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This study aims to examine the effectiveness of assertive communication techniques in cross-cultural counseling for reducing avoidance behavior among students experiencing interpersonal friendship conflicts. Cultural differences between counselors and clients may influence communication patterns, emotional expression, and conflict resolution processes during counseling sessions. Friendship conflicts among university students commonly arise from jealousy, misunderstanding, social comparison, and ineffective interpersonal communication. These conditions often encourage students to avoid direct interaction to prevent further conflict. This study employed an experimental method using a One Group Pretest-Posttest Design. The participants were students who experienced friendship conflicts and demonstrated avoidance behavior tendencies. Data were collected through counseling individual. The intervention was delivered through counseling sessions that used assertive communication techniques and combined behavioral and humanistic approaches in a cross-cultural counseling setting. The findings revealed that assertive communication techniques were effective in reducing students’ avoidance behavior. After receiving the intervention, participants demonstrated greater confidence in expressing opinions, improved emotional regulation, increased openness in communication, and healthier interpersonal relationships. The study indicates that assertive communication in cross-cultural counseling can serve as an effective counseling strategy to help students manage interpersonal conflicts and improve social adjustment in higher education environments.

This study analyzes normative conflicts in the evolution of local government regulations from Law No. 22 of 1999 to Law No. 23 of 2014, along with the changes following the Job Creation Law. The research background is grounded in the phenomenon of policy pendulum swings, which indicate a shift from radical decentralization toward structured centralization, as well as the disruptions caused by the omnibus law approach. The research aims to identify and classify vertical and horizontal normative conflicts and formulate recommendations for regulatory harmonization. The method used is normative legal research with a legislative and conceptual approach, employing Hans Kelsen’s theory of antinomy as an analytical tool. The research findings identified two main forms of normative conflict: first, a vertical conflict between Law No. 22/1999, which advocates for the broadest possible autonomy, and Law No. 23/2014, which strengthens central control through the concepts of absolute affairs and NSPK, creating a paradox of centralization within decentralization. Second, a horizontal conflict following the Job Creation Law, which centralizes regional licensing authority through the OSS system and revives Article 251 regarding the annulment of regional regulations that have been declared unconstitutional by the Constitutional Court. The implications of this research recommend revising problematic articles and strengthening the role of regions within a just decentralization system.

This study analyzes normative conflicts in the evolution of local government regulations from Law No. 22 of 1999 to Law No. 23 of 2014, along with the changes following the Job Creation Law. The research background is grounded in the phenomenon of policy pendulum swings, which indicate a shift from radical decentralization toward structured centralization, as well as the disruptions caused by the omnibus law approach. The research aims to identify and classify vertical and horizontal normative conflicts and formulate recommendations for regulatory harmonization. The method used is normative legal research with a legislative and conceptual approach, employing Hans Kelsen’s theory of antinomy as an analytical tool. The research findings identified two main forms of normative conflict: first, a vertical conflict between Law No. 22/1999, which advocates for the broadest possible autonomy, and Law No. 23/2014, which strengthens central control through the concepts of absolute affairs and NSPK, creating a paradox of centralization within decentralization. Second, a horizontal conflict following the Job Creation Law, which centralizes regional licensing authority through the OSS system and revives Article 251 regarding the annulment of regional regulations that have been declared unconstitutional by the Constitutional Court. The implications of this research recommend revising problematic articles and strengthening the role of regions within a just decentralization system.

Group-based learning in the classroom plays a vital role in enhancing social interaction, individual responsibility, as well as students' critical thinking and collaborative skills. However, its implementation often faces challenges such as the dominance of certain members, social loafing, low participation, and interpersonal conflicts that hinder group effectiveness. This study aims to comprehensively examine the dynamics of learning groups by integrating four key aspects: the concept of group dynamics based on the Tuckman model, the characteristics of effective groups in cooperative learning, group formation techniques, and conflict management strategies. The research utilizes a qualitative approach with a literature study method, analyzing 25 sources including nationally accredited journals, academic books, and theses published between 2020 and 2024. Data analysis was conducted through reduction, thematic classification, content analysis, and conceptual synthesis. The results indicate that effective group dynamics can be achieved through the Tuckman stages, the application of the five elements of cooperative learning, the selection of appropriate group formation techniques with risk mitigation, and the implementation of the Thomas-Kilmann conflict management styles.The scientific contribution of this research is the development of an integrative model based on these four aspects, which serves as a conceptual framework to strengthen collaborative learning practices in the classroom. Practical implications include the formation of ideal groups consisting of 4–5 students, the establishment of initial group contracts, the use of dual assessment rubrics (individual and group), and peer evaluation mechanisms to enhance accountability and reflection.

