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Konsumsi UPF dalam jumlah besar yang terjadi secara terus menerus dalam jangka waktu panjang dapat berdampak pada peningkatan risiko obesitas dan berbagai penyakit tidak menular seperti diabetes tipe 2, kardiovaskular, sindrom metabolik, dan kanker. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan paparan iklan media sosial, kebiasaan membaca label pangan, dan teman sebaya dengan konsumsi UPF pada mahasiswa gizi Universitas Halu Oleo. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian observasional analitik dengan pendekatan kuantitatif dan menggunakan desain cross sectional. Populasi penelitian adalah mahasiswa aktif Program Studi gizi Universitas Halu Oleo. Sampel penelitian ini terdiri dari 165 mahasiswa gizi yang diambil menggunakan teknik stratified random sampling. Data dikumpulkan dengan pengisian kuesioner. Data dianalisis secara univariat dan bivariat. Analisis bivariat menggunakan uji Chi-Square. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan 62,4% responden terpapar iklan media sosial, 69,7% responden memiiki kebiasaan membaca label pangan baik, 57% responden terpengaruh teman sebaya, dan 52,1% responden sering mengonsumsi produk UPF. Analisis bivariat menunjukkan terdapat hubungan antara paparan iklan media sosial (p=0,024) dan teman sebaya (p=0,013) dengan konsumsi UPF. Tidak terdapat hubungan kebiasaan membaca label pangan dengan konsumsi UPF (p=0,3397). Paparan iklan media sosial dan teman sebaya memiliki hubungan signifikan dengan konsumsi UPF. Kebiasaan membaca label pangan tidak ada hubungan dengan konsumsi UPF.

Background: Menstruation is a natural physiological process that indicates the functional maturity of the female reproductive system. Menstrual cycle disorders can be influenced by several factors, including stress and obesity. Stress may cause hormonal changes through the hypothalamic-pituitary axis, leading to decreased luteinizing hormone (LH) levels and menstrual irregularities. Obesity can also affect ovarian function and disrupt the menstrual cycle. Objective: To determine the relationship between stress and obesity with menstrual cycle disorders among female adolescents at SMAN 1 Majene in 2026. Methods: This study used an analytical observational design with a cross-sectional approach. Data on stress levels, obesity status, and menstrual cycle disorders were collected simultaneously from 84 female respondents. The chi-square test was used to analyze the relationships among variables. Results: The analysis showed a significant relationship between stress and menstrual cycle disorders (p = .006; α < .05). A significant relationship was also found between obesity and menstrual cycle disorders (p = .002; α < .05). Many obese respondents experienced irregular menstrual cycles. Conclusion: There is a significant relationship between stress and obesity with menstrual cycle disorders among female adolescents at SMAN 1 Majene.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis hubungan antara frekuensi konsumsi makanan cepat saji dan indeks massa tubuh (BMI) di kalangan siswa SMP Negeri 26 Makassar. Metode kuantitatif dengan desain cross-sectional digunakan. Penelitian ini melibatkan 30 siswa kelas satu yang dipilih melalui purposive sampling berdasarkan kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi. Kriteria inklusi adalah siswa berusia 12–15 tahun yang setuju untuk berpartisipasi, sedangkan kriteria eksklusi meliputi mereka yang memiliki kondisi medis yang memengaruhi berat badan, seperti gangguan endokrin. Data konsumsi makanan cepat saji dikumpulkan menggunakan kuesioner, sedangkan tinggi dan berat badan diukur dengan stadiometer dan timbangan digital untuk menghitung BMI. Analisis statistik dilakukan untuk menguji korelasi antara frekuensi konsumsi makanan cepat saji dan kategori BMI (kurang berat badan, normal, kelebihan berat badan, obesitas). Hasil menunjukkan tidak ada hubungan yang signifikan antara frekuensi konsumsi makanan cepat saji dan BMI (p = 0,795, p > 0,05), menunjukkan bahwa konsumsi makanan cepat saji tidak berhubungan langsung dengan status BMI. Meskipun demikian, faktor lain seperti aktivitas fisik, kebiasaan makan secara keseluruhan, genetika, dan gaya hidup dapat memengaruhi variasi BMI. Meskipun tidak ada korelasi langsung, konsumsi makanan cepat saji yang berlebihan tetap menjadi perhatian karena kandungan kalori, lemak, gula, dan natriumnya yang tinggi dikombinasikan dengan kadar serat yang rendah, yang berpotensi menyebabkan ketidakseimbangan nutrisi jika dikombinasikan dengan perilaku tidak sehat. Studi ini menekankan pentingnya pencegahan obesitas dini pada remaja untuk mengurangi risiko penyakit kronis di masa depan seperti diabetes tipe 2, hipertensi, dan gangguan kardiovaskular.

