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This study analyzes the regulatory gaps in digital forensics regarding the handling of natural resource crimes and the state’s constitutional responsibilities following the enactment of Law No. 1 of 2024. Modern natural resource crimes, such as illegal logging and illegal mining, have evolved to leverage digital technology, leaving complex electronic traces in the form of GPS data and digital documents. However, Indonesia still faces procedural gaps in the Criminal Procedure Code (KUHAP), unclear technical standards (SNI 27037:2014 is voluntary in nature), and conflicts between the Information and Electronic Transactions Law (UU ITE) and sectoral NRE laws. This normative legal study employs legislative, conceptual, and case-based approaches. The research findings indicate that the absence of digital forensic authentication standards has fatal implications, as evidenced by the Sidoarjo District Court Decision No. 488/Pid.B/2024/PN Sda, which rejected electronic evidence. This situation constitutes state negligence (staatsverzuim) that violates Article 1(3) and Article 33(3) of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. The study recommends the development of standard digital forensic procedures, the acceleration of ISO/IEC 17025 laboratory accreditation, and the harmonization of sectoral regulations

Indonesia is the world’s second largest contributor of plastic waste entering the oceans, where it degrades into microplastics smaller than 1 micron. The use of bioplastics is therefore essential to mitigate environmental pollution. One promising alternative is starch–cellulose blend bioplastic derived from empty fruit bunches (EFB) of oil palm. Indonesia produces about 56.35 million tons of EFB annually, containing approximately 40% cellulose, which makes it a potential raw material for bioplastic production, although commercialization has not yet been realized. Environmentally, converting EFB into bioplastics within the palm oil value chain represents a sustainable waste recycling strategy that transforms solid residues into higher-value products. In this design, soda cooking technology is employed to extract cellulose from EFB, utilizing about 16% of waste from a crude palm oil (CPO) mill with a capacity of 30 tons of fresh fruit bunches (FFB) per hour. The starch–cellulose blend bioplastic pellets are formulated using gelatinized cassava starch as the polymer matrix, glycerol as a plasticizer, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as a stabilizer, and cellulose as a filler. The designed production capacity of the EFB-based starch–cellulose bioplastic plant is 16,500 tons per year. This bioplastic industry is expected to contribute positively to achieving eight Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), including Goals 1, 8, 9, 12, 13, 14, 15, and 17, thereby supporting Indonesia’s commitment to sustainable industrial development and a cleaner environment.

This study aims to improve early childhood learning activities by utilizing vacant land as a nature center at Aisyiyah Bustanul Athfal 50 Kindergarten, Surabaya. The underlying problem is the lack of variety in early childhood learning, which tends to be limited to the classroom and the suboptimal use of the surrounding environment as a learning resource. This study used a qualitative approach with the Classroom Action Research (CAR) method, conducted in two cycles. The subjects were 15 children in Group B, characterized by active learning but limited focus on learning and environmental exploration. Data were collected through observation, interviews, and documentation, while data validity was tested through triangulation of sources and techniques. The results showed that children's learning activities increased significantly after the implementation of nature-center-based learning. Children became more active, enthusiastic, and were able to interact better with their environment and peers. Activities such as planting, watering, observing insects, and maintaining garden cleanliness provided meaningful and enjoyable learning experiences. In addition, the utilization of vacant land was an effective solution in creating a contextual and child-friendly learning atmosphere. The environment around the school was optimally utilized as a learning medium appropriate to the development of early childhood. This study concluded that the nature center significantly contributed to increasing children's learning activities. Therefore, this nature-based learning model can be recommended as an innovation in early childhood learning for other educational units. 

