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Mergers and acquisitions have served as a primary strategy for global banking consolidation over the past three decades, including in Indonesia, which is currently undergoing one of its most massive consolidation waves—one notable example being the emergence of Bank Syariah Indonesia. This article aims to provide a narrative review of the literature on the operational impacts of mergers on bank performance, with a particular focus on implications for the Indonesian context. Based on a systematic search of the Scopus database, 52 peer-reviewed articles published between 2000 and 2025 were analyzed using a narrative thematic synthesis approach. Five main themes were identified: cost efficiency, service quality, risk management, human resource and cultural integration, and information systems and technology integration. The key findings indicate that although 73.1% of studies report post-merger improvements in cost efficiency, these benefits are highly contingent upon the quality of post-merger integration especially in the areas of human resources, organizational culture, and information technology with IT integration failure rates reaching as high as 75%. Domestic mergers consistently achieve efficiency gains more rapidly than cross-border mergers, whereas risk implications depend heavily on the type of merger and the quality of integration. Policy implications include the need for the Financial Services Authority (Otoritas Jasa Keuangan) to monitor post-merger integration quality, provide integration guidelines for smaller banks, take into account the specific characteristics of Islamic banks, and ensure a streamlined, non-burdensome licensing process. Further research particularly empirical studies on banking mergers in Indonesia—is urgently needed to test the generalizability of global findings to the local context.

Data from the Business Competition Supervisory Commission (KPPU) indicate that the impact of COVID-19 in 2020, 2021, and peaking in 2022 led to a significant increase in merger and acquisition (M&A) activities. This trend suggests that M&A actions have become an essential strategy for sustaining and enhancing business performance. However, not all M&A activities result in success, making it crucial to understand the factors influencing their outcomes. This study aims to examine and provide empirical evidence on the effect of board size, institutional ownership, and firm size on merger and acquisition performance. Agency theory and signaling theory are employed as the theoretical frameworks to explain the relationships between the independent and dependent variables. The population of this study consists of publicly listed companies that conducted mergers and acquisitions between 2019 and 2023. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling, resulting in a total of 150 samples. Data were collected through non-participant observation, and the data analysis technique applied was multiple linear regression. The results show that institutional ownership has a positive effect on merger and acquisition performance. In contrast, board size and firm size do not significantly influence M&A performance. These findings indicate that monitoring by institutional shareholders can enhance the effectiveness of strategic decision-making, while a larger organizational structure and firm size do not necessarily support post-merger integration success.

Finansial restructuring is an important strategy in maintaining company sustainability and growth, especially in the face of external and internal pressures. Mergers, acquisitions, and leveraged buyouts (LBOs) are the three main instruments in restructuring strategies used by companies in various sectors. This study aims to systematically review the current academic literature on the impact, challenges, and effectiveness of using mergers, acquisitions, and LBOs in the context of financial restructuring. By reviewing more than 20 sources from academic journals and recent financial reports, this study identifies trends, research gaps, as well as theoretical and practical contributions of each of these instruments. The findings show that all three instruments have significant potential to improve a firm's operational efficiency and capital structure, but also carry substantial risks if not managed strategically.

This literature review examines the impact of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) disclosure on mergers and acquisitions (M&A), focusing on market reactions, post-merger integration, and long-term performance. The review reveals that CSR disclosure often leads to positive market reactions, fostering investor confidence and increasing stock prices during M&A announcements. Furthermore, CSR practices contribute to smoother post-merger integration by aligning organizational cultures and fostering trust. Over the long term, companies that integrate CSR into their strategies generally experience enhanced brand value, customer loyalty, and competitive advantage. However, the effectiveness of CSR disclosure depends on its authenticity and strategic alignment with corporate goals. The review also highlights the need for further research in emerging markets and the exploration of qualitative approaches to deepen understanding of CSR’s role in M&A.

Mergers and acquisitions (M&A) are widely recognized as strategic instruments for corporate growth, restructuring, and competitive advantage. This semantic review synthesizes recent Scopus‑indexed literature to examine the strategic implications and performance outcomes of M&A. The study highlights that strategic alignment between acquiring and target firms is fundamental to synergy realization, operational efficiency, and innovation. Managerial expertise emerges as a decisive factor, with effective leadership ensuring smooth integration and long‑term value creation. Market dynamics, including economic volatility, regulatory changes, and geopolitical tensions, significantly influence M&A strategies and outcomes, while technological integration accelerates digital transformation and enhances competitive positioning. Cultural fit is identified as a critical determinant of organizational cohesion, with misalignment often leading to employee resistance and reduced productivity. Financial outcomes vary, ranging from profitability improvements through economies of scale to underperformance caused by overestimated synergies or poor integration. Furthermore, environmental, social, and governance (ESG) considerations are increasingly shaping M&A strategies, reinforcing stakeholder trust and sustainable value creation. By adopting a holistic approach that integrates strategic foresight, managerial acumen, market awareness, technological innovation, and sustainability, firms can optimize M&A as a tool for growth and resilience in dynamic global markets.