Family conflict is an inherent aspect of marital and domestic life and entails complex legal, psychological, and social implications. In the practice of Islamic family law in Indonesia, the resolution of family disputes remains predominantly litigation-oriented, often resulting in the termination of legal relationships, particularly divorce, without adequate attention to the psychological restoration of the parties involved. This article aims to examine family counseling as an instrument for conflict resolution within Islamic family law through a normative legal research approach grounded in legal psychology. The study employs conceptual and legal-psychological approaches, utilizing primary legal sources such as the Qur’an and classical and contemporary Islamic jurisprudence, as well as secondary sources including scholarly books and academic journal articles on family law and legal psychology. The findings indicate that family counseling possesses strong normative legitimacy within Islamic family law through the principles of iṣlāḥ, the mechanism of ḥakam, and the orientation toward public welfare (maṣlaḥah). From a legal-psychological perspective, conflict resolution that accounts for emotional dimensions and procedural justice proves more effective in enhancing legal acceptance and compliance. The integration of family counseling as a restorative instrument does not replace judicial authority but complements it by strengthening the effectiveness of Islamic family law in addressing contemporary family conflicts in a just, humane, and sustainable manner.

Changes in values in modern society have led to a shift in the meaning of love in marital relationships, from moral and spiritual commitment to momentary emotions oriented towards personal satisfaction. This shift has weakened long-term commitment and increased relational conflict within families. Islam, with its concept of marriage as mitsāqan ghalīẓā and love as amanah, offers a relevant normative framework to respond to this crisis. This study aims to examine the concept of marriage in Islam and analyze how the values of sakinah, mawaddah, and raḥmah can be solutions to the crisis of the meaning of love in modern families. The method used is a qualitative literature study, through an examination of classical and contemporary Islamic literature and scientific studies on the dynamics of modern families and relationships. The data were analyzed thematically to identify the relationship between the meaning of love, commitment, and relational conflict. The results and discussion show that reducing love to mere emotion weakens the stability of marriage, while understanding love as a spiritual and moral trust strengthens empathy, communication, and conflict resolution mechanisms. The principles of ṣabr, raḥmah, and musyawarah have proven to play an important role in maintaining the resilience of relationships. In conclusion, Islamic marriage values provide a solid and adaptive ethical foundation for building a harmonious, mature, and sustainable family amid the challenges of modernity.

This study aims to analyze e-commerce strategies in selecting applicable law and jurisdiction to avoid conflicts of jurisdiction in cross-border transactions. This study employs a normative legal method using legislative, conceptual, and comparative approaches to analyze the selection of applicable law and jurisdiction in cross-border e-commerce transactions. The data used consists of primary and secondary legal materials collected through a literature review. The analysis was conducted qualitatively using descriptive-analytical and legal interpretation methods, as well as deductive reasoning to formulate strategies for minimizing jurisdictional conflicts. The research findings indicate that the application of the principle of freedom of contract, combined with international instruments and digital technology, can serve as an effective strategy for e-commerce actors to minimize jurisdictional conflicts and litigation risks. This strategy not only provides legal protection, particularly for SMEs, but also enhances the trust of global partners and competitiveness in the international market through the use of clear contract clauses, hybrid forums, and technological support such as blockchain and ODR.

Agrarian conflict is a common issue in development processes, particularly when changes in land ownership or control involve various interests. This study aims to analyze the dynamics of agrarian conflict in the coastal area of ​​Atapupu Beach, Jenilu Village, Kakuluk Mesak District, Belu Regency, triggered by the land acquisition process by the Defense University (UNHAN). The study used a qualitative approach with a case study method to understand the social conditions developing in the community. Data were obtained through in-depth interviews, field observations, and documentation. The results indicate that the conflict arose due to changes in community access to coastal areas previously used for economic activity. The presence of UNHAN has restricted community activities in the Fish Auction Place (TPI) area, previously a center for fishing activities. This situation has given rise to social tensions between the community and the area management. This study emphasizes that coastal area management needs to consider local community interests through a dialogical and participatory approach to minimize agrarian conflict.