Perang siber adalah suatu kondisi konflik dengan menggunakan perkembangan teknologi informasi dan komunikas dimana menjadi sebuah fenomena sosial dalam relasi internasional yang menjadi masalah serius bagi bangsa-bangsa di dunia dalam membangun stabilitas internasional. Mmenghadapi variasi bentuk perang siber, dibutuhkan adanya proses pembangunan nasional berbasis keamanan siber/cyber security sebagaimana telah dilakukan oleh beberapa bangsa-bangsa di dunia. Perang siber sesungguhnya merupakan bentuk dari perang dunia ketiga yang sudah terjadi. Kekosongan dalam literatur hukum internasional membuat model serangan siber semakin menunjukkan kesiapannya untuk terlibat dalam konflik bersenjata. Konflik siber, yang melibatkan serangan terhadap sistem komputer dan jaringan digital, menimbulkan pertanyaan kompleks mengenai bagaimana prinsip-prinsip hukum humaniter yang ada dapat diterapkan dalam konteks konflik ini. Menggunakan metode penelitian yuridis normatif (legal  study  research) yang bersifat kualitatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan, konseptual dan kasus dari bahan primer dan sekunder. Tantangan HHi dalam mengatur konflik siber mulai dari definisi, pelacakan pelaku, perlindungan masyarakat, sampai penyesuaian hukum dengan teknologi baru. Diperlukan pembaruan hukum, peningkatan kerja sama antar negara, dan penguatan cara penegakan hukum agar perlindungan kemanusiaan tetap terjaga di zaman digital. HHI dapat diterapkan pada konflik siber tetapi perlu adaptasi melalui instrumen baru atau interpretasi progresif sebagaimana Kasus Rusia-Ukraina yang menjadi bukti urgensi penyesuaian hukum.

Drug stock-outs are an indicator of pharmaceutical management failure that directly affects patient safety and the quality of hospital services. Gatoel Hospital Mojokerto experienced an increase in the percentage of drug debt from 3.14% in January to 6.20% in July 2025, with 1,607 patients affected. This study aims to identify the factors causing drug stock-outs and formulate preventive strategies through the optimization of the Minimum-Maximum Stock Level (MMSL) system based on the Hospital Information System. A mixed-method approach was used, combining secondary data analysis (January–July 2025) and in-depth interviews. Fishbone analysis was applied to identify root causes, USG analysis to determine priorities, and SWOT analysis to formulate intervention strategies. Priority drug classification was carried out using the ABC-VEN method. The intervention involved implementing an MMSL pilot project for 150 drug items under Pareto category A. The analysis identified six dimensions of stock-out causes: man, materials, methods, machines, measurement, and environment. The highest priority issue was drug demand forecasting based on historical data (USG score: 125). SWOT analysis placed the organization in quadrant II, recommending a Weakness-Opportunities (WO) strategy. MMSL implementation was initiated through the development of SOPs and the entry of 150 priority drug items into the system. Drug stock-outs are caused by multifactorial issues that require systemic intervention. MMSL optimization has the potential to serve as a long-term solution, provided there is expanded coverage, strengthened human resource capacity, and comprehensive system integration.

This study aims to analyze the strategy of utilizing vacant spaces within airports to enhance non-aeronautical revenue through collaboration with Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs). Given the growing importance of non-aeronautical revenue sources in the aviation industry, this research focuses on how airports can optimize underutilized spaces for commercial purposes. The research method applied is library research, where relevant literature, journals, and previous studies are reviewed to gain insights into successful strategies and best practices. The findings of the study indicate that the development of commercial spaces, such as fast-food tenants, retail outlets, and photo booths, can significantly enhance the passenger experience by providing convenient services and entertainment. Additionally, these developments offer a sustainable alternative revenue stream for airports, diversifying income beyond traditional aeronautical activities. The research also explores the role of the Value Proposition Canvas business model to assess the alignment between the value offered by these services and the needs of passengers. By applying this model, the study emphasizes the importance of understanding customer expectations and ensuring that airport services meet these demands. The analysis further highlights that successful implementation of these strategies requires careful planning, including collaboration between airport management, MSMEs, local governments, and sponsors. Building strong partnerships and ensuring mutual benefit are critical for maximizing the non-aeronautical revenue potential. The study concludes by suggesting that airports can leverage vacant spaces more effectively to not only boost revenue but also improve the overall passenger experience, contributing to the long-term sustainability and growth of the airport sector.

