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This study aims to analyze the implementation of public service ethics by front office officers at the Public Service Mall (Mall Pelayanan Publik/MPP) of Samarinda City and its impact on the image of government institutions. As the frontline of public service delivery, front office personnel play a strategic role in shaping public perceptions and fostering public trust in government services. This research employed a qualitative descriptive approach, utilizing in-depth interviews with a functional licensing officer at the Department of Investment and One-Stop Integrated Services (DPMPTSP) of Samarinda City, supported by direct field observations. The findings reveal that the implementation of service ethics at the Samarinda MPP is guided by the principles outlined in Law No. 25 of 2009 on Public Services and the Minister of Administrative and Bureaucratic Reform Regulation No. 15 of 2014 concerning Service Standards. These regulations emphasize the values of integrity, professionalism, accountability, responsiveness, and inclusiveness in service delivery. Furthermore, effective coordination among service tenants, continuous improvement of employee competencies, and adaptation to digital systems such as the Online Single Submission (OSS) platform have contributed significantly to maintaining service quality. The study concludes that the consistent application of public service ethics enhances citizen satisfaction, strengthens public trust, and positively influences the image of government institutions in the community.  

This study analyzes normative conflicts in the evolution of local government regulations from Law No. 22 of 1999 to Law No. 23 of 2014, along with the changes following the Job Creation Law. The research background is grounded in the phenomenon of policy pendulum swings, which indicate a shift from radical decentralization toward structured centralization, as well as the disruptions caused by the omnibus law approach. The research aims to identify and classify vertical and horizontal normative conflicts and formulate recommendations for regulatory harmonization. The method used is normative legal research with a legislative and conceptual approach, employing Hans Kelsen’s theory of antinomy as an analytical tool. The research findings identified two main forms of normative conflict: first, a vertical conflict between Law No. 22/1999, which advocates for the broadest possible autonomy, and Law No. 23/2014, which strengthens central control through the concepts of absolute affairs and NSPK, creating a paradox of centralization within decentralization. Second, a horizontal conflict following the Job Creation Law, which centralizes regional licensing authority through the OSS system and revives Article 251 regarding the annulment of regional regulations that have been declared unconstitutional by the Constitutional Court. The implications of this research recommend revising problematic articles and strengthening the role of regions within a just decentralization system.

This study analyzes normative conflicts in the evolution of local government regulations from Law No. 22 of 1999 to Law No. 23 of 2014, along with the changes following the Job Creation Law. The research background is grounded in the phenomenon of policy pendulum swings, which indicate a shift from radical decentralization toward structured centralization, as well as the disruptions caused by the omnibus law approach. The research aims to identify and classify vertical and horizontal normative conflicts and formulate recommendations for regulatory harmonization. The method used is normative legal research with a legislative and conceptual approach, employing Hans Kelsen’s theory of antinomy as an analytical tool. The research findings identified two main forms of normative conflict: first, a vertical conflict between Law No. 22/1999, which advocates for the broadest possible autonomy, and Law No. 23/2014, which strengthens central control through the concepts of absolute affairs and NSPK, creating a paradox of centralization within decentralization. Second, a horizontal conflict following the Job Creation Law, which centralizes regional licensing authority through the OSS system and revives Article 251 regarding the annulment of regional regulations that have been declared unconstitutional by the Constitutional Court. The implications of this research recommend revising problematic articles and strengthening the role of regions within a just decentralization system.

This study addresses the troubling increase in illegally managed micro, small, and medium enterprises (UMKM) operated by foreign nationals in Bali, which poses significant threats to local economic stability and fairness. The analysis focuses on the legal frameworks governing UMKM, including Law No. 20 of 2008 and the Online Single Submission (OSS) system, as well as the regulatory gaps that allow foreign entities to exploit these mechanisms for their gain. A multi-method approach was employed to evaluate the current situation, emphasizing the roles of local government initiatives, banking regulations, and community engagement in combating illegal business operations. The findings reveal a pressing need for enhanced verification processes, stricter compliance measures, and localized regulations to protect legitimate businesses from exploitation by foreign competitors. The study concludes that only through coordinated efforts among government bodies, financial institutions, and local enterprises can Bali achieve sustainable economic growth, ensuring that UMKM can thrive within a fair and equitable commercial landscape.

