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This study aims to analyze in depth the effectiveness of Realistic Mathematics Education (RME) and ethnomathematics in improving students’ mathematical abilities through a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach. This study is motivated by the low level of students’ conceptual understanding, mathematical literacy, and mathematical communication skills, which are still dominated by conventional teaching approaches. Data were collected from ten research articles relevant to the topics of RME and ethnomathematics. The analyzed articles employed various research methods, including experimental research, classroom action research, and research and development (R&D). The results of the review indicate that the implementation of RME is consistently effective in enhancing students’ mathematical abilities, such as critical thinking, problem-solving, mathematical communication, and mathematical literacy. The RME approach, which is based on real-life contexts, helps students understand mathematical concepts more deeply and meaningfully. In addition, the integration of culture through ethnomathematics strengthens the effectiveness of learning by providing contexts that are closely related to students’ daily lives, thereby increasing motivation, engagement, and active participation in the learning process.Furthermore, the findings reveal that the success of culture-based RME is influenced by instructional design, the selection of appropriate contexts, and the teacher’s role in managing the learning process. Therefore, culture-based RME can be considered an effective and relevant approach to improving the quality of mathematics education.

This study aims to develop a teaching module focused on mathematical problem posing and problem solving, specifically within the topic of statistics. The goal is to create a module that is not only valid, practical, and effective but also capable of honing the critical and creative thinking skills of high school students. This study utilizes the Research and Development (R&D) method following the 4D development model. The subjects of this research were 10th-grade high school students. The research findings indicate that the teaching module is considered highly valid, with a score of 4.13. In terms of practicality, it achieved a score of 3.8, suggesting the module is user-friendly, engaging, and supportive of a smooth learning process. The module proved effective in improving students' critical and creative thinking skills, as evidenced by a 42% increase in average test scores after using the module. This research suggests that the developed teaching module is feasible for use as instructional material at the high school level and is capable of strengthening students' critical and creative thinking abilities. This module serves as an alternative instructional resource that encourages active, innovative mathematics learning oriented toward the development of high-order thinking skills (HOTS).

This study aims to compare the effectiveness of the Deep Learning and Differentiated Instruction models in improving junior high school students’ mathematical problem-solving and reasoning abilities. The background of this research stems from the low level of mathematical literacy among Indonesian students, which demands innovative and reflective learning approaches. A quasi-experimental method was used with a Nonequivalent Control Group Design. The sample consisted of two eighth-grade classes at SMP Negeri Satu Atap 01 Ciseeng, each receiving different instructional treatments: one class was taught using the Deep Learning approach, and the other using the Differentiated Instruction approach. The instruments employed included mathematical problem-solving tests, observation sheets, and student perception questionnaires. The data analysis results indicated that the class taught with the Deep Learning model experienced a more significant improvement in mathematical reasoning ability compared to the class using Differentiated Instruction. These findings suggest that Deep Learning-based instruction is more effective in promoting students’ higher-order thinking skills. It encourages deeper engagement with mathematical concepts, fosters critical and analytical thinking, and allows students to construct knowledge through meaningful learning experiences. However, Differentiated Instruction remains relevant in providing learning comfort and addressing diverse student needs, making it beneficial in inclusive classroom settings. The theoretical and practical implications of this research highlight the importance of integrating both depth of thinking (Deep Learning) and flexibility in learning (Differentiation) within mathematics instruction. Such integration could offer a balanced learning environment that supports both cognitive development and emotional engagement, leading to more effective and equitable mathematics education. In conclusion, this study recommends educators and curriculum developers to consider incorporating Deep Learning strategies to enhance students’ mathematical reasoning while maintaining the adaptive and student-centered principles of Differentiated Instruction. Future research could explore hybrid learning models that combine the strengths of both approaches to maximize student outcomes in mathematics learning.

Mathematics learning does not only focus on students' mastery of numbers, but also functions significantly in developing the ability to solve problems holistically. This skill is not something that is taught separately, but is integrated into the entire educational process, offering a real context so that mathematical concepts and abilities can be understood and applied. One approach that is highly recommended to achieve this is Problem Based Learning (PBL). This method has been proven effective in improving students' critical thinking skills through exploration and solving relevant problems, allowing students' knowledge to grow in a constructive way. The low achievement in problem-solving competency in Indonesia is a strong reason to apply PBL in mathematics teaching. This study aims to analyze the literature on the application of PBL to improve students' problem-solving abilities. Data were collected and analyzed from relevant journals, and testing and comparison of results were carried out to identify patterns and results from previous studies. In addition, this study also applies a bibliometric approach to explore publication trends, keywords, and the development of themes related to PBL in mathematics education. The analysis was carried out using VOSviewer software to map the relationship between topics and the progress of PBL research themes in the world of mathematics education.

Numerical literacy is a vital skill in daily life and plays an important role in students' mathematical problem-solving abilities. This study aims to develop an assessment instrument that can measure the numeracy literacy of grade V elementary school students in understanding and applying the concept of comparative scale. This study uses a development method using a 4D development model for the stages of define, design, develop, disseminate The assessment instrument developed consists of various questions designed to test students' understanding of the comparative scale. The trial was carried out on a sample of grade V elementary school students to validate this assessment instrument. The results of the trial show that this assessment instrument has good validity and reliability in measuring students' numeracy literacy skills. This research is expected to contribute to improving mathematics learning in

This research was conducted with the aim of producing digital learning media using the Smart Apps Creator through a Realistic Mathematics Education approach that is valid, effective, and able to improve students' mathematical problem solving abilities in the matter of a system of two-variable linear equations. This type of research is Research and Development (R&D) with the ADDIE model. From the research results, it was obtained that the media and material validity values were 93.6% and 93% with very valid categories. The practicality of the media through the results of the teacher's response questionnaire obtained a practicality value of 97.3% in the very practical category and the results of the student response questionnaire for the small group test and large group test obtained values of 90.9% and 91.4% in the very practical category. Then the value of effectiveness is seen through the mastery of classical learning and the results of the student response questionnaire obtained percentages of 87.5% and 94.05% with very effective categories. Improving problem solving abilities in students, the results obtained are that the level of students' problem solving abilities is at a percentage of 92% with a very high category, while based on the N-Gain test the average value obtained by students is 0.6473 which means there is an increase in problem solving abilities in students medium category. So based on the results obtained it can be concluded that the learning media developed in this study are valid, practical, effective, and able to improve students' mathematical problem solving abilities.

This research focuses on developing a game-based learning model to improve students' mathematical problem-solving abilities of class XI students at SMK Pratidina Makassar. This model was designed to make the learning process more interesting and interactive while increasing students' understanding of mathematical concepts. Through a game approach, students are invited to think critically and analytically in solving mathematical problems, so that their problem-solving abilities can develop. The research results show that this game-based learning model is effective in improving students' mathematical problem-solving abilities. Apart from that, this model also succeeds in creating a more enjoyable learning atmosphere and students' learning motivation is higher. Therefore, this research recommends implementing a game-based learning model in teaching mathematics.