This study examines the implementation of the Complete Systematic Land Registration program in Maron Village, Kediri Regency, using four criteria for resolving land-related conflicts. PTSL is an initiative launched by the Ministry of Agrarian Affairs and Spatial Planning/National Land Agency (ATR/BPN) as a manifestation of the government’s commitment to providing legal certainty and protection to the community regarding their land. The objective of this study is to analyze the implementation of the PTSL program in Maron Village, Kediri Regency, based on four dimensions of land accuracy. This study employs a descriptive qualitative method to delve deeper into the implementation of the Complete Systematic Land Registration in Maron Village. Data collection techniques include interviews, observations, and documentation. The results of this study indicate that the implementation of the Complete Systematic Land Registration program in Maron Village faces several challenges. This program was analyzed based on the four dimensions of accuracy proposed by Richard Matland, namely policy accuracy, implementation accuracy, target accuracy, and environmental accuracy. Regarding the target accuracy indicator, the program did not meet its objectives because of the community’s limited knowledge regarding legal data and other constraints, which resulted in some community members not participating in the program.  

This study aimed to analyze the relationship between nurses’ interpersonal conflict and job satisfaction at Hospital X Depok in 2025. Interpersonal conflict in the workplace may negatively affect nurses’ psychological well-being, performance, and quality of healthcare services, thereby reducing job satisfaction. This research employed a correlational analytic design with a cross-sectional approach. The study population consisted of all nurses working at Hospital X Depok, totaling 151 individuals, with a final sample of 121 respondents selected using purposive sampling. Data were collected using three instruments: a demographic questionnaire, an interpersonal conflict questionnaire based on Wexley’s theory, and the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ) short form to measure job satisfaction. Data analysis was conducted using univariate statistics and the Chi-Square test with a significance level of 0.05. The results showed that 55.4% of respondents experienced low interpersonal conflict, while 44.6% experienced high interpersonal conflict. Job satisfaction levels were relatively balanced, with 50.4% of nurses reporting high satisfaction and 49.6% reporting low satisfaction. The Chi-Square test indicated a significant relationship between interpersonal conflict and job satisfaction (p = 0.000). Nurses experiencing low interpersonal conflict tended to have higher job satisfaction, whereas those experiencing high interpersonal conflict predominantly reported low satisfaction. These findings highlight the importance of effective conflict management strategies, supportive leadership, and strengthened interpersonal communication to enhance nurses’ job satisfaction and improve the quality of healthcare services.

Social conflicts experienced by indigenous peoples in Yahukimo Regency, Papua Pegunungan, reveal the vulnerability of civilians due to violence, displacement, and weak protection of basic rights in situations of prolonged conflict. These conditions indicate a gap between conflict management policies and the real needs of indigenous peoples for justice, peace, and social recovery. This study aims to analyze the role of the church in responding to social conflicts experienced by indigenous peoples in Yahukimo Regency. This study was conducted using qualitative methods through a descriptive-analytical approach based on literature studies and analysis of the socio-religious context of Papua. This study confirms that the church has a strategic role as an agent of peace and a prophetic voice in defending the dignity and rights of indigenous peoples amid social conflict. The results of the study show that the church's involvement in pastoral counseling, humanitarian advocacy, and peace awareness building contributes to strengthening the social resilience of indigenous peoples. The study concludes that the role of the church needs to be directed in a more contextual and sustainable manner in order to promote fair and dignified conflict resolution. The recommendations of this study emphasize the importance of strengthening the role of the church in peace dialogue and cross-stakeholder cooperation for the social recovery of indigenous peoples in Yahukimo.