The aim of this research is to analyze the comparison of financial performance and stock returns before and after mergers and acquisitions which are moderated by good corporate governance. This research applies comparative quantitative methods, using secondary data. A population of 21 companies that have carried out merger and acquisition activities were registered with the KPPU in 2021 and listed on the IDX during the 2019-2023 period. A sample of 11 companies was obtained with a 4 year observation span using the purposive sampling method. The data analysis used was IBM SPSS version 27 software with hypothesis testing, namely paired sample t-test, t test, R2 test, and MRA test. The research results show that the ROA, CR, DER, TATO, EPS and Stock Return variables do not show differences before and after carrying out mergers and acquisitions. The proportion of independent board of commissioners cannot moderate the influence of ROA, CR and EPS on merger and acquisition performance. The proportion of independent board of commissioners can moderate the influence of DER, TATO, and Share Return on merger and acquisition performance.

Using a literature research methodology, this paper investigates how business combination accounting was implemented both before and after PSAK 22, which is now known as PSAK 103 on Business Combinations. This research analyzes profit margin, return on equity (ROE), and return on assets (ROA) to assess the impact of PSAK 22 on the business's financial performance. Prior to PSAK 22, businesses often employed the "purchase method" or "pooling of interest." Results from prior research indicate that ROA, ROE, and profit margins are significantly impacted by business combinations. Although financial performance is frequently improved by mergers and acquisitions, the outcomes differ among industries. This article requires a broader range of information in order to function as a reference for future study on business combinations with PSAK 22/103 case studies and more diverse variables.

In today's competitive business environment, there are many companies that look like a single entity when in fact they are made up of several separate companies. Some of these companies conduct business combinations consisting of mergers, acquisitions, and consolidations. In conducting these business combinations, there are regulations that govern, namely PSAK 22 as a result of IFRS convergence. This study aims to further analyze business combinations with IFRS convergence. The research method used is a quantitative engineering approach by focusing on literature review. The results of this study indicate a change in the purchase method to goodwill impairment testing, adjustments to non-controlling interests, and more detailed disclosures.

Abstrac.This research investigates the impact of acquisitions on company financial performance. By analyzing financial data of a number of companies that have undergone acquisition process, this research aims to assess changes in key financial indicators such as net profit, revenue and cash flow. The research method for this research is a literature review to find information on financial reports and company performance. The impact caused by post-acquisition is that the company's financial performance has increased, especially profitability and activity. However, the aspects of liquidity and solvency did not experience significant changes. There were no negative changes in the company's financial performance. The findings of this research can provide insight into the effectiveness of merger and acquisition strategies in increasing or decreasing a company's financial performance. Managerial implications and recommendations for stakeholders will be discussed in the context of the results of this research.

In the modern business era, it is important for companies to understand PSAK and its implications to ensure consolidated financial statements are accurate and in accordance with applicable accounting standards. The aim of this research is to discuss in detail the three Financial Accounting Standards, namely PSAK 22, PSAK 65, and PSAK 4 and their relevance to the preparation of consolidated financial statements. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative through literature study with secondary data in the form of previous articles. The result of this research is that PSAK 22 discusses the accounting treatment of business combinations in the form of acquisitions or mergers of ownership, whether carried out through the acquisition of shares or net assets. PSAK 65 regulates consolidation criteria and explains consolidation procedures. Meanwhile, PSAK 4 (revised 2009) explains consolidated financial reports and separate financial reports.

  Abstrak. The purpose of this research is to find out the right method to achieve optimal profit at PT. Andhika's lamp. Meanwhile, the formulation of the problem in this study is how this research method uses a descriptive quantitative approach with the ex post facto research method, namely research on data collected after the event occurred. The research was conducted by examining purchase cards and use cards in 2021. The conclusion of this study is that within a one-year period it can be concluded that the ending inventory value generated using the FIFO method is Rp. 118,840,000, while the LIFO method produces an ending inventory value of Rp. 124,440,000, the LIFO method is the opposite of the FIFO method, which produces a high cost of use so that the resulting profit is low. Based on the conclusions of the research results using the FIFO method, when the acquisition price increases using the LIFO method will be able to produce a high cost of production, this is the impact of the average trend in determining the cost of using fertilizer and ending inventory and reducing the effect of excessive price changes. high or low so that future costs will be more stable.