Empty oil palm bunches processed by palm oil mills in Indonesia are still abundant, reaching 56.35 million tons per year. Empty oil palm bunches contain around 40% cellulose, so they can still be used for various derivative products, one of which is composite products. The use of empty oil palm bunches as raw materials for Bioplastic production is a series of ongoing research, one of which is starch-cellulose blend, but until now it has not been successfully commercialized. The design of the starch cellulose blend bioplastic industry using palm oil as raw material produces two factories, namely a cellulose factory and a composite bioplastic factory. Both factories are designed in separate buildings. The separation of cellulose from TKKS uses a chemical method with soda, after mechanical treatment of size reduction. The industry is designed in 3 scales of production capacity, namely a large scale of 190,000 tons / year, medium 115.00 tons / year, and small 40,000 tons.year. The financial analysis of the three scales of production capacity as a whole is declared feasible. Profit margin is calculated at a minimum of 17.6%. The average payback period is between 3-5 years with an IRR of 24-49%. Analysis of the economic value produces an EScale index of 0.64 which indicates that the economic scale has been achieved. The economic scale of the starch cellulose blend bioplastic industry from TKKS is at a production capacity of 40,000 tons per year with a minimum supply of TKKS raw materials of 20,203 tons/year. At the smallest economic scale, the BEP is actually only 6627.4 tons/year, where this condition can be achieved because the industry has relatively small fixed costs.

This study examines the legal uncertainty regarding the status of adopted children as heirs within Indonesia’s pluralistic national inheritance legal system. The Civil Inheritance Law (KUH Perdata), Islamic Inheritance Law (KHI), and Customary Inheritance Law each regulate adopted children differently and incompletely, thereby creating a legal vacuum. that harms adopted children socially and emotionally. This study aims to analyze the weaknesses of these three legal systems and formulate a reconstruction of the status of adopted children based on substantive justice. Using a normative approach and the theories of legal reconstruction, substantive justice, and legal certainty, this study finds that reconstruction can be achieved through strengthening the mandatory will (wasiat wajibah), revising Article 209 of the KHI, and codifying and unifying national inheritance law through an Omnibus Law model. The parameters of justice used include the best interests of the child, public welfare, and non-discrimination. In conclusion, the reconstruction of the status of adopted children as heirs is urgently needed to fill the gaps in national inheritance law in a just manner.

This study aims to examine the effect of varying the length of oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) fibers on the mechanical properties and macrostructure of Palmfiber Reinforced Concrete (PRC) as an alternative to Glassfiber Reinforced Concrete (GRC). EFB fibers were selected due to their abundance, eco-friendliness, and potential to enhance the mechanical properties of lightweight concrete. The methods employed include flexural testing and macrostructural observation using five fiber length variations (3 cm, 4 cm, 5 cm, 6 cm, and 7 cm). The results show that a fiber length of 5 cm produced the highest flexural stress of 11.78 kg/cm², while a length of 4 cm yielded the highest modulus of elasticity at 162.2 kg/cm². Macrostructural observations revealed good bonding between fibers and matrix in most specimens, although performance differences were observed due to fiber distribution and manual compaction processes. In conclusion, fiber length affects the mechanical performance of PRC, yet production process optimization is necessary to achieve more consistent results.

This study aims to determine the process of making oil palm empty fruit bunch briquettes through variations in tapioca flour as an alternative material, through the stages of research which include briquette making, namely drying, carbonization and printing. Briquette characterization includes proximate tests, namely water content, ash content, calorific value and densit. From the results of the proximate test at a ratio of 91:9, it shows that the quality of oil palm empty  fruit bunch biochar briquettes with a moisture content of 7.07%, ash content of 8.769%, calorific value of 5850.2 cal/g and density of 0.55 g/cm3. The utilization of oil palm empty fruit bunches not only reduces waste, but also provides a solution for sustainable energy needs.

The research issues include the performance of three-phase induction motors and the impact of load on three-phase induction motors. This study aims to develop a driving system for empty fruit bunches (EFB) processing machines using induction motors at PT. Suryabumi Agro Langgeng, South Sumatra. The research was conducted at PT. Suryabumi Agro Langgeng in South Sumatra, from May to June 2024. Primary data in this research were obtained through observation and interviews, while secondary data were gathered from document analysis. In the context of this research on three-phase induction motors, document analysis techniques can be used to analyze various documents such as scientific literature, technical specifications, maintenance reports, production records, or other documents related to induction motors. The research methods include system requirements analysis, system design and implementation of the driving system, and performance testing of the developed system. The results show that the use of induction motors can provide better operational efficiency in EFB processing. This research is expected to contribute positively to improving the efficiency and productivity of PT. Suryabumi Agro Langgeng's operations.

