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Digital transformation has driven organizations to adopt the metaverse as a 3D virtual workspace that enables employee interaction through avatars, thereby introducing new challenges in managing organizational identity, work culture, and employee loyalty. This study aims to analyze the role of human resource leadership in establishing organizational identity, transforming work culture, and sustaining employee loyalty within a metaverse-based work environment. The study employs an integrative literature review approach by systematically collecting and synthesizing relevant scholarly sources from reputable publications within the last five years. The findings indicate that organizational identity in the metaverse is constructed through avatar representation and virtual environment design, while work culture undergoes a transformation toward flexible digital interaction patterns that still require reinforcement of organizational values. Furthermore, employee loyalty is influenced by the quality of virtual experiences and the effectiveness of leadership communication. In this context, digital-based HR leadership emerges as a critical factor in fostering employee engagement and trust in a non-physical interaction setting. This study contributes conceptually by integrating leadership, identity, culture, and loyalty within the metaverse framework, and provides practical implications for organizations in designing adaptive human resource management strategies in response to the advancement of immersive technologies.

This study aims to investigate the factors influencing the continuance intention of Al-Kautsar Senior High School students in using metaverse-based learning media. The background of this research lies in the rapid adoption of immersive technologies in education, while students’ levels of acceptance have not yet been fully understood. The objective is to identify the antecedents of satisfaction, which subsequently influence continuous intention. The research model examines the effects of perceived interactivity, perceived sociability, perceived enjoyment, perceived ease of use, perceived security, and social influence on satisfaction. A quantitative approach was employed by distributing questionnaires to students, and the data were analyzed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). The results indicate that satisfaction is a very strong and statistically significant predictor of continuous intention to use metaverse applications (β = 0.716, p < 0.001). The six hypothesized antecedent variables were not found to have a significant individual effect on satisfaction. In conclusion, for digital native students at Al-Kautsar Senior High School, factors such as ease of use, interactivity, and enjoyment have shifted from being drivers of satisfaction to becoming basic expectations (hygiene factors). Satisfaction itself emerges as the primary determinant, likely influenced by more substantive elements such as content quality or pedagogical design rather than merely the technical features of the platform.

This article examines the evolving discourse on granting legal personhood to Artificial Intelligence (AI) by analyzing jurisprudential foundations, global regulatory frameworks, and emerging challenges in liability attribution. As AI systems acquire higher autonomy, opacity, and decision-making independence, traditional human-centered legal structures struggle to assign responsibility for AI-generated harms. Through a qualitative methodological approach, involving library research and content analysis, this study evaluates whether limited or functional legal personhood can serve as a viable solution to accountability gaps created by advanced AI systems. The discussion explores key themes including AI autonomy, black-box decision processes, digital identities in virtual environments, metaverse avatars, and the boundaries of existing tort and contract law. Comparative insights from the European Union, the United States, and India highlight significant divergences in regulatory approaches, particularly regarding “electronic personhood,” strict liability models, and AI-specific safeguards. Findings indicate that while full personhood is premature, a hybrid framework—combining functional personhood, risk-based regulation, and AI-focused accountability mechanisms—could enhance legal clarity, promote responsible innovation, and strengthen public trust. This study contributes to the ongoing global effort to conceptualize AI legal personhood within modern socio-digital ecosystems.

This study aims to analyze the implementation of Metaverse technology as a medium for socializing religious moderation at the Palembang Religious Education and Training Center. Using a qualitative approach, this research explores how Metaverse can facilitate the dissemination of religious moderation values and its potential in improving the understanding of balanced, tolerant, and inclusive religious practices among participants. Data was collected through interviews, observations, and document analysis. The research findings show that Metaverse offers a dynamic and immersive platform to deliver training and discussions on religious moderation, allowing participants to interact more deeply with the material presented. However, challenges such as limited access to technology and understanding of the virtual environment were also found. This research highlights the need for further adaptation and support to maximize the effectiveness of this technology in building religious moderation.

The development of digital technology has changed the paradigm of church ministry from a conventional model to a more participatory digital and metaverse-based ministry. This study aims to analyze how Christian values are integrated into the digital ministry management of the KGPM Sidang Syalom Tetey Church, North Minahasa. Using a qualitative approach with a contextual case study method, this study explores the application of faith principles such as love, responsibility, honesty, loyalty, and servant leadership in the management of the church's digital ministry. The results show that digital ministry management in this church successfully combines technological innovation with Christian spirituality through the use of digital media, multimedia team coordination, and accountable online reporting. The integration of Christian values enables the church to carry out technologically relevant ministries without losing their ethical and spiritual dimensions. In the context of the metaverse era, churches face ethical, relational, and spiritual challenges, but also gain new mission opportunities to expand their ministry across geographical boundaries. The theological implications of this study emphasize the importance of theological discernment and spiritual accountability in directing the use of technology as a means of mission, not as an end in itself. Thus, the church is called to be an ethical and prophetic agent in the midst of digital transformation, making technology a tool to glorify Christ and strengthen the faith life of the congregation.