Assistance in obtaining a Business License Number (NIB) and halal certification at Rewwin Housing was carried out as a strategic effort to promote legality and increase the competitiveness of MSMEs. In general, many business actors still do not have legal status due to limited knowledge regarding administrative procedures and digital licensing systems. In fact, business legality is a crucial aspect that can increase consumer trust, expand market access, and strengthen a business's position amidst competition. Sobar et al. (2023), "improving product quality and becoming a service are key factors in increasing the competitiveness of MSMEs," which is supported, among other things, by having a business legality. The mentoring activity was carried out on February 7–8, 2026, using a Participatory Action Research (PAR) approach, which emphasized active participation between the mentor and business actors in identifying obstacles and completing the mentoring process together. Through this process, MSME partners gained practical understanding regarding NIB registration through the OSS system and halal certification applications. The results of the activity showed an increased awareness that business legality is not only an administrative responsibility, but also a strategic increase in business credibility and professionalism. Ridwan et al. (2024) legal assistance can increase the understanding and readiness of MSME actors in developing their businesses sustainably.

The conversion of agricultural land to non-agricultural land continues to increase along with the pressures of urbanization, industrialization, and settlement expansion. This condition poses risks to food security, environmental sustainability, and farmer welfare. This article reviews literature based on 25 abstracts/research results on LP2B in Indonesia to map policy implementation patterns, the relationship between LP2B and regional spatial planning, inhibiting factors, and the direction of policy strengthening. The method used is a narrative review with thematic synthesis of normative legal studies, juridical-empirical, qualitative, mixed methods, and spatial-quantitative approaches. The results of the review indicate: (1) LP2B is highly dependent on the harmonization of spatial planning policies, especially RTRW/RDTR and licensing mechanisms based on KKPR-OSS; (2) many regions are still stuck at the land inventory-identification stage, not yet reaching the determination and operational protection through LP2B Regional Regulations; (3) dominant obstacles include regulatory asynchronous, weak law enforcement, minimal cross-agency coordination, limited data by name by address, suboptimal socialization, and conflicts of interest in non-agricultural development; (4) incentive-disincentive instruments have not been implemented consistently, although socially farmers tend to accept LP2B protection; and (5) quantitative evidence at the national level shows that LP2B policies have a positive effect on the percentage of rice fields, despite being suppressed by population density and real estate sector growth. This article emphasizes the need for an integrated spatial governance approach, strengthening regional institutions, and designing policies that are socially and environmentally just to ensure that LP2B is effective in maintaining regional food security.

Business legality is an urgent need for MSMEs, particularly in the food sector, which faces strict regulations and high risks to food safety. However, many MSMEs still lack a Business Identification Number (NIB) or Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) protection due to low digital literacy and a lack of understanding of licensing procedures. This situation emphasizes the urgency of mentoring so that MSMEs can operate legally and be legally protected. This Community Service Program (PKM) aims to assist the Golden Kriuq MSME in obtaining an NIB and increase business owners' understanding of the importance of IPR, branding, and digital marketing. The implementation method uses a qualitative approach through observation, interviews, education, documentation, and direct mentoring. Activities carried out include NIB registration through the OSS Indonesia application, logo, banner, and menu design, business Instagram account creation, location determination on Google Maps, and education on the stages of brand registration through the DJKI system. The results show that Golden Kriuq successfully obtained an NIB, has a more consistent visual identity, and has a more professional digital presence. The program's impact is evident in increased awareness of legality, digital administration readiness, and businesses' ability to compete more professionally and sustainably.

