is capable of predicting future CPO prices with adequate accuracy, which can assist companies in making better financial decisions and managing risks associated with CPO price fluctuations.

The global energy crisis and climate change are driving the development of biodiesel as a renewable energy source. Graphite as an additive shows significant potential in improving the efficiency and reducing emissions of biodiesel. This study maps graphite-biodiesel research in Southeast Asia using a meta analysis of systematic reviews of 68 publications from Scopus, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect from 2015-2024. The results show that Malaysia leads in publication contributions (32%), followed by Thailand (28%) and Indonesia (18%). The optimal graphite concentration of 50 ppm increases brake thermal efficiency by 8.3% and reduces CO (15.7%), HC (12.4%), and smoke (18.9%) emissions, although there is an increase in NOx (6.8%). Palm oil methyl ester dominated the research (56%). Indonesia has strategic opportunities with abundant feedstock and graphite deposits, but faces challenges in research infrastructure, limited international collaboration, and the absence of an integrated national roadmap. Infrastructure investment, human resource strengthening, and industry academia collaboration are needed to accelerate national biodiesel research.

This study aims to analyze the need for barges and tugboats in distributing Crude Palm Oil (CPO) in the West Papua region. The analysis is conducted based on three main aspects: the balance of supply and demand, ship operational costs, and shipping time, to determine the most efficient mode of sea transportation. The research method used is a quantitative approach by processing CPO distribution data owned by PT Kurhanz Trans in 2024. The results show that the combination of a 240-foot barge with a 5,000 HP tugboat is the most optimal alternative. This combination is able to balance cargo capacity, operational cost efficiency, and shipping time. The total operating cost of a 240-foot barge is recorded as lower than a 230-foot barge, with the same shipping time of 70 hours for a distance of 140 nautical miles. Thus, the 240-foot barge can be recommended as the best alternative to support the smooth distribution of CPO in the West Papua region efficiently and economically.    

Article 28H paragraph (1) of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia guarantees the right of every person to live in a good and healthy environment, while Article 33 paragraph (4) of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia affirms the principle of sustainable and environmentally friendly development as the basis for natural resource management. These constitutional norms are implemented through Law No. 32 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management, which requires every business activity to prevent any pollution and/or environmental damage. In addition, through Law Number 11 of 2020 concerning Job Creation as amended by Law Number 6 of 2023, there have been significant changes in the business licensing system and environmental protection instruments, including the integration of environmental approval into risk-based business licensing as regulated in Articles 22 and 23. In the context of oil palm plantations in Sumatra, these changes in norms have legal implications for the fulfillment of business actors' legal obligations in environmental protection and management. This study aims to analyze the impact of oil palm plantation exploitation in Sumatra from an environmental law perspective, particularly in relation to legal violations based on the normative framework of applicable laws and regulations after the enactment of the Job Creation Law.

Indonesia is the world’s second largest contributor of plastic waste entering the oceans, where it degrades into microplastics smaller than 1 micron. The use of bioplastics is therefore essential to mitigate environmental pollution. One promising alternative is starch–cellulose blend bioplastic derived from empty fruit bunches (EFB) of oil palm. Indonesia produces about 56.35 million tons of EFB annually, containing approximately 40% cellulose, which makes it a potential raw material for bioplastic production, although commercialization has not yet been realized. Environmentally, converting EFB into bioplastics within the palm oil value chain represents a sustainable waste recycling strategy that transforms solid residues into higher-value products. In this design, soda cooking technology is employed to extract cellulose from EFB, utilizing about 16% of waste from a crude palm oil (CPO) mill with a capacity of 30 tons of fresh fruit bunches (FFB) per hour. The starch–cellulose blend bioplastic pellets are formulated using gelatinized cassava starch as the polymer matrix, glycerol as a plasticizer, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as a stabilizer, and cellulose as a filler. The designed production capacity of the EFB-based starch–cellulose bioplastic plant is 16,500 tons per year. This bioplastic industry is expected to contribute positively to achieving eight Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), including Goals 1, 8, 9, 12, 13, 14, 15, and 17, thereby supporting Indonesia’s commitment to sustainable industrial development and a cleaner environment.

This study aims to analyze the influence of prices and productivity on the welfare of independent oil palm farmers in Andabia Village, Anggaberi District, Konawe Regency. The number of respondents in this study was 24 people taken by census. The analysis method used includes descriptive statistical analysis, with multiple linear regression analysis. Based on the results of the analysis, it shows that the influence of the palm oil price variable on the welfare of oil palm farmers is 0.02 one unit with a calculated t value greater than the t table value (1.924> 1.720) and a significance level smaller than 0.05 (0.02 <0.05) partially has a significant effect on the welfare of oil palm farmers. The influence of the productivity variable on the welfare of oil palm farmers is 0.000 one unit, with a calculated t value greater than the t table value (5.046> 1.663) and a significance level smaller than 0.05 (0.000 <0.05) partially has a significant effect on the welfare of oil palm farmers. The influence of palm oil price and productivity variables simultaneously has a significant influence on the welfare of oil palm farmers. From the F test, the results of the calculation of F count> F table (170,465> 3.07) with a significance level of 0.001 <0.05. This shows that the price and productivity variables together have a significant influence on the welfare of farmers in Andabia Village, Anggaberi District, Konawe Regency.