Conflicts in transmigration areas are generally multidimensional and influenced by social, economic, land, and institutional factors. This study aims to identify the forms and distribution of conflicts in three districts of the transmigration area, namely Momi Waren District, Ransiki District, and Oransbari District, as well as to formulate a smart system-based conflict resolution approach through the use of spatial data, local institutions, and local wisdom-based settlement practices. Based on field mapping, four main categories of conflict were identified: 1) Land conflicts occur throughout the transmigration sites in the form of claims to transmigration land that has not been handed over to transmigrants because the compensation price is below normal. In addition, there is no ATR BPN office in South Manokwari Regency, one of whose functions is community empowerment and conflict resolution. 2) Economic conflicts occur because transmigrants are registered and recorded in the population registry, making it easy for them to access capital. Several economic activities in agriculture and transportation services are dominated by transmigrants, causing economic jealousy. 3) Social conflicts occur when the distribution of social assistance is uneven and the excessive use of illegally sold alcoholic beverages causes social unrest. 4) Institutional conflicts occur when civil servants, police, and military personnel are recruited, and not all indigenous Papuans who are nominated can be accommodated, requiring the involvement of tribal councils to formulate recommendations for recruitment that prioritize indigenous Papuans. The root causes of the conflict were analyzed using a root cause analysis approach that covered unclear land boundaries, unequal economic access, weak coordination between institutions, and low social trust due to differences in interests between groups. This study utilizes best practices from the Tribal Council, the South Manokwari Regency Transmigration and Manpower Office, the Religious Harmony Forum, and the Social Services Office as the basis for developing smart maps for an early warning system for conflicts. The results of the study formulate a Smart Conflict Resolution System framework consisting of three main components: (1) participatory spatial mapping of conflicts and key actors, (2) integration of institutional databases and social-customary mediation channels, and (3) design of smart maps as a mitigation and decision-making tool in transmigration areas. This system is expected to strengthen collaborative governance, prevent conflict escalation, and realize inclusive and sustainable management of transmigration areas

Efforts to protect children in conflict with the law constitute a concrete manifestation of the state’s responsibility in implementing the principles of restorative justice. This study aims to comprehensively examine the implementation process of diversion at the Pengadilan Negeri Bukittinggi and to assess the extent to which its application achieves the primary objective of the juvenile criminal justice system, namely restoring the child’s social condition without emphasizing retribution. This research employs an empirical juridical approach by combining literature review and field research through interviews with judges, court clerks, and other relevant parties. The findings indicate that the implementation of diversion at the Pengadilan Negeri Bukittinggi has been carried out in accordance with Law Number 11 of 2012 concerning the Juvenile Criminal Justice System. The diversion process is conducted through deliberation involving the offender, the victim, their respective families, and supporting institutions under the guidance of a diversion facilitator. However, several challenges remain, including limited public understanding of the importance of restorative-based settlement, insufficient human resources with adequate competence in implementing diversion, and frequent failures in reaching agreements between offenders and victims. This study concludes that diversion in court proceedings is not merely a legal obligation but also an essential instrument in creating a more humane child-oriented justice system. Therefore, enhancing the competence of law enforcement officers and strengthening inter-agency coordination are necessary to support the sustainable success of diversion.

Land conflict between the Sihaporas indigenous community and PT Toba Pulp Lestari (TPL) remains an ongoing agrarian issue that directly affects the community’s livelihoods. The inclusion of the company’s concession within the customary territory has changed patterns of land control and use that were previously managed collectively across generations. This situation restricts access to agricultural land and forests, reduces sources of income, and creates social tensions and confrontations. This study aims to analyze the impacts of land conflict on the Sihaporas indigenous community and to examine the conflict through a political ecology perspective with a focus on power relations among actors. Using a qualitative case study approach, data were collected through interviews, observations, and document analysis. The findings show that the conflict affects economic, social, and cultural aspects of the community and reflects unequal power relations between indigenous peoples, corporations, and the state in controlling agrarian resources.

This study discusses the dynamics of interpersonal communication between mothers and children in dealing with family conflicts. Conflict is a natural part of interpersonal relationships, but the way it is managed determines the quality of long-term relationships. Interpersonal communication is an important element because through the process of exchanging messages, mothers and children can express their feelings, understand each other's perspectives, and find an agreement that can be accepted by both parties. This study uses a qualitative approach with a literature review method to examine communication patterns, barriers, and strategies used in the conflict resolution process. The results of the study showed that open communication, empathy, emotional presence, and active listening skills greatly influenced the success of conflict management. In addition, research has found that the alignment of verbal and nonverbal messages, the use of non-judgmental language, and mutual respect can create an atmosphere conducive to dialogue. This study makes a theoretical contribution to understanding modern family relations and practical implications for strengthening communication in dealing with mother-child conflicts.

