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The phenomenon of megachurches represents one of the most significant developments in contemporary Christianity, reflecting shifts in church organizational structures, leadership patterns, and engagement with modern culture. Despite their rapid growth, megachurches have drawn criticism, particularly regarding reliance on charismatic leadership, the prominence of prosperity theology narratives, and the potential weakening of communal dimensions in church life. This study aims to analyze the megachurch phenomenon through an interdisciplinary approach that integrates the sociology of religion and ecclesiological reflection. Employing a qualitative method, this research utilizes literature analysis and a phenomenological approach to understand leadership dynamics and religious practices within large church contexts. The findings indicate that megachurch growth is driven by a combination of charismatic leadership, complex organizational systems, and adaptation to contemporary culture, including digitalization and religious consumerism. However, this model also generates tension with New Testament ecclesiological principles that emphasize participatory community and servant leadership. This study contributes to practical theology by offering an integrative analysis and provides a reflective basis for churches to evaluate their organizational forms and leadership practices in light of foundational theological principles.  

Organic church and church management are often viewed as two opposing approaches: one emphasizes spiritual vitality and relational community life, while the other focuses on structure, planning, and organizational sustainability. This study argues that these approaches need not be placed in tension; rather, they can be integrated into a coherent and holistic framework of ministry. Using a descriptive qualitative approach through literature analysis, this research explores how the concept of the organic church in New Testament ecclesiology can be integrated with key principles of modern church management. Insights from Bonhoeffer (1954) on communal life, Erickson (1998) on the nature of the body of Christ, and Tomatala (2014) on congregational development provide the foundational basis for this integrative model. The findings indicate that the organic church contributes life, relational depth, and the dynamic work of the Holy Spirit, whereas church management offers direction, coordination, and the structural space needed for spiritual gifts to function. Together, these dimensions produce a living structure that is flexible, relational, theological, and accountable. The study concludes that the contemporary church requires structures that support life rather than replace it.

This article examines the relationship between the Old Testament (OT) and the New Testament (NT) through a qualitative approach with a literature review method. The study aims to identify theological continuities and discontinuities between the two parts of the Bible as well as outline how the narrative of God's salvation develops from the OT to the NT. The analysis was conducted by examining various primary and secondary literature from theological scholars, biblical historians and commentators. The results show that despite differences in historical context and theological development, the OT and NT have an integral and complementary relationship, especially in terms of the fulfilment of prophecy, Messianic conception, and the unfolding of God's plan of salvation. The findings are expected to enrich the understanding of contemporary Christian theology and contribute to the dialogue between the OT and NT exegetical traditions.

Christology is the theological study of the person, nature, and work of Jesus Christ. This paper traces the development of Christology from the first century to the fifth century, highlighting the theological dynamics that took place in the early church. In the first century, Christology was based on the teachings of the apostles and the New Testament writings, with the main debate being over the humanity and divinity of Christ. The second and third centuries were characterized by the emergence of various theological schools, such as Gnosticism, Docetism, and Monarchianism, which prompted the church to affirm orthodox teachings. In the fourth century, the Council of Nicea (325 AD) and the Council of Constantinople (381 AD) played an important role in rejecting Arianism and affirming the oneness of Christ's essence with the Father. The fifth century witnessed more complex Christological debates, culminating in the Council of Ephesus (431 AD) and the Council of Chalcedon (451 AD), which established that Christ has two natures divine and human in one undivided person. This research confirms that the development of Christology in the first five centuries provided the foundation for Christian doctrine that continues to influence theological thought today.

This article explores the relationship between nationalism and Christian faith from a biblical perspective. Nationalism is often defined as loyalty to nation and state, while Christian faith centres on loyalty to God and His kingdom. In the Indonesian context, churches participated in the nationalism movement from the colonialism era until independence. Based on theological studies, the Bible provides insight that believers' primary loyalty should be to God, although they are also expected to be good citizens. This article uses a literature study method with a qualitative approach to analyse relevant biblical texts as well as related theological literature. The concept of nation in the Bible is examined from the perspective of the Old Testament, which focuses on the ethnic identity of the nation of Israel, to the New Testament, which expands the nation's identity into an inclusive community of faith. The article also highlights the ethical implications of nationalism for Christians, who should reflect the values of justice, love and sacrifice, and avoid exclusionary and xenophobic attitudes.