Manifest is a list of cargo contents carried by a ship, which contains the type of goods, cargo number, sender's name and recipient's address at the destination port also called a bill of lading. When handling manifest documents in the shipping world, it requires the issuance of manifests as a condition for transporting goods and the obstacle is that the cargo shrinks too much during ullage so that the final result of the load causes delays in processing manifest documents. In the research paper made by the author using the field method (Field Search) and also with the research method of library study (Library Study) obtained from references from the library of the Indonesian Maritime Polytechnic Adiguna Medan (Poltek AMI) the purpose of writing this paper is to find out how to handle liquid bulk cargo manifest documents. As well as efforts made so that the handling of manifest documents runs with smoothly organized procedures at PT Seroja Jaya Agensi Kuala Tanjung. As for efforts to run smoothly when handling manifest documents, Among them shipping instructions must be sent on time by the Shipper when the ship has not docked and before the ship loads palm oil products at jetty A Multi Nabati Asahan.

Muaro Jambi Regency is one of the main centers of smallholder oil palm plantations that plays an important role in the economy of Jambi Province through its contribution to crude palm oil (CPO) exports and tax revenues. This study aims to analyze farmer characteristics and the effects of land area (X1), plant age (X2), forest and land fire impacts (X3), labor (X4), and fertilizer use (X5) on the production of fresh fruit bunches (FFB) of smallholder oil palm in Kumpeh District. This study used a descriptive quantitative approach with primary data collected through a survey of 139 respondents and analyzed using multiple linear regression with the help of SPSS version 25. The results show that the average characteristics of farmers include an age of 44 years, an average of 2 dependents, land area of 2 hectares, plant age of 10 years, high fire impact scores, labor use of 2 workers, fertilizer use of 1,120 kg, and production of 20,000 kg. The regression results indicate that land area, plant age, and fertilizer use have a significant effect on production, while labor and forest and land fires do not have a significant effect on smallholder oil palm production.

Poverty is a complex and multidimensional problem. It can be characterized as a condition in which there is a lack of aspects related to the quality of life. North Sumatra Province is known as one of the richest provinces in Indonesia with abundant natural resources and agricultural products such as petroleum, natural gas, palm oil, rubber, and forest products used as industrial materials. However, it still ranks among the provinces with the highest poverty rates in Indonesia. This study aims to analyze the effect of unemployment rate, economic growth, and Human Development Index (HDI) on poverty in 14 districts/cities of North Sumatra Province during the 2016–2023 period. The analytical method used is panel data regression with the Fixed Effect Model (FEM) approach. The results of this study indicate that simultaneously, the three independent variables have a significant effect on poverty. Partially, unemployment has a positive and significant effect, while economic growth and HDI have no significant effect on poverty.

South Sumatra is a province with high natural resource potential in the palm oil plantation sector. The increasing demand for palm oil has led to many companies operating in this sector. One such plantation company is PT. Agro Muara Rupit, located in Rawas Ulu District, North Musi Rawas Regency, South Sumatra Province. This research is important because plantations are not only assessed from a commercial perspective, but must also have a positive impact on environmental sustainability. One environmentally conscious design concept is ecological architecture. Ecological architecture plays a role in protecting ecosystems from damage and creating comfort for residents from a physical, social, and economic perspective. This research aims to create environmentally conscious residential designs by applying ecological architecture concepts, ensuring the preservation of the natural environment. The research method used is a qualitative descriptive method with stages namely problem identification, data collection, analysis, and concept development, then the concept is implemented into the design. The results of this study are the implementation of four aspects of the ecological architecture concept in residential environments, including through natural ventilation and lighting systems by creating openings in the building, energy savings by using solar panels, the use of natural materials in the building mass such as clay, wood and bamboo, and the application of a bio pore system as water absorption.

Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) is a major tropical commodity in Southeast Asia that plays an important role in the global economy, especially as a raw material for the food, cosmetics, and bioenergy industries. West Kalimantan Province is one of the regions with the largest oil palm plantations in Indonesia, where its area increased from 1,166,282 Ha in 2020 to 1,449,274 Ha in 2022. Landak Regency contributes 119,326 Ha, but its productivity is still relatively low with a total production of 184,592 tons or around 1.54 tons/Ha. PTPN IV Ngabang in Landak Regency as one of the largest palm oil companies in the area also faces the problem of low productivity, thus hindering harvest rotation and the achievement of daily targets. This study aims to describe the productivity of oil palm harvester labor and find out what factors affect the productivity of oil palm harvester labor in PTPN IV, Ngabang District, Landak Regency. The method uses qualitative as an approach in finding answers with a sample of 78 respondents. The variables in this case study are labor productivity (Y) and independent/independent variables (X), namely age, working period, family dependents, mileage, and education. The data analysis technique used in this case study is analysis on multiple linear regression. The results of the study concluded that the productivity of oil palm harvesters in PTPN IV Ngabang averaged 1200,71 kg/day. Simultaneously, age, family dependents, working period, mileage, and education affect the productivity of oil palm harvester labor at PTPN IV Ngabang. Partially, the factor that greatly affects the productivity of the oil palm harvester workforce at PTPN IV Ngabang is the age factor of the worker and working period. Meanwhile, the factors of family dependents, distance traveled and labor education partially did not have a significant effect.