The metaverse is emerging as a digital ecosystem that is transforming the way people interact, work and do business. However, its rapid growth poses challenges to environmental, economic and social sustainability. This research explores the interplay between linguistics, environmental economics and human resource management (HRM) in supporting sustainability in the metaverse. Using a mixed-methods approach, this research analyses: (1) the role of linguistic strategies in shaping sustainability discourse in virtual environments, (2) the economic impact of green initiatives in metaverse-based ecosystems, and (3) the contribution of HRM in implementing sustainable work practices in the digital world. The results show that strategic ecological communication, economic incentives for virtual carbon neutrality and green HR policies play an important role in achieving sustainability in the metaverse. This study provides insights for policy makers, companies and HR professionals to use the metaverse as an environmentally and socially sustainable space.

The application of Virtual Reality (VR) based on the Metaverse in education is an innovation that can enhance the quality of learning by providing a more interactive and immersive learning experience. This article discusses the development of VR-based learning integrated with the Metaverse using the ADDIE model (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, Evaluation). Through the stages of analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation, VR and Metaverse-based learning can be tailored to students' needs, creating a more flexible and collaborative learning experience. The use of this technology allows students to learn independently or in groups, while improving practical skills and creativity. This study shows that by applying the ADDIE model, VR and Metaverse-based learning can be more effective in increasing student motivation and learning outcomes, addressing the challenges of education in the future.

This study aims to explore the role of cross-cultural Christian education in cyberspace in supporting the formation of virtual faith communities for global spiritual formation and interfaith dialogue. Issues that include the challenges of globalization and digitalization that change the way communities interact, especially in religious contexts. The methods used are concept analysis and literature studies that support the development of a theoretical framework for digital-based cross-cultural education. The results of the study indicate that digital platforms can be an effective means of creating inclusive cross-cultural dialogue spaces, strengthening spiritual identity, and facilitating cross-cultural learning. The findings also highlight the importance of design programs that are sensitive to cultural and technical contexts. The main conclusion of this study is that cross-cultural Christian education in cyberspace can be a powerful tool for advancing global solidarity and interfaith dialogue. However, its success depends on collaboration between educators, technology developers, and religious communities, as well as attention to obstacles such as digital literacy and unequal access to technology.

The presence of metaverse which is the result of the development of digital technology has been adapted by some churches so that it has given rise to a new model of worship and church, namely the metaverse church. The presence of metaverse technology provides new opportunities and challenges for the church of the future. This research is intended so that the church is able to maximize the implementation of the great commission and the implementation of the church's three tasks by utilizing metaverse technology. This research uses qualitative methods and literature studies. The results of the study revealed a lack of uniformity of opinion among churches regarding the implementation of the great commission in the metaverse world, but the church has the opportunity to optimize service and implementation of the great commission with metaverse technology and the church must prepare itself well to overcome the challenges of the presence of metaverse technology.

Science is considered a theory of understanding the universe that uses philosophical foundations to determine what counts as reality, based on empirical findings. The main objective in this study is to identify how the ontology of science forms the basis of scientific theory, whether in physics, biology, or social sciences, and how it relates to recent developments in technology and scientific research. Based on this research, it seeks to explain the ontology of modern science in terms of the philosophical foundations behind scientific knowledge. Philosophy of science, ontology, and science are intertwined in the effort to understand reality. In the modern era, the main challenge in philosophy and ontology is to maintain the essence of human existence in the face of rapid technological developments, such as the metaverse. Critical efforts are needed to maintain a balance between technology and human values.

This research aims to explore the application of metaverse technology at MAN Insan Cendekia OKI through a qualitative approach. In an educational context, the metaverse offers an immersive and interactive learning space, allowing students to interact in a virtual environment. Through in-depth interviews and observations, this research identifies the challenges and opportunities faced in the integration of this technology. The findings show that despite barriers in infrastructure and technological understanding, implementing metaverses can increase student engagement and create more engaging learning experiences. Recommendations are provided to improve technical support and training for educators in implementing the metaverse effectively.

This research aims to explore the utilization of Metaverse technology within the framework of Hadith teachings and the Indonesian Law No.1 of 2024. Through a qualitative approach and content analysis of relevant texts, this study identifies key intersections between Islamic principles, legal stipulations, and the digital realm. Initial findings suggest that careful application of Metaverse technology can enhance various aspects of life while adhering to Islamic teachings and legal requirements. This study contributes to the ongoing conversation about the role of emerging technologies within religious and legal contexts

Virtual land assets in the metaverse are becoming popular and have high investment potential. In Indonesia, virtual land is a new object in property law, and this object has not been regulated yet by positive law. This study aims to identify the legal position of virtual land in the context of material rights and the validity of material agreements in trading a virtual land asset on the metaverse platform according to the Indonesian Civil Code (KUHPerdata). The research method used is normative-juridical using secondary data. Based on the research results, it concludes that virtual land can be classified as an intangible movable object and can be attached to property rights. From the transaction’s validity, the Civil Code views virtual land transactions as asset exchange agreements, which are legal and recognized transactions based on positive Indonesian law