Instagram @katolicitasorg offers a variety of content related to the Catholic faith. This research uses Instagram content @katolicitasorg as a news tool in the digital era. This research was conducted to determine the benefits of Instagram @katolicitasorg content for Catholic Religious Education students at Sanata Dharma University, Yogyakarta. This study uses a qualitative method. Data was collected through observation, interviews, FGD and questionnaires. The data obtained were confirmed using triangulation techniques. Based on the results of this research, the majority of students felt that Instagram content @katolicitasorg had positive benefits because it provided a new and clear understanding of the reasons for praying for the dead according to the Catholic Church. Students feel that the topics presented are relevant to their experiences. They become stronger and motivated to pray for their deceased relatives and friends. Most students stated that this content was superior in its delivery because it used various sources combined into several slides and was enhanced with visual perspectives in the form of images. However, several students were open and suggested that the @katolicitasorgi Instagram content needed changes to the reporting model, such as videos, language adaptations (such as direct quotes) and also the addition of sources from the New Testament.

This paper discusses the teachings of the Lord Jesus through a values ​​and love-based approach. Based on my understanding, the teachings of the Lord Jesus have a very important role in the methods that will be used by teaching staff or teaching staff. This paper analyzes the teachings of the Lord Jesus, recorded in the Gospels, not only as spiritual teachings, but also as a moral and pedagogical guide for educators. At the discussion stage, the New Testament shows Jesus as an extraordinary teacher, providing an important example in his life in the world. He not only demonstrated effectiveness and efficiency in his teaching model, but also had specific goals and strategies. His way of teaching is very unique and creative, using practical illustrations from everyday life so that it is easy for everyone to understand. The conclusion of this paper is that the Lord Jesus' teaching model provides a solid foundation for educational practice centered on values ​​and love. The principles he taught are not only relevant in a spiritual context, but also have powerful applications in modern education.

This article examines the theological basis and implementation of mission in the New Testament and its relevance to the church today. This research is motivated by the crisis of missionary identity in the church amid the challenges of globalization, secularization, ecological crisis, and relativism of truth. The main focus of this research is on the concept of missio Dei, which emphasizes that mission originates from the initiative of the Triune God, not solely from the church. The objective is to analyze the theological foundations of mission in the New Testament and how the church lives out its calling as a sent community. The method used is qualitative, employing a literature review approach to the Bible, theological literature, and academic journals. The main findings show that mission is the identity of the church, not just one of its programs. Mission in the New Testament is Trinitarian, holistic, and includes the proclamation of the Gospel, acts of love, social justice, and the formation of an inclusive community. The early church set an example through its living witness and cross-cultural evangelism. In the contemporary context, implementing mission requires contextual approaches such as digital ministry, social empowerment, discipleship, and interdenominational collaboration. The synthesis of key ideas emphasizes that mission cannot be separated from the existence of the church; without mission, the church loses its identity. In conclusion, the church today is challenged to return to the contextual, transformative, and Spirit-led mission of the New Testament to remain relevant in an ever-changing world.

Repentance is needed because humans realize that they are sinners. Sinful people must be saved through repentance, without repentance sinful humans cannot be saved. Thus repentance has a strong connection with the salvation of believers. Salvation in the concept of the Old Testament people was to turn around and live in God's law. If they repent and obey, they will be saved, that is, they will be blessed with physical blessings such as victory over war, successful harvests, and being able to perform worship. On the other hand, if they do not repent of their sins, they will be condemned or cursed by God. This understanding of repentance and salvation has been adopted by adherents of prosperity theology. They say that Christians who have had their sins forgiven through repentance will be saved and live abundantly with physical blessings, success and prosperity. For the New Testament people, the goal of repentance and salvation is to achieve physical blessings like the Old Testament people or adherents of prosperity theology. This research tries to research and find the correct understanding of repentance and salvation which has implications for the responsibility of believers to maintain the holiness of their lives every day because humans are the holy image of God on this earth. The aim of this research is to find the true understanding of repentance and salvation in Christianity which has implications for the responsibility of Christians to live without falling into sin again or to live in the morality of God's holy holiness. The research in this paper uses a qualitative approach with the technique of writing a literature review or literature study. The research results show that the understanding of repentance and salvation to achieve the image of God who is in the image and likeness of God has implications for the responsibility of the congregation to achieve the morality of holiness like God. This research also shows that repentance is the renewal of the mind until it has thoughts and feelings like Christ. This research also found that the notion of repentance and salvation only by God's grace alone on the basis of damage to God's image in humans based on God's absolute sovereignty has no implications for the believer's responsibility to strive to live without sin or without blemish. Repentance is completely a gift where humans cannot exercise their free will to choose so that believers are not required to take a proportional responsibility to change their character based on individual decisions in order to live a holy life. Repentance in Christianity is no longer focused on physical blessings but on the restoration of God's image with the responsibility of the believer's holy life