Hypertension, a global health issue, is increasingly prevalent and significantly contributes to morbidity and mortality. It often coexists with obesity, a key risk factor for hypertension and vascular complications. The combination of hypertension and obesity leads to metabolic changes, chronic inflammation, and oxidative stress that damage retinal blood vessels, directly affecting visual acuity. This literature review examines the relationship between hypertension, obesity, and visual acuity, analyzing 20 articles published between 2021 and 2025, sourced from PubMed, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect. The study found a significant association between hypertension and obesity with decreased visual acuity. Obesity not only serves as a comorbidity but also as a mediator, worsening hypertension's effects through mechanisms like insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction. Longitudinal studies indicate that visual impairment is progressive, while cross-sectional studies highlight its high prevalence in hypertensive obese populations. The review emphasizes the need for routine eye exams, blood pressure control, and weight management as preventive measures. In conclusion, hypertension and obesity together significantly increase the risk of visual impairment, necessitating a multidisciplinary approach to care and promoting preventive strategies to preserve eye health and enhance patients' quality of life.

Perkembangan teknologi informasi memberikan kontribusi yang signifikan dalam peningkatan kualitas pelayanan kesehatan, khususnya dalam upaya deteksi dini Non-Communicable Diseases (PTM). PTM seperti diabetes melitus, hipertensi, penyakit kardiovaskular, dan obesitas memiliki prevalensi yang terus meningkat serta sering kali tidak terdeteksi pada tahap awal. Dinas Kesehatan Kabupaten Banyuwangi secara rutin melaksanakan program skrining PTM di fasilitas pelayanan kesehatan. Namun, berdasarkan hasil observasi lapangan, proses pencatatan dan pengelolaan data hasil skrining masih dilakukan secara manual menggunakan aplikasi spreadsheet yang tidak terintegrasi. Kondisi tersebut menyebabkan kesulitan dalam pelacakan riwayat kesehatan pasien, meningkatkan risiko ketidaktepatan data, serta memperlambat proses penyusunan laporan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk merancang Sistem Informasi Deteksi Dini Penyakit Tidak Menular berbasis web dengan fokus pada obesitas guna mendukung digitalisasi pengelolaan data kesehatan di lingkungan Dinas Kesehatan Kabupaten Banyuwangi. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian pengembangan sistem dengan model prototype, yang meliputi tahapan analisis kebutuhan, perancangan sistem, pembuatan prototype, serta evaluasi dan revisi berdasarkan umpan balik pengguna. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sistem yang dirancang mampu mengelola data pasien, mencatat hasil pemeriksaan, menghitung Indeks Massa Tubuh (IMT) secara otomatis, serta menghasilkan laporan secara cepat dan terstruktur. Sistem ini diharapkan dapat meningkatkan efisiensi administrasi, akurasi data, serta mendukung pengambilan keputusan berbasis data (data-driven decision making) dalam pengendalian PTM.