a case of fraud using a blank check committed by a businessman in Tanjungpinang, Riau Islands. This research aims to analyze the criminal act of fraud committed by the businessman in the sale and purchase of heavy equipment and the legal consequences that can be imposed. The research method used is a qualitative method with a case study approach, through analysis of news published by Kompas.com. The results showed that a businessman named Hendy (33) was suspected of having committed a criminal act of fraud and/or embezzlement in a heavy equipment purchase transaction using a blank check. Hendy is alleged to have deceived the victim by giving a check that did not have sufficient funds in the account. Hendy's actions can be subject to articles related to criminal acts of fraud and / or embezzlement in the Criminal Code (KUHP). In addition, Hendy is also potentially subject to civil sanctions due to his actions that harm other parties. This article concludes that the practice of fraud using blank checks in business transactions, especially the sale and purchase of heavy equipment, is a criminal offense that must be dealt with firmly by law enforcement officials to provide a deterrent effect and ensure legal certainty for business actors.

There are still many UMKM who do not know the existence of e-commerce, and there are still many UMKM who make transactions manually. Currently the emergence of e-commerce has a very positive impact on UMKM and is very helpful in supporting effective and efficient promotion and sales activities. This research aims to find out the influence of e-commerce on the increase in sales of Usaha Mikro Kecil dan Menengah (UMKM). The object of this research is the Zona Warkop in Kebon Kosong, Central Jakarta City. The purpose of this service activity is to introduce and practice e-commerce in the implementation of sales activities, and is expected to develop its creative ideas to balance the lifestyle of the people today. The data collection techniques used include observation, interview, and documentation. The advantage of selling through e-commerce is that it is easily accessible to UMKM through their mobile phones and it is very easy to share photos and videos and provide interesting product descriptions so that consumers are interested.

Nowadays, there is a lot of participation of women in various fields, and the results are quite amazing. It turns out that women also have hidden abilities that can still be explored apart from cooking. So on this occasion we will provide training to PKK mothers in Sidoarjo Park, namely by holding fish farming training, simple bookkeeping and financial management assistance. Our community service team aims to motivate PKK mothers to earn additional income by utilizing empty land. The community service team also aims to make PKK mothers smart in managing business finances. The description above is the aim of our community service team to help Mrs. PKK progress in managing the business, so that it can generate additional income.

Land has a fundamental role in the life of every citizen. Its importance can be seen from the enthusiasm of individuals in acquiring and maintaining land as a gift from God Almighty. As an agricultural country, Indonesia recognizes the importance of land as a source of people's welfare and as a foundation for industrial, agricultural and residential activities. Land issues are complex, especially after independence, with the dualism of agrarian law between colonial law and customary law. To overcome this, the government implemented Law Number 5 of 1960 concerning Agrarian Affairs, which eliminated this dualism and made Customary Law the material basis. This is in line with the principle of unified agrarian law for all regions of Indonesia. However, the issue of land control, especially vacant land or state land, creates legal uncertainty. Clarity of regulations is needed that provide legal protection for individuals who use land with good intentions, confirming the ownership status of the land. This is important so that the use of land for subsistence needs can be regulated legally, maintaining a balance between state interests and individual rights

The College of Real Work (Kukerta) is a kind of community-focused dedication initiative aimed at enhancing the potential of the region and the role of students in society. The School of Real Work (KKN) can also serve as a forum for learning and applying scientific and technological advances done outside the campus area according to established timetables, working mechanisms, and habits. Real Work College (KKN) activities are carried out in the village of Lubuk Bendahara, Rokan IV Koto district, Hulu district of Rokan, Riau Province. The purpose of this dedication is to promote public interest in the use of live pharmaceutical plants as well as to improve the health and preserve the immune system of the population after the Covid-19 pandemic. The application methods used in community service activities are planning, observation and implementation. The result of dedication to this community is the implementation of the activities of making live pharmacy parks to be used by the community around the village in an effort to maintain and improve post-covid-19 pandemic health as well as developing public awareness of the usefulness of living pharmacy plants for improving health and immunity.