Business legality is a very important component in the development of micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs). Business legality provides MSME players with legal protection, easier access to financing, and greater opportunities for growth. The Business Identification Number (NIB) is the official identity of business actors used to obtain business licenses and commercial or operational permits through an integrated electronic licensing system, namely Online Single Submission (OSS). The objective of this community service program is to increase the understanding and awareness of MSME actors in Kelayu Selatan Village, Selong District, East Lombok Regency, regarding business legality, particularly the creation of an NIB. To support more efficient assistance tailored to the needs of each business operator, this activity was conducted door-to-door and included several stages, such as observation and data collection on MSMEs, dissemination of information on the importance of business legality, assistance in creating OSS accounts, and assistance in the application process until the issuance of the NIB. The results of the activity showed an increase in awareness and knowledge about the importance of business legality. It is hoped that this program will encourage MSMEs to transform into formal businesses that are competitive and sustainable.

This study aims to analyze and explain in greater detail the influence of service quality in managing the Business Identification Number (NIB) through the Online Single Submission (OSS) system on public satisfaction at the Investment and One-Stop Integrated Service Office (DPMPTSP) of Gresik Regency. A quantitative research method was employed, using a structured survey design and distributing questionnaires to 105 respondents who had directly utilized and experienced the OSS service. Service quality was measured using the SERVQUAL dimensions tangible, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, and empathy while public satisfaction was assessed based on indicators derived from the Regulation of the Minister of Administrative and Bureaucratic Reform No. 14 of 2017. The collected data were analyzed using simple linear regression to identify the extent of the relationship between variables. The results indicate that service quality has a positive and significant effect on public satisfaction. This means that better, more consistent service quality will increase user satisfaction. The findings confirm that strengthening service quality is essential for improving overall public service performance, especially in digital-based licensing systems.

The digital transformation of public administration in recent decades has reshaped government service delivery, particularly through the adoption of technology as a tool to enhance transparency, efficiency, and accountability. The implementation of the Online Single Submission–Risk Based Approach (OSS-RBA) represents Indonesia’s strategic effort to create an integrated licensing framework aligned with the principles of good governance. This study aims to analyze the forms of administrative responsibility in digital-based licensing services under OSS-RBA and examine the accountability mechanisms applicable when system failures affect legal certainty for business actors. The research employs a normative juridical method using statutory, conceptual, and case approaches through the examination of regulations, doctrines, and administrative court decisions. The findings indicate that digitalization does not alter the core of governmental responsibility, as every decision generated by the system is legally attributed to the competent administrative authority. The implementation of OSS-RBA still faces obstacles such as system errors, data inconsistencies between institutions, and delays in technical verification, all of which directly affect legal certainty and the quality of public services. Furthermore, internal and external oversight mechanisms are not yet fully effective in preventing maladministration, including unreasonable delays and inaccuracies in automated decision-making. The study also shows that business actors require more responsive administrative remedies to prevent technological risks from shifting entirely onto them. Therefore, this research concludes that the effectiveness of OSS-RBA depends on strengthening institutional capacity, harmonizing regulations, and ensuring the consistent application of good governance principles throughout all stages of digital licensing administration.  

The rapid growth of open-source software (OSS) in machine learning (ML) has intensified the need for reliable, automated methods to assess project quality, particularly as OSS increasingly underpins critical applications in science, industry, and public infrastructure. This study evaluates the effectiveness of a diverse set of machine learning and deep learning (ML/DL) algorithms for classifying GitHub OSS ML projects as engineered or non-engineered using a SMOTE-enhanced and explainable modeling pipeline. The dataset used in this research includes both numerical and categorical attributes representing documentation, testing, architecture, community engagement, popularity, and repository activity. After handling missing values, standardizing numerical features, encoding categorical variables, and addressing the inherent class imbalance using the Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique (SMOTE), seven different classifiers—K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), Decision Tree (DT), Random Forest (RF), XGBoost (XGB), Logistic Regression (LR), Support Vector Machine (SVM), and a Deep Neural Network (DNN)—were trained and evaluated. Results show that LR (84%) and DNN (85%) outperform all other models, indicating that both linear and moderately deep non-linear architectures can effectively capture key quality indicators in OSS ML projects. Additional explainability analysis using SHAP reveals consistent feature importance across models, with documentation quality, unit testing practices, architectural clarity, and repository dynamics emerging as the strongest predictors. These findings demonstrate that automated, explainable ML/DL-based quality assessment is both feasible and effective, offering a practical pathway for improving OSS sustainability, guiding contributor decisions, and enhancing trust in ML-based systems that depend on open-source components.