Gaya hidup sehat (GHS) memiliki peran penting dalam menjaga kesejahteraan fisik dan mental, khususnya pada kalangan mahasiswa dan pekerja. Namun, tren gaya hidup modern yang semakin bersifat sedentari telah secara signifikan meningkatkan risiko munculnya berbagai masalah kesehatan seperti stres, penurunan konsentrasi, obesitas, dan penyakit kronis. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi dan mengelompokkan individu berdasarkan profil gaya hidup dan kualitas tidur mereka menggunakan metode K-Means Clustering. Variabel yang dianalisis mencakup durasi tidur, tingkat stres, aktivitas fisik, indeks massa tubuh (BMI), serta pola gangguan tidur. Analisis dilakukan dengan memanfaatkan dataset Sleep Health and Lifestyle untuk mengungkap pola tersembunyi dalam kebiasaan perilaku dan kesehatan responden. Proses pengelompokan menghasilkan tiga kelompok utama, yaitu: (1) individu dengan gaya hidup sehat optimal yang ditandai dengan tidur yang cukup, pola makan seimbang, dan aktivitas fisik teratur; (2) individu dengan risiko sedang yang memiliki kebiasaan hidup tidak teratur dan tingkat stres menengah; serta (3) individu berisiko tinggi yang dicirikan oleh kualitas tidur yang buruk, stres tinggi, dan kebiasaan hidup yang kurang sehat. Temuan ini menunjukkan bahwa algoritma K-Means efektif dalam mengklasifikasikan individu ke dalam kelompok gaya hidup yang bermakna, sehingga mampu memberikan representasi yang akurat terhadap profil kesehatan populasi. Hasil penelitian ini diharapkan dapat membantu lembaga pendidikan, organisasi kesehatan, dan tempat kerja dalam merancang program promosi kesehatan yang lebih terarah dengan menekankan pengelolaan tidur yang baik, nutrisi seimbang, serta aktivitas fisik rutin untuk meningkatkan kesejahteraan dan produktivitas secara keseluruhan.

Obesity among adolescents is a growing health problem in Indonesia, especially among adolescents aged 6-12 years, which was 19.7% in 2023. Unhealthy eating patterns and lack of physical activity are the main factors that can influence the incidence of obesity. This study aims to analyze the relationship between eating patterns, physical activity, and the incidence of obesity among adolescents at SMA Negeri 1 Abuki. This study used a quantitative method with a cross-sectional approach. The population in this study consisted of 82 adolescent students. The sample used in this study consisted of 41 people selected using simple random sampling. The data were obtained from direct interviews in the field using questionnaires and measurements, and the measurement results were processed using SPSS 25 For Windows. The data were then analyzed using univariate and bivariate analyses using the Chi-Square statistical test. Based on the results of the chi-square statistical test on the eating pattern variable, a p-value of 0.000 was obtained, which is less than 0.05 (0.000 < 0.05). Meanwhile, the results of the chi-square statistical test on the physical activity variable obtained a p-value of 0.000, which is less than 0.05 (0.000 < 0.05). Unhealthy eating patterns and lack of physical activity are the main risk factors for obesity among adolescents at SMA Negeri 1 Abuki. This study suggests the need for intervention in the form of health education to improve

Diabetes mellitus adalah penyakit gangguan metabolisme yang disebabkan oleh defisiensi sekresi insulin, kerusakan sel Beta pankreas, atau resistensi insulin sebagai akibat insulin yang tidak digunakan. DM secara progresif menyebabkan terjadinya komplikasi makrovaskuler, mikrovaskuler, dan neuropatik kronis yang mengancam jiwa. Selain berdampak pada masalah kesehatan, DM juga memiliki konsekuensi ekonomi yang besar. Biaya pengobatan meningkat khususnya apabila terjadi komplikasi jangka panjang dan pilihan pengobatan modern. Perubahan gaya hidup dapat meningkatkan kesehatan dan kualitas hidup sehingga penderita tidak mengalami komplikasi. Modifikasi gaya hidup dilakukan dengan mengurangi asupan energi, meningkatkan aktivitas fisik sebagai terapi utama untuk pasien DM yang obesitas. Penurunan berat badan dikombinasikan dengan peningkatan aktivitas dapat meningkatkan sensitivitas insulin dan kontrol glikemik serta mencegah perkembangan DM tipe 2 terhadap risiko tinggi gangguan toleransi glukosa. Target pengabdian masyarakat ini adalah meningkatkan pengetahuan, dan kemampuan penderita diabetes mellitus tipe 2 dalam melakukan modifikasi gaya hidup guna mencegah komplikasi diabetes. Kegiatan  ini dilakukan di layanan kesehatan praktik mandiri bidan (LKPMB) dengan melibatkan mitra dari lahan yaitu bidan dan tim kesehatan terkait dalam bentuk pemberian edukasi dan pelatihan keterampilan mengenai cara melakukan menejemen gaya hidup. Hasil evaluasi menunjukkan pemahaman peserta menjadi lebih baik tentang modifikasi gaya hidup dan memiliki motivasi untuk diterapkan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari

Adolescent obesity is a health problem that arises due to an imbalance between energy intake and expenditure, one of which is influenced by a diet high in fat and low in fiber. This condition needs attention because it has an impact on the risk of chronic diseases in adulthood. This study aims to analyze the effect of substitution of katuk leaf flour and yellow sweet potato flour on the nutritional content and acceptability of muffins as a healthier alternative to high-fiber and low-fat snacks for adolescents. This laboratory's experimental research used a Complete Random Design (RAL) with four formulations (P0, P1, P2, P3). The analysis carried out included a proximate test to determine the nutritional content and an organoleptic test to assess the level of acceptance of panelists. The results of the study show that the substitution of katuk leaf flour and yellow sweet potato flour can increase fiber content and significantly reduce fat content. The best formulation is found in P2 with the highest level of preference. Thus, the use of these two types of flour has been proven to be able to improve the nutritional quality of muffins without reducing the acceptance of panelists, so that it has the potential to be a nutritious snack choice for teenagers.

Childhood obesity has become an increasingly significant health and education problem in various countries, including Indonesia, influenced by unhealthy eating patterns, lifestyle changes, and low nutritional literacy within families. This article aims to examine the lack of balanced nutrition in obese early childhood from the perspective of family education as part of non-formal education. The research method used is a literature review by reviewing national and international literature related to nutrition, child growth and development, and the increasing trend of obesity. The results show that obesity has physical, cognitive, psychological, and social impacts that can hinder a child's holistic development. Parents play a crucial role in establishing healthy eating habits, monitoring food consumption, and fostering an active lifestyle. Improving nutritional literacy within families, synergizing with early childhood education institutions, and supporting public health policies are considered crucial to preventing the long-term risk of obesity. Therefore, family education about balanced nutrition is a crucial strategy in supporting optimal growth and development and creating a healthy and competitive generation of early childhood children.

Obesity among college students is a public health issue that is gaining increasing attention because it is associated with an increased risk of chronic diseases such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and heart disease, and can reduce quality of life and academic productivity. College students, as a group of early adults, are in a transition phase towards independence and are therefore vulnerable to lifestyle changes, including unhealthy eating patterns, fast food consumption, low physical activity due to busy studies, irregular sleep habits, and high academic stress. This study aims to determine the risk factors associated with obesity among students at the Islamic University of Ogan Komering Ilir in 2025. This study used a cross-sectional design with a quantitative approach. A sample of 95 students was selected using a purposive sampling technique. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire and body mass index (BMI) measurement to determine respondents' nutritional status. Independent variables included diet, physical activity, sleep quality, stress levels, and a family history of obesity. The results showed a prevalence of obesity of 17.9%. Bivariate analysis found a significant association between obesity and unhealthy diet (p=0.002), low physical activity (p=0.000), poor sleep quality (p=0.000), and high stress levels (p=0.001). Meanwhile, a family history of obesity showed a tendency to have an effect but was not statistically significant. These findings indicate that obesity in college students is largely influenced by modifiable lifestyle factors. Therefore, this study emphasizes the importance of health promotion interventions on campus, such as balanced nutrition counseling, increased access to sports facilities, stress management, and education on healthy sleep patterns. Promotive and preventive efforts undertaken from a young age are expected to reduce the risk of obesity and chronic disease in the future.

