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The disruption era, marked by rapid technological development and socio-cultural transformation, presents significant challenges to the spiritual and character formation of young children. In this dynamic context, Christian Early Childhood Education (ECE) teachers are not merely facilitators of learning but are also expected to act as spiritual leaders and moral role models. These responsibilities require a form of leadership that is not only rooted in biblical principles but also adaptive to the shifting demands of the digital age. This study aims to (1) identify the core challenges faced by Christian ECE teachers in the disruption era, (2) examine Christ-centered leadership values, and (3) propose an adaptive spiritual leadership model suitable for Christian ECE settings. Utilizing a qualitative approach through a literature review, data were analyzed using Miles and Huberman’s interactive model, which includes data condensation, data display, and conclusion drawing. The findings highlight two main categories of challenges: external challenges such as the influence of digital media, shifting values in society, and increased parental expectations; and internal challenges including limited teacher capacity, spiritual stagnation, and institutional gaps. In response, this research proposes the "Three-Pillar Adaptive Spiritual Leadership Model," which emphasizes: (1) the teacher's internal spiritual formation and integrity, (2) the implementation of innovative and contextually relevant pedagogical strategies grounded in Christian values, and (3) synergistic collaboration with families and church communities as key support systems. This model provides a conceptual and practical framework for Christian educational institutions to empower teachers in forming resilient, Christ-like character in children. The study contributes to the discourse on faith-based education in the 21st

One branch of Christian theology is Christology which focuses on the study of Jesus Christ. Specifically, it talks about who Jesus Christ is, His nature as God and man (Divine nature and human nature), His position, His presence as a savior, reconciler, redeemer of human sins and talks about the teachings of Christ that are useful in everyday life for Christians. Studying Christology, increases knowledge and also knows His teachings that function to help face life's challenges. Christology is not just a religious study but is useful for strengthening faith, increasing hope, and improving the spiritual life of Christians. This research was conducted using a qualitative approach through literature study. This research concluded that by studying Christology and the teachings of Christ, as Christians we can emulate what Christ taught such as love and forgiveness, sacrifice and service and behavior in life.  

This study aims to provide a new understanding for people who are interested in the parousia of Christ as the resurrection of man. The location of this study was at the GKPI Jemaat Khusus Pandumaan, and used a mixed method, namely quantitative, distributing questionnaires to randomly selected respondents, and qualitative, interviewing people who were considered qualified by the researcher. It is interesting that the congregation of the GKPI Jemaat Khusus Pandumaan believes that the parousia of Christ will occur but they do not understand what its function is for them, both between the relationship between the parousia of Christ and the resurrection of man from the dead in the future. Referring to a conclusion, the Parousia of Christ is a resurrection for man because after man dies the flesh and spirit are separated and then the spirit stops until the parousia takes place, then the dead man is resurrected. So to every local church, especially the pastor who functions as the leader of the church, to study this teaching more deeply so that church members know the meaning and purpose of the parousia of Christ.

Suffering is a condition where a person experiences pain or difficulty in living their life. Paul's words about "fulfilling what was lacking in Christ's suffering" raise the question that whether Christ's suffering on the cross was incomplete? And it is as if Christ's suffering was ineffective and limited so that redemption had to be completed or completed through Paul's suffering. However, Christ's suffering on the Cross was perfect, sufficient to atone for human sins and did not need to be fulfilled again. The thing that needs to be accomplished or fulfilled is suffering for the sake of preaching the Gospel, about Christ who was incarnated as a human, died as a ransom sacrifice and was resurrected from the dead. So everyone can know God through His power and resurrection. This research uses descriptive qualitative methods. The purpose of this study is first to "deliver a theological answer regarding the meaning of "filling up in my flesh what is lacking in the sufferings of Christ" Second, to provide an important meaning that every believer must truly live in Christ, because the perfect redemption of Jesus Christ has been done to save mankind. The final result of the study on Colossians 1:24 provides the meaning that every believer is called to fill up what is lacking in the sufferings of Christ, namely, the suffering related to the challenges of preaching the gospel. Like Paul who was never free from suffering when preaching the gospel, but Paul remained joyful, and continued to preach the gospel. Likewise, we as believers should follow Paul's example so that the gospel can be spread throughout the face of the earth.

The existence of various views on the Incarnation of Christ often causes confusion. Each view provides different arguments. Therefore, a biblical study is needed to provide answers based on biblical principles. The methodology applied is exegesis. Exegesis is a way to interpret the Bible by emphasizing different approaches in the analysis of the original languages of the Bible as the main foundation. In this way, a biblical truth is obtained that can answer the various views that exist. The term incarnation comes from the Latin incarnatio which is composed of in and carnis (in the flesh). This term comes from the Greek translation “σὰρξ sarx sarcosis. Literally, σὰρξ sarcosis means to become flesh. Flesh is literally the muscular part that covers the bones of the human body. Synecdically (a figure of speech that uses a part of something to represent the whole or vice versa, to create a rhetorical or creative effect), it means the physical body as a whole flesh, which is related to the scope of the human worldly situation or mortal nature, earthly descent, blood ties, ethnic groups, and races. In general, this term gives the impression of weakness, fragility, mortality, and participation in human nature. The term σὰρξ – sarx sarcosis is closely related to the opening of the Gospel of John which reveals the word that became flesh (John 1:14). The term flesh (Greek: σὰρξ sarx) in biblical terminology refers to humans with all their anthropological dimensions. In theological terminology, The incarnation is a historical fact that explains that the invisible God, who spoke His word to humans, now clearly appeared as a human being. Jesus Christ is the Word of God who became flesh (John 1:14)