This study aims to determine and analyze the Professionalism of Apparatus in the Implementation of Public Services at the Investment and One-Stop Integrated Services Office of Gorontalo City. Viewed from the aspects of: (1) Competence, (2) Effectiveness, (3) Efficiency, and (4) Responsibility. This research method uses a Qualitative Approach with a Descriptive type. Data collection techniques used in this study are observation, interviews, and documentation. The results of the study indicate that in the competence dimension, the apparatus has had adequate technical capabilities, evidenced by mastery of the OSS system and participation in various training. The effectiveness dimension is also quite good, indicated by the timeliness of service even though sometimes hampered by OSS network disruptions. In the efficiency dimension, services have run optimally through the use of online systems that save time and costs, and received support from the SKM results with a value of 90.17 in the "very good" category. Meanwhile, in the responsibility dimension, the apparatus shows high discipline and work commitment, although there are still several cases of delays and permission to leave the office during working hours. Overall, it can be concluded that the professionalism of the Gorontalo City DPMPTSP apparatus in providing public services is classified as good, but still requires improvement, especially in the aspects of effectiveness and responsibility.

The licensing of clinics and hospitals is crucial for achieving quality and equitable healthcare in Indonesia. The legal framework, including the 2009 Health Law and the 2020 Omnibus Law, has introduced a risk-based approach via the Online Single Submission (OSS) system to streamline the process. However, significant challenges remain. These include bureaucratic complexity, inconsistent regional regulations due to autonomy, lack of data integration between institutions, and high accreditation costs. These barriers particularly hinder small investors and limit the distribution of healthcare facilities in remote areas. Recent reforms, such as the National Digital Public Service Mall (MPP Digital), aim to address these issues by reducing licensing time to under one hour, thereby boosting transparency and efficiency. Despite this progress, unresolved issues concerning patient data privacy, the uneven distribution of medical personnel, and conflicting environmental regulations still need harmonization. To foster inclusive investment and support the 2030 Universal Health Coverage (UHC) goals, this research proposes key solutions: implementing fiscal incentives, adopting AI technology for verification, and strengthening public-private partnerships. With these targeted reforms, the licensing system can become a powerful driver for better healthcare access and sectoral growth.

This research explores the role of the Dinas Penanaman Modal dan Pelayanan Terpadu Satu Pintu (DPMPTSP) of Tangerang City in implementing an online permit system for billboard advertising as a form of digital transformation in public service. The study aims to analyze the institutional role of DPMPTSP, identify obstacles in the implementation of online licensing, and evaluate the improvement efforts undertaken. Using a qualitative descriptive method, data were collected through in-depth interviews with DPMPTSP officials, billboard organizers, and permit applicants, complemented by observation and documentation to ensure data validity through source and technique triangulation. The findings reveal that DPMPTSP plays a strategic role by providing 24-hour online access, simplifying licensing procedures, and offering direct assistance through the Public Service Mall (MPP), supported by responsive communication channels such as WhatsApp and Zoom. Despite these efforts, challenges remain, including system errors, low digital literacy among applicants, limited technical staff, communication gaps, and incomplete integration of the central and regional OSS systems. To address these issues, DPMPTSP has strengthened public assistance services, simplified online information systems, expanded communication channels, redistributed staff duties, performed routine system maintenance, and intensified public education on regulations. These findings highlight that the success of digital public services depends not only on technological readiness but also on human resource capacity, effective communication, and continuous institutional adaptation to public needs.