Kesehatan menstruasi merupakan indikator penting bagi kesejahteraan reproduksi perempuan. Di lingkungan perguruan tinggi, mahasiswi menghadapi berbagai tekanan akademik dan lingkungan yang dapat bertindak sebagai risiko kesehatan kerja yang memengaruhi siklus menstruasi mereka.  Systematic review ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi dan menganalisis faktor gaya hidup, psikososial, dan biologis yang memengaruhi ketidakteraturan siklus menstruasi pada mahasiswi.  Menggunakan panduan PRISMA, pencarian sistematis dilakukan pada database PubMed dan Scopus untuk artikel yang terbit antara tahun 2021 dan 2026. Sebanyak 23 artikel studi cross-sectional dan case-control memenuhi kriteria inklusi dan disintesis dalam penelitian ini.  Temuan studi secara konsisten mengidentifikasi stres psikologis (stres akademik dan depresi) sebagai prediktor paling dominan terhadap gangguan menstruasi melalui gangguan pada aksis hipotalamus-hipofisis-adrenal (HPA). Selain itu, kualitas tidur yang buruk/insomnia, Indeks Massa Tubuh (IMT) ekstrem (terlalu kurus dan kelebihan berat badan/obesitas), gaya hidup sedenter, serta pola makan yang buruk (asupan lemak tinggi, kebiasaan melewatkan makan) secara signifikan meningkatkan risiko dismenore, siklus tidak teratur, dan Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS). Sebaliknya, konsumsi makanan kaya vitamin A memberikan efek perlindungan. Gangguan menstruasi di kalangan mahasiswi memiliki prevalensi tinggi dan bersifat multifaktorial. Promosi kesehatan di kampus perlu menerapkan program manajemen stres serta edukasi kebersihan tidur dan nutrisi guna mendukung kesehatan reproduksi mahasiswi.

Anomalous positioning is an abnormal position of the fetal vertex (with the small fontanelle as a marker) relative to the maternal pelvis. Oblique malposition is a cause of maternal mortality rate (MMR) of 3-10%. Obesity in pregnancy is a condition characterized by an imbalance between body weight and height. According to WHO data, the prevalence of obesity in 2021 was 340 million, with data in Central Java province reaching 6.62%. In Brebes Regency, the figure was 20.51% (2019). In the Bumiayu Community Health Center, data on obesity in pregnant women reached 63 in 2022. This study aims to provide comprehensive midwifery care for pregnant women, childbirth, postpartum, newborns, and family planning for Mrs. N, 23, with malposition and obesity. This study used a qualitative descriptive method with a comprehensive case study approach. Based on the comprehensive midwifery care provided to Mrs. N, 23, with malposition and obesity, the pregnancy outcome was found to be grade I. Her gestational age was not commensurate with her gestational age. Delivery was performed by vaginal delivery. No problems were found during newborn care up to 28 days. No problems were found during the postpartum period. Mrs. N chose intrauterine contraception (IUD) during pregnancy, but her husband did not allow it due to religious reasons. Appropriate midwifery care during pregnancy, childbirth, newborn care, postpartum care, and family planning is crucial for the health of both mother and baby. This allows early detection of risk factors, preventing potential complications, and reducing maternal and infant mortality.