The integration of metaverse technology in employee training has the potential to significantly enhance digital skills, collaboration, and overall learning outcomes in virtual workspaces. This study explores the effectiveness of metaverse-based training compared to traditional methods, focusing on participant engagement, learning retention, and practical application in immersive virtual environments. The results indicate that metaverse technology leads to increased participant engagement, offering real-time communication, interactive simulations, and realistic task scenarios that foster deeper involvement and better skill acquisition. Additionally, the immersive nature of metaverse platforms improves learning effectiveness, especially for high-risk tasks such as medical procedures and technical skills that benefit from hands-on experience. However, challenges such as technological barriers, infrastructure limitations, and initial resistance from employees were identified, requiring organizations to provide adequate support and training for smooth adoption. While the upfront costs of developing and maintaining metaverse training platforms are significant, the long-term benefits—such as scalability, reduced need for physical resources, and enhanced training outcomes—outweigh these initial investments. Organizations looking to implement metaverse-based training solutions should carefully consider the required technological infrastructure, support for employees, and privacy concerns. Future research should explore advancements in metaverse technology, including AI integration, and investigate the broader adoption of these technologies across various industries, focusing on overcoming adoption barriers and measuring their long-term impact on workforce development.

Metaverse is a three-dimensional virtual world connected via the internet, which allows users to interact with realistic digital environments. This concept has attracted the attention of many parties, including in the context of digital marketing. Utilizing metaverse technology in digital marketing has several opportunities and challenges. These opportunities include helping users interact with realistic digital environments, changing the way people sell and advertise, and improving social media platforms by providing greater freedom. However, the use of metaverse technology also has challenges, such as digital data security, a lack of humanity in digital interactions, and difficulties in applying digital literacy. This article aims to analyze the opportunities and challenges of using the metaverse as digital marketing. By understanding and overcoming these challenges, companies can utilize the potential of the metaverse as a digital marketing medium more effectively and responsibly.

This research aims to elucidate the design of metaverse learning media with the goal of improving the quality of education. Metaverse is a virtual environment that enables interaction among users through 3D avatar representations. In the context of education, the use of metaverse offers a different learning experience, optimizing the current technology and educational media, and supporting the development of soft skills and building confidence through the simulations offered. This research also discusses the potential and limitations of metaverse educational applications, as well as the challenges and opportunities for their use in the education world. The research findings indicate that the use of metaverse in education can overcome existing limitations, such as classroom capacity, distance, and time constraints. However, the use of metaverse also poses some challenges, such as user security and privacy. Therefore, the design of metaverse learning media needs to consider these aspects to enhance the quality of education.

The development of technology today makes humans coexist with technology. Many human activities can be carried out through the internet network. One of them is the presence of the metaverse which is a technology that contains virtual interactions, digital objects, and decentralized humans from various platforms. Metaverse is used by many people as a medium for buying and selling transactions. Metaverse users generally sell their products in the form of NFTs. Various well-known brands have started promoting their products through the metaverse. The emergence of well-known brands in the metaverse is an opportunity for irresponsible parties to infringe brand rights. As was the case in Ryder Ripps v. Yuga Labs. Pollution, imitation, obscuration, and so forth of well-known trademarks are carried out by irresponsible parties. One of them is the doctrine of Trademark Dilution. Trademark dilution is the unauthorized use by other parties that can weaken the quality or characteristics of a trademark. This makes the question of how the protection of trademarks in the virtual space of the metaverse and what legal action can be taken when there is a violation of trademark rights. Not many countries have regulated the protection of digital trademarks specifically against trademark dilution, as well as Indonesia. This research will be conducted using a non-native juridical approach method with legal sources in the form of laws and regulations, international agreements, theories, and legal rules. The focus of this research is how metaverse with the platform in it can protect the trademark with the terms and conditions agreement of account users in the platform. The result of this research is that brands can be protected against infringement of rights to the brand as well as brand dilution by referring to the terms and conditions of account users listed in the platform. In addition, the legal action that can be taken is to file a lawsuit as determined by the platform and the removal of related content.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan alat pembelajaran yang dapat digunakan untuk merevolusi sistem pendidikan tradisional dalam bidang hukum menggunakan pembelajaran simulasi metaverse.  Pembelajaran berbasis simulasi melibatkan pembuatan skenario realistis dalam lingkungan yang aman dan terkendali untuk membantu mahasiswa dalam mengembangkan keterampilan dan pengetahuan yang dapat diterapkan pada situasi dunia nyata, terlebih lagi, lingkungan online yang terbentuk semenjak pandemi covid muncul membuat berbagai institusi pendidikan doipaksa untuk terus berevolusi dalam penggunaan platform digital yang semakin canggih. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan sistematik dan holistik dan dievaluasi lebih lanjut untuk mengalisis dan memberikan saran perubahan pada kurikulum pendidikan tinggi dibidang ilmu hukum sehingga alat yang diusulkan dapat digunakan lebih luas lagi pada berbagai program studi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa, terdapat peningkatan pembelajaran mahasiswa lintas kurikulum profesi khususnya bidang hukum terlebih lagi dimasa pandemi covid dengan memanfaatkan ruang virtual yang memiliki suasana dunia nyata, sehingga menjembatani bentuk pembelajaran antara program akademik dan pengembangan profesi berkelanjutan