This study aims to analyze the implementation of assistance for issuing Business Identification Numbers (NIB) for Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in Sukodadi District, Lamongan Regency. This assistance program is a government effort to support MSMEs in obtaining business legality regulated through the Online Single Submission (OSS) system. The method used in this study is a descriptive qualitative approach with data collection techniques through in-depth interviews, field observations, and document studies related to program implementation. The results show that NIB assistance has a positive impact on MSMEs' understanding and awareness of the importance of business legality, which was previously neglected. However, there are several obstacles in its implementation, including limited digital literacy among MSMEs and limited internet access in some areas, which hinder the NIB registration process through the OSS system. Furthermore, although assistance has been provided by local governments and related agencies, it is necessary to increase the frequency and quality of assistance to make the NIB registration process easier and more efficient for MSMEs. Therefore, a more intensive mentoring policy based on technology empowerment is urgently needed to support the sustainability of business legality among MSMEs in Sukodadi District.

This research analyzes the business licensing process for plywood products at PT Anugerah Albasia Abadi Talun, Blitar Regency. It aims to identify the processes undertaken, the obstacles encountered, and to provide recommendations. Employing a descriptive qualitative approach and the Triple Bottom Line framework, data was collected through interviews, observation, and documentation studies. The research findings indicate that the company has successfully fulfilled all complex formal licensing requirements, including the Business Identification Number (NIB), Industrial Business License (IUI), Timber Legality Verification Sistem(SVLK) certificate, Environmental Management and Monitoring Efforts (UKL-UPL), and Forest Product Transportation and Trading License (IPHH), demonstrating a commitment to regulatory compliance. Nevertheless, the licensing process is still hampered by the disharmony between the digital Online Single Submission (OSS) system and manual practices, dynamic regulatory changes that are not yet widely disseminated, limited internal human resource capacity, and a lack of harmonization and coordination among government agencies. The Triple Bottom Line analysis reveals that licensing legality supports economic competitiveness and market access, while social aspects are well-established through local job creation and CSR programs. However, environmental management remains administrative and not yet fully performance-based. Therefore, the research recommendations focus on strengthening internal capacity, optimizing the OSS system, developing proactive environmental management, and enhancing continuous community involvement to achieve higher operational efficiency and sustainability

This study aims to analyze implementation of digital advertising licensing in Yogyakarta City based on Regional Regulation Number 6 of 2022 and to identify challenges faced in the process. Research employs a normative juridical approach with qualitative methods. Legislative approach examines regulations such as the 1945 Constitution, Law No. 1 of 2024 on Electronic Information and Transactions, Regional Regulation No. 6 of 2022, while the conceptual approach analyzes authority, supervision, legal compliance. Bahan hukum were collected through interviews, observations, document studies, analyzed qualitatively via bahan hukum reduction, narrative presentation, conclusion drawing. The findings indicate digital advertising licensing in Yogyakarta City has a robust legal foundation, but implementation is hindered by low compliance among business actors (31.9% of digital advertisements were unlicensed in 2024), complex procedures, and inadequate coordination among agencies such as DPMPTSP, BPKAD, and Satpol PP. Key challenges include unclear technical regulations, overlapping authorities, limited monitoring technology, and low legal awareness among business actors due to high licensing costs. Study recommends revising Regional Regulation, digitizing licensing system through OSS, strengthening inter-agency coordination, conducting socialization programs to enhance compliance, thereby supporting orderliness, city aesthetics, increased local revenue, legal certainty. These measures can strengthen Yogyakarta’s efficient and harmonious digital advertising governance.