Obesity, central obesity, and hypercholesterolemia are prevalent yet often unrecognized health conditions that significantly elevate the risk for various non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and cardiovascular disorders. These conditions, when left undiagnosed and untreated, contribute to the growing public health burden worldwide. This community service program was designed to raise awareness and provide early detection of these conditions through basic health screening measures, including body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, and blood cholesterol levels. The program was implemented in Tomang Subdistrict, West Jakarta, where 90 participants were involved. The findings from the screening revealed concerning results: 67% of the participants were classified as obese, and 58% had central obesity, both of which are major risk factors for NCDs. A deeper analysis of lifestyle factors highlighted that high-fat diets, sedentary behaviors, and night shift work were significant contributors to the high rates of obesity and metabolic abnormalities observed. The educational outreach component of the program, which included the provision of information about healthy diets, exercise, and the importance of regular health screenings, proved to be effective in raising awareness about these health issues. Moreover, the simple health screening process was well-received by the community and contributed to a greater understanding of individual health risks. This initiative is expected to serve as a sustainable model for promoting health and preventing metabolic diseases in the community. The findings underscore the importance of early detection and education as critical strategies in the fight against obesity and related NCDs, suggesting that such programs can play a key role in reducing the future burden of chronic diseases in underserved populations

Berdasarkan data dari World Health Organization (WHO) sekitar 29% orang dewasa di seluruh dunia diperkirakan akan menderita hipertensi pada tahun 2025, yang berarti peningkatan dari sekitar 1 miliar orang menjadi 1,5 miliar orang. Hipertensi disebabkan oleh kombinasi faktor gaya hidup seperti konsumsi garam tinggi, obesitas, kurang olahraga, merokok, konsumsi alkohol, dan stres, serta faktor medis seperti penyakit ginjal, gangguan hormonal, dan sleep apnea. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membutikan secara signifikan efektivitas konsumsi black garlic terhadap penurunan tekanan darah pada penderita hipertensi. Penelitian ini merupakan jenis penelitian kuantitatif menggunakan metode observasional dengan pendekatan pre-test post-test with control grup untuk membandingkan efektivitas black garlic sebelum dan sesudah mengkonsumsi 1 kali sehari dengan efektivitas black garlic sebelum dan sesudah mengkonsumsi 2 kali sehari. Diketahui perbandingan antara kedua kelompok menunjukkan bahwa konsumsi black garlic dua kali sehari secara statistik lebih efektif dibandingkan satu kali sehari, baik untuk tekanan darah sistolik (p = 0,001) maupun diastolik (p = 0,010).

Penyakit asam urat (gout) adalah gangguan metabolik yang sering dialami oleh lansia, yang dapat menyebabkan rasa sakit yang hebat, keterbatasan gerakan, serta penurunan kualitas hidup. Penyakit ini terjadi akibat penumpukan kristal asam urat di persendian, yang dapat menyebabkan peradangan dan nyeri yang parah. Faktor risiko utama termasuk pola makan yang kaya purin, obesitas, gangguan ginjal, serta penggunaan obat-obatan tertentu. Namun, banyak lansia yang kurang memahami penyebab, gejala, dan penanganan penyakit ini dengan baik, sehingga kondisi mereka seringkali memburuk. Untuk itu, kegiatan pengabdian kepada masyarakat ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan dan keterampilan lansia dalam merawat penyakit asam urat secara mandiri. Program ini diselenggarakan melalui penyuluhan kesehatan yang interaktif, dengan materi yang mencakup etiologi penyakit asam urat, manifestasi klinis, komplikasi yang dapat ditimbulkan, serta berbagai strategi pengelolaan yang efektif. Salah satu aspek penting yang dibahas adalah modifikasi gaya hidup, yang meliputi diet rendah purin, hidrasi yang cukup, serta pentingnya aktivitas fisik. Selain itu, peserta juga diberikan pemahaman mengenai pentingnya kepatuhan terhadap terapi medis yang direkomendasikan oleh tenaga kesehatan. Metode pelaksanaan kegiatan ini meliputi ceramah yang interaktif, sesi tanya jawab, dan distribusi leaflet informatif untuk memperkuat pemahaman peserta. Kegiatan ini dilaksanakan di wilayah RW 05 Srengseng Sawah, Jagakarsa, Jakarta Selatan, yang diikuti oleh sejumlah lansia yang aktif berpartisipasi. Hasil evaluasi menunjukkan adanya peningkatan signifikan dalam pemahaman peserta tentang penyakit asam urat dan bagaimana cara merawatnya. Lansia menunjukkan antusiasme yang tinggi dan mampu mengidentifikasi langkah-langkah praktis yang dapat mereka terapkan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari untuk mengelola kondisi mereka. Melalui kegiatan ini, diharapkan lansia dapat lebih mandiri dalam mengelola asam urat, mengurangi frekuensi serangan, dan meningkatkan kualitas hidup mereka secara keseluruhan.