This Community Service Program aims to provide spiritual and pastoral education to the congregation of Gereja Kristus Ketapang Pos Kelapa Gading in addressing the challenges of addiction in the modern era. Addiction is not merely related to technology or substance abuse, but reflects deeper issues of the heart, identity, and life direction. This activity employed a communicative and contextual lecture approach, with an emphasis on biblical values based on Ephesians 5:1–3 and Philippians 4:8–9. God's Word calls believers to live in love, purity, and self-control, directing their minds toward things that are noble and uplifting. The program also highlighted the importance of spiritual disciplines, involvement in healthy communities, and a lifestyle that reflects Christ's love. The church is expected to serve as a place of healing rather than judgment and to actively provide education and guidance that empowers the congregation. The outcome of this activity showed a positive response from participants, marked by personal reflection and renewed commitment to live out Christian values in everyday life.

The state of Christ’s humiliation and exaltation represents two essential aspects of Christology, illustrating His journey from incarnation to ascension. Christ’s humiliation includes His humble birth, a life of suffering, and His death on the cross. In contrast, His exaltation encompasses His resurrection, ascension to heaven, and reign as the sovereign King over all creation. This study aims to analyze the theological significance of Christ’s humiliation and exaltation and their relevance to the lives of believers. This research employs a qualitative approach using the library research method, where primary data sources are drawn from biblical texts and Christian theological literature. The findings reveal that Christ’s humiliation is an act of obedience to God the Father and a means of human redemption, while His exaltation serves as evidence of victory over sin and death and the fulfillment of God’s plan of salvation. Furthermore, this study affirms that the relationship between Christ’s humiliation and exaltation has implications for the faith of believers, providing hope for future glory with Christ and calling them to live in obedience and perseverance amid suffering.

The Protestant Reformation had a significant impact on the development of Christian theology, especially in the field of Christology. This study aims to examine the thoughts of Martin Luther and John Calvin regarding the role of Christ in the process of human salvation. The method used is a qualitative approach with a literature study technique, which examines the theological works of the two Reformers. The results of the study show that Luther emphasized the personal relationship between humans and Christ as savings, as well as the real presence of Christ in the sacrament as a form of God's grace that can be experienced personally. Meanwhile, Calvin developed the concept of three placements of Christ as prophet, priest, and king which emphasized the overall role of Christ in salvation, and viewed the sacrament as a spiritual means to strengthen the faith of believers. Through this study, it can be concluded that Christology in the Reformation tradition provides a strong, systematic, and relevant theological basis for the development of contemporary Protestant teachings, both in doctrinal aspects and the practice of life of faith.

The involvement of church members in political life is a form of religious responsibility that must be rooted in Christian values. This community service activity was designed to enhance the political literacy of the GBIS Kristus Gembala Alastuwo Karanganyar congregation in preparation for the Simultaneous Regional Elections on November 27, 2024. Conducted over two sessions on November 3 and 10, 2024, the activity employed interactive discussions, lectures, and Biblical reflections that connect Christian values with political participation. Key themes included justice, honesty, servant leadership, and the rejection of money politics. The participants were also invited to reflect on the implementation of the regional elections held on December 8, 2024, as part of their learning process.The results show that the congregation's political awareness improved significantly. Members expressed a deeper understanding of the importance of electing trustworthy leaders who uphold integrity and public service. Furthermore, they demonstrated the courage to reject practices of money politics, indicating the internalization of Christian values in their civic decisions. By exploring democracy through the lens of faith, the congregation developed a more critical, wise, and responsible approach to voting. This initiative highlights the strategic role of the Church in shaping the political awareness of its members through ongoing political education grounded in Christian teachings. Continued efforts are essential to ensure that the congregation remains active in promoting moral leadership and societal transformation, beginning within the church community itself. Ultimately, churches can serve as centers for ethical political formation, equipping believers to contribute meaningfully to national development.

Early introduction to the marine environment is one of the activities to introduce and maintain the marine ecosystem for children. This community service activity was carried out at PAUD YPPK Kristus Juruslamat Kotaraja by means of socialization, watching videos related to marine biota and direct Q&A with children. The results of this community service activity were that the children were very enthusiastic about learning in the introduction of marine biota using English, increasing children's English vocabulary, increasing children's concern for the marine ecosystem

This research examines the significance of faith in Christ and obedience to God's word based on Hebrews 2:1-4. This passage delivers a strong warning not to overlook the extraordinary salvation revealed through Jesus Christ. The study seeks to explore the theological meaning and practical application of this message in the lives of believers, employing a hermeneutical method to thoroughly analyze the text, considering the historical, cultural, and theological contexts of the Letter to the Hebrews. The findings indicate that Hebrews 2:1-4 conveys a crucial message to humanity to attentively heed the Gospel and avoid influences that might lead them away from the truth. The passage highlights three key points: first, the supremacy of Christ as the ultimate revelation of God; second, the severe consequences of neglecting the salvation offered through Him, which is reinforced by signs, wonders, and the gift of the Holy Spirit, validating the authority of the Gospel. Moreover, the study stresses the need for an active response from believers to God's word through strong faith and consistent obedience. The conclusion reveals that faith in Christ and obedience to God's word are not only the foundational aspects of spiritual life but also an ethical response to the gift of salvation. In practical terms, Christians are encouraged to renew their commitment to living in accordance with God's word as a way to honor the redemptive work of Christ. This research contributes to the understanding of Christian theology and its relevance to daily life.