Guru bimbingan dan konseling idealnya dilaksanakan oleh seorang professional yang memiliki latar belakang pendidikan bimbingan dan konseling. Akan tetapi pada kenyataan, masih banyak dibeberapa sekolah pada khususnya, guru bimbingan dan konseling berlatar belakang pendidikan non bimbingan dan konseling. Hal ini merupakan imbas dari kurangnya pasokan guru bimbingan dan konseling ke tiap-tiap jenjang pendidikan. Pemahaman akan pentingnya peran guru bimbingan dan konseling di sekolah dengan mengisi kekosongan posisi tersebut dengan guru mata pelajaran lain tentu akan menjadi kurang efektif dalam pelaksanaan layanannya dan cenderung mengarah pada tugas yang seharusnya tidak dilakukan oleh bimbingan dan konseling. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui, dan memahami tentang kode etik konseling, serta bagaiamana penerapan kode etika etik konseling selama memberikan layanan bimbingan dan konseling terhadap konselinya

Giro is a modern payment instrument that is currently very widely used in Indonesia because of the ease and security of transactions of buying and selling in a large amount of money. With the Giro masyarakar no longer worry so much money when buying and selling transactions. But because of weak laws governing the Giro, the system of banking that is not good to make Giro much abused in the world trade in Indonesia as ever used for fraud, breach of contract and even being sold paper giro already closed the account but not withdrawn by the Bank concerned, here the Bank's role is very important, but in reality only a Bank Account provider or manager of the Giro and only a block accounts Giro Giro when the Kosong.pengadilan also in deciding the case on the Giro this could happen fault and most of the cases the Giro go to the District Court of the plaintiff's money is not returned and the plaintiffs continue to experience losses. This is what makes Giro is irrelevant used as means of payment in Indonesia.

Filsafat mengambil bagian penting dalam rasio manusia ribuan tahun yang lalu  dalam sejarah manusia. Dalam perjalanan pelayanan rasul  Paulus filsafat merupakan tantangan yang diperhadapkan dalam pelayanannya di tengah-tengah jemaat kolose. Mencampur baurkan filsafat yang kosong dan palsu terhadap ajaran rasul tentang yesus kristus adalah sebuah problematika iman yang harus segera dicegah supaya iman orang Kristen di kolose tidak tergoncangkan terhadap injil yesus kristus.  Untuk menyelidiki permasalahan ini penulis menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan eksegese dan library research. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk memastikan ajaran filsafat yang beredar pada masa Paulus ketika pelayanan di kolose, serta maknanya bagi orang percaya masa kini. Hasil yang di dapatkan dari penelitian ini menunjukkan adanya perbedaan pandangan para ahli mengenai filsafat yang kosong dan palsu dalam jemaat kolose. Penelitian ini diharapkan mampu menyadarkan iman orang percaya terhadap ajaran filsafat yang beredar dizaman sekarang ini.

Lingkungan zero waste adalah lingkungan yang bebas dengan limbah disekitarnya, manakala kita membicarakan lingkungan nyaman, terbersit di benak kita adalah keadaan yang bersih tanpa banyak kotoran yang ada disekitarnya. Lingkungan saat ini banyak sekali kendala yang dihadapi, salah satunya adalah sampah yang menumpuk dan menjadi masalah berkepanjangan. Untuk menjadi lingkungan yang bersih maka kita harus ada keperdulian kita, salah satu cara dengan mengolah limbah menjadi bermanfaat. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah memanfaatkan janjang kosong dijadikan briket, sehingga lingkungan menjadi zero waste, mengetahui kualitas briket yang dibuat dari limbah janjang kosong.Metode eksperimental, yang dipakai dalam pembuatan briket adalah dengan cara penepungan kemudian mencampur dengan lem dan dilakukan pengovenan, selanjutnya untuk mengetahui kualitas briket yang dibuat dari limbah janjang kosong denagn cara uji analisis briket yang meliputi kadar air, kadar abu, lama nyala dan kekuatn tekan. Berdasarkan dari modifikasi metode penambahan janjang kosong yang berbeda beda. Proses awal sampel pertama  dari pembuatan briket adalah melakukan penimbangan bahan baku yaitu janjang kosong, dengan diameter prallon 2 inchi, dibutuhkan janjang kosong sebanyak 30, 40, 50, 60, 70 gr dan lem sebanyak 15 gr, dalam pencampurannya tidak menggunakan air. Setelah semua bahan sudah siap, kemudian dilakukan pengadukan secara rata, dan pengovenan pada suhu 60˚C, selama 6 Jam. Test uji yang dilaksanakan adalah kuat tekan 3.035 cm, lama nyala 2.8 menit, kadar air rata-rata 8.43 %, kadar abu rata-rata 24.2 %. Kesimpulan pada penelitian ini adalah test uji pada kadar abu terlalu tinggi sehingga perlu inovasi dalam pengeringan bahan baku.