Obesity is a growing global health issue affecting both developed and developing countries. Despite various preventive efforts, the prevalence of obesity continues to rise. One of the emerging approaches in managing obesity and its complications is by modulating gut microbiota balance. Gut microbiota plays a significant role in energy metabolism, inflammation regulation, and insulin sensitivity. An imbalance in gut microbiota, known as dysbiosis, is frequently observed in obese individuals and has been associated with increased insulin resistance, a key feature of type 2 diabetes mellitus. This study aims to systematically review the relationship between gut microbiota imbalance and insulin resistance in obese patients, based on literature from 2016 to 2024. The literature search was conducted through accredited databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, and others using the keywords “Gut Microbes,” “Insulin Resistance,” and “Obesity.” From 500 initial articles, 10 highly relevant journals were selected for further analysis. The review findings reveal a strong association between dysbiosis and increased insulin resistance through various mechanisms, including short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production, activation of inflammatory pathways, and disruption of glucose metabolism. Several studies also suggest that interventions such as probiotics, prebiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation may improve insulin sensitivity. However, more longitudinal and interventional studies are needed to establish a strong causal relationship. These findings highlight the importance of maintaining gut microbiota balance as a potential strategy in managing obesity and insulin resistance.

Obesity in women of childbearing age is a growing health problem, not only due to dietary patterns and lack of physical activity, but also due to the influence of social and cultural factors. This study aims to gain a deeper understanding of the experiences, perspectives, and habits of women of reproductive age who are obese within the context of local social and cultural norms. Using a qualitative phenomenological approach, data was collected through in-depth interviews with five primary informants who are obese, as well as triangulation informants from community health workers and healthcare professionals. The results of the study indicate that perceptions of obesity are still predominantly viewed from the perspective of physical appearance rather than health. Social factors such as family eating patterns, snacking habits, comments from others, and lack of physical activity are triggers for obesity. Meanwhile, local culture has a varied influence—some communities are beginning to adopt slim body ideals, while others remain neutral. Obesity also impacts self-confidence, social stigma, and limitations in daily activities. However, most informants expressed hope for a healthier life. This study recommends interventions that consider local cultural values and involve family and community support in obesity prevention effort.

Obesity can occur in all age groups. Obesity can have an impact on an individual's physical health, as well as social and economic well-being. Energy intake constitutes a critical component in supporting the body's physiological functions and overall health. Energy is obtained from the foods and beverages a person consumes, which contain various food ingredients. However, some of these ingredients such as sugar, salt, and fat can pose health risks when consumed in excess of the recommended daily limits. This literature aims to review and analyze research findings related to the intake of sugar, salt, and fat in relation to obesity. The articles reviewed were published in both Indonesian and English within the last five years (2021–2025), and were sourced from online databases. The majority of the studies reviewed indicate a correlation between sugar, salt, and fat intake and obesity.

A comprehensive analysis of the impact of obesity on school-age children as well as the effectiveness of nutrition education interventions in an effort to mitigate its prevalence. Child obesity, which is based on Body Mass Index (BMI) above 2 standard deviation (SD), has broad implications for physical, social, emotional, and self-esteem health. This condition is also associated with decreased academic performance, reduced quality of life, limb growth disorders, sleep disfunction, sleep apnoea, respiratory complications, as well as accelerated bone maturation and sexual maturity.The findings show that school-based nutrition education is an effective strategy in increasing knowledge and delivery of nutrition interventions, especially when supported by all elements of the school. The duration and frequency of exposure to interventions are crucial factors for the success of nutrition education in triggering behavioural changes. Therefore, the prevention and management of obesity in children through structured nutrition education is essential.