The 2025 Real Work Lecture Program (KKN) of PGRI Wiranegara University (UNIWARA) Team 12 was carried out in Pohjentrek Village with a focus on empowering MSMEs, improving literacy, environmental education, food security, and character education. The main issues identified include low awareness among SME actors regarding the importance of business legality, low basic literacy skills among elementary school students, high rates of open waste burning, and the emergence of social issues related to bullying among teenagers. The methods used include mentoring, socialization, training, and active participation in community activities. The results of the activities showed that 15 MSMEs were successfully registered through OSS, with three of them obtaining NIB and halal certificates; tutoring and regular literacy assistance twice a week improved students' literacy skills; the initiation of a community literacy corner began to be implemented in one of the neighborhood associations (RT); socialization of waste management encouraged four households to practice composting; the introduction of vertical farming through the distribution of vegetable seeds supported family greening and food security; and anti-bullying socialization at SMPN 6 helped students recognize their potential using the SMART method. The conclusion of this program is that KKN is able to provide a multidimensional impact through collaboration between students, the community, and the village government, while strengthening community awareness of business legality, literacy, the environment, food, and character.

Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) play a vital role in Indonesia’s economy by contributing significantly to GDP and absorbing a large share of the workforce. However, MSMEs continue to face major challenges, including limited business legality, low human resource (HR) capacity, and difficulties in obtaining halal certification. To address these issues, the government established the Integrated Business Service Center (PLUT) as a consultation, assistance, and facilitation hub for MSME development. This study aims to analyze the implementation of the PLUT policy in supporting MSMEs, focusing on the issuance of Business Identification Numbers (NIB), capacity building for human resources, and facilitation of halal certification. A qualitative descriptive method was employed, with data collected through observations, in-depth interviews, and documentation. Data were analyzed using Miles & Huberman’s interactive model and Edwards III’s framework, which emphasizes communication, resources, disposition, and bureaucratic structure. The findings reveal that PLUT plays a crucial role in helping MSMEs secure business legality, providing training and managerial assistance, and supporting the halal certification process. Nevertheless, challenges remain, such as the limited number of consultants, bureaucratic complexity, and unequal access to digital infrastructure, which hinder the overall effectiveness of the services. The implications of this study highlight the need to strengthen PLUT’s capacity by recruiting more professional consultants, digitalizing services, and integrating with the OSS and BPJPH systems. These steps are expected to enhance the effectiveness and sustainability of PLUT’s implementation, thereby improving the competitiveness of MSMEs in the era of digital transformation.

This Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) assistance program aims to improve business capacity, strengthen branding, expand marketing reach, and provide formal legal status to MSMEs. Activities carried out include digital marketing training, assistance in creating e-commerce accounts, designing and delivering MSME logos, providing grants for sealing equipment, and assisting in obtaining a Business Identification Number (NIB) through the OSS system. The implementation methods include initial observation, activity planning, interactive training, direct mentoring, and post-activity monitoring and evaluation. These methods are designed to ensure that MSMEs are not only equipped with technical knowledge but also empowered with the practical tools necessary for success in a competitive market. The results of the activities show an improvement in the digital marketing skills of MSMEs, allowing them to reach a wider audience through social media platforms and online advertising. The creation of logos as brand identities has significantly boosted the recognition of these businesses, helping them establish a stronger presence in their respective markets. Additionally, the enhanced product packaging quality with the provision of sealing tools has led to better product presentation, which is essential in attracting customers and increasing sales. Furthermore, the acquisition of NIBs as business legal status has provided MSMEs with greater legitimacy, enabling them to access more formal business opportunities and funding options. This program has had a positive impact on the professionalism and competitiveness of MSMEs, which has been reflected in their increased ability to market their products effectively and efficiently. However, further assistance is needed in optimizing digital promotion, such as improving online advertising strategies, and fully utilizing NIBs for better business expansion. Moreover, it is crucial to offer ongoing support and guidance to ensure that MSMEs can continue to thrive and adapt to the rapidly changing digital landscape