This article examines the legal ambiguities surrounding the status of civilians actively engaged in hostilities (civilian combatants) within the framework of International Humanitarian Law (IHL) and International Human Rights Law (IHRL). While the 1949 Geneva Conventions and the 1998 Rome Statute establish a clear demarcation through the distinction principle, the phenomenon of direct participation in hostilities (DPH) poses a significant legal challenge, as civilians forfeit their protected status upon taking part in combat. Using a normative-legal approach, this study analyzes how acts of violence committed by armed civilians can be categorized as war crimes, crimes against humanity, or gross human rights violations. The findings demonstrate that civilian status does not grant impunity for individuals who commit atrocities. Under the principle of individual criminal responsibility, the International Criminal Court (ICC) and national tribunals possess the jurisdiction to prosecute offenders, regardless of their formal military standing. Such legal enforcement is paramount to upholding the integrity of humanitarian principles and ensuring justice for victims within the landscape of modern armed conflict.

The land conflict between the Pandumaan-Sipituhuta indigenous community and PT Toba Pulp Lestari is a form of agrarian conflict involving claims to control customary territory and corporate interests. This study aims to analyze the role of the Indigenous Peoples Alliance of the Archipelago (AMAN) in this conflict. The approach used was qualitative with data collection techniques through in-depth interviews and documentation studies. The results of the study indicate that AMAN plays a significant role in various aspects, such as legal assistance, mass mobilization, community organizing, legal education, and village deliberations. In addition, AMAN also builds networks with various parties to strengthen the bargaining position of indigenous communities. Through these roles, AMAN has succeeded in increasing the bargaining power of the Pandumaan-Sipituhuta indigenous community in facing the conflict with PT Toba Pulp Lestari. This study confirms that advocacy organizations such as AMAN have a crucial role in fighting for the rights of indigenous communities in land disputes, as well as being agents of change in resolving agrarian conflicts.

Literature is not only a source of entertainment, but also a tool for contemplating human life that is full of internal conflicts and psychological issues. Short stories as a type of literature often present the realities of life in a concise yet meaningful way, making them interesting to analyze with a variety of scientific methods. This research focuses on the short story "Happiness That Kills" by applying two main approaches, namely the analysis of intrinsic elements and literary psychology. This story depicts a happy state that appears from the outside, but actually hides the emotional burden experienced by the main character, Malla. The method applied in this study is qualitative descriptive with literature study techniques, which is oriented towards the introduction of themes, plots, characters, settings, and mandates, as well as exploring the psychological dynamics of characters using Freud's psychoanalytic theory. The results of the study show that the internal conflicts in this story arise from the battle between the id, ego, and superego, especially when Malla struggles to maintain harmony in her family at the expense of herself. Overall, this short story shows that forced happiness can lead to suffering. By combining structural and psychological analysis, this study reveals the deep meaning related to social pressures, inner struggles, and humanitarian messages that the author seeks to convey. It is hoped that the results of this research can contribute to the study of literature, especially in understanding the relationship between story structure and the psychological condition of characters in contemporary literary works.

Contemporary defense and security challenges now come from both non-military threats (such as cyber attacks, disinformation campaigns, and economic pressure) and military threats (traditional armed force). These often operate in the gray zone, meaning actions are taken below the threshold of armed conflict as defined under international law. This situation signals the rise of modern armed conflict, which is growing more intense and causing a crisis in International Humanitarian Law (IHL) enforcement. This study aims to describe modern armed conflict and its challenges to IHL. The research used a normative juridical approach and analyzed statutes. Legal materials reviewed included various international legal instruments, which were examined qualitatively and normatively. The results show that modern armed conflict challenges International Humanitarian Law with non-linear conflicts (conflicts with unclear frontlines or participants), proxy actors (groups acting on behalf of states), and cyber threats or propaganda. Therefore, IHL should be updated to include more comprehensive regulations

Islamic educational institutions face various challenges in human resource management, such as internal conflicts, low work motivation, and suboptimal performance of educators. These issues impact the effectiveness of institutions in achieving educational goals. This article aims to analyze how the synergy between conflict management and work motivation can improve human resource performance in Islamic educational institutions based on Islamic values. The issues examined include how conflict management and motivation contribute to performance improvement, as well as how Islamic values can be used as a basis for their management. The method used is a literature study by reviewing various relevant literature from journals, books, and previous research results. The results of the study show that conflicts that are managed constructively and motivation that is built on the basis of Islamic spiritual values can create a productive and sustainable work culture. The synergistic integration of the two can encourage an improvement in work ethic, teamwork, and the quality of educational services. This article provides a theoretical contribution to the development of HR management strategies in Islamic educational institutions based on Sharia values.