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This research is motivated by the importance of understanding the development of the Kingdom of God in Indonesia as a reality present in the lives of the people through the values ​​of love, justice, and peace in a pluralistic society. The purpose of this research is to analyze the factors that support and hinder the development of the Kingdom of God in Indonesia and explain its application in contemporary life. The method used is a qualitative descriptive method through a literature review and theological analysis of the social, cultural, and religious dynamics that are developing in Indonesian society. The results of the study indicate that the development of the Kingdom of God is supported by the role of the church in evangelistic missions, holistic services, universal values ​​of love and justice, and a spirit of religious moderation. On the other hand, this development is hampered by local cultural resistance, socio-political dynamics, a lack of comprehensive theological understanding, and the potential for conflict in poorly managed plurality. The implications of this research emphasize that the Kingdom of God needs to be lived as a contemporary reality through personal and social transformation, obedience to God's will, and the realization of identity as citizens of the Kingdom of God in everyday life.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji strategi pembelajaran Pendidikan Agama Kristen dalam menerjemahkan konsep-konsep teologis yang abstrak agar sesuai dengan perkembangan kognitif peserta didik usia sekolah dasar. Latar belakang penelitian ini berangkat dari pentingnya penanaman iman sejak dini dalam keluarga sebagai ecclesia domestica, yang kemudian dilanjutkan secara sistematis dalam pendidikan formal. Namun, pada jenjang sekolah dasar, pembelajaran Pendidikan Agama Kristen menghadapi tantangan karena materi teologis yang bersifat abstrak tidak selalu selaras dengan kemampuan berpikir anak. Berdasarkan teori perkembangan kognitif Jean Piaget, anak usia 7–12 tahun berada pada tahap operasional konkret, sehingga membutuhkan pendekatan pembelajaran yang kontekstual dan berbasis pengalaman nyata. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif deskriptif dengan pendekatan hermeneutika-pedagogis untuk menganalisis strategi pengajaran Yesus dalam Injil Markus 4:1–33. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Yesus menerapkan strategi pembelajaran yang efektif melalui pengelolaan ruang belajar (spasial), penggunaan perumpamaan sebagai media naratif, serta pendekatan dialogis-partisipatif. Strategi ini memungkinkan terjadinya jembatan antara konsep abstrak Kerajaan Allah dengan realitas konkret kehidupan pendengar. Dengan demikian, integrasi antara pemahaman teks Alkitab dan pendekatan pedagogis yang sesuai dengan perkembangan kognitif menjadi kunci dalam pembelajaran Pendidikan Agama Kristen yang efektif. Penelitian ini menegaskan bahwa guru Pendidikan Agama Kristen perlu mengembangkan strategi kreatif dan kontekstual agar nilai-nilai iman tidak hanya dipahami secara kognitif, tetapi juga dihayati dan diimplementasikan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari peserta didik.

This study examines the integration of hermeneutic learning and systematic theology in science-based discipleship based on the concept of the Kingdom of God. The background of this research is the gap between the theological understanding of the Kingdom of God and the practice of digital discipleship which tends to be pragmatic and lacks a strong doctrinal foundation. This study uses mixed methods with a sequential explanatory design, which combines a survey of 50 respondents from pastors, lecturers, teachers, and students, as well as in-depth interviews to strengthen quantitative findings. The results of the study showed a very positive response to the integration of the values of the Kingdom of God and the use of science and technology in discipleship, especially in the aspects of digital ethics, love, responsibility, and the formation of Christian character. However, the understanding of hermeneutics and systematic theology still needs to be strengthened so that theological depth is not reduced by digital media and rapid technological flows. This research produces an integrative conceptual model of digital discipleship based on the Kingdom of God that combines hermeneutics as the basis for biblical interpretation, systematic theology as a doctrinal framework, and science and technology as a means of contextual and sustainable faith transformation.

Tulisan ini membahas pendekatan refleksi teologis menggunakan metode lingkaran pastoral dalam konteks pendidikan Kristen. Lingkaran pastoral, yang terdiri dari tahapan melihat, menilai, bertindak, dan merayakan, menjadi alat yang efektif untuk mengintegrasikan pengalaman hidup dengan ajaran Kristiani. Pendekatan ini bertujuan agar pendidikan Kristen tidak hanya bersifat teoritis, tetapi juga membentuk karakter, spiritualitas, dan kepekaan sosial peserta didik. Dalam menghadapi tantangan globalisasi dan kompleksitas sosial, refleksi teologis ini memberikan ruang bagi peserta didik untuk memahami iman secara kontekstual dan menjadi agen perubahan dalam masyarakat. Dengan penerapan yang tepat, pendidikan Kristen berbasis lingkaran pastoral dapat melahirkan individu yang memiliki iman kuat serta komitmen nyata terhadap nilai-nilai Kerajaan Allah.  

This study examines the role of the church in dealing with political dynamics in Indonesia, especially in the context of colonial and post-independence history. Indonesia is a country with historical and cultural uniqueness, including in terms of religious diversity that grew amidst the dominance of colonial powers. Although Islam developed rapidly under the Christian Dutch colonialism, the spread of Christianity continued significantly, especially through Portuguese Catholic missions and non-Dutch Protestant mission organizations. The role of the church in Indonesian history shows the tension between political authority and the autonomy of religious institutions, where the church often fell victim to colonial political control but survived and developed through social, educational, and public service roles. This study highlights how the church continues to have relevance and influence in the context of modern nationality and politics, despite facing historical and structural challenges. Through a historical-critical approach, this study seeks to uncover the dynamics of the church's role in the trajectory of Indonesian politics and its contribution to building a just and plural society.

This paper analyzes the development of the concept of the Kingdom of God in the teachings of the Apostle Paul based on his letters. The Kingdom of God is understood not only as an eschatological reality that will be fully realized at the second coming of Christ, but also as a spiritual reality that is already present today through the saving work of Christ and led by the Holy Spirit. Paul emphasizes the duality of the Kingdom of God as a reality that is already possessed by believers and a hope for its fulfillment in the future. This study also examines the social, political, and cultural factors in the Roman era that influenced the spread of the teachings of the Kingdom of God developed by Paul. This study makes an important contribution to the understanding of eschatological theology and Christian ethics and their implications for the lives of believers at that time and today.

In the historical and theological context, the Kingdom of God is understood not as a political or geographical kingdom, but as a spiritual reality present in human life and history. Through an analysis of Mark 1:15, this journal explains that the coming of Jesus signifies the fulfillment of God's plan of salvation and calls people to repent and believe in the gospel. This study also highlights Jesus' use of parables, such as the parable of the mustard seed and the growing seed, which illustrate the growth and characteristics of the Kingdom of God. By emphasizing the importance of repentance and faith, the results of the teachings indicate that the Kingdom of God is cultivating spiritual change in individuals. The conclusions obtained imply that although the Kingdom of God is already present, its full realization still awaits fulfillment in the future. Therefore, this paper recommends that Christians dig deeper into the concept of the Kingdom of God, improving their understanding and application of Kingdom values in daily life as a response to Jesus' teachings.

The concept of the Kingdom of God in Matthew's Gospel is a central theme of the Teaching of Jesus Christ. The Kingdom of God can be understood as the reign of God that has entered this age through the presence of Jesus and will be perfect at His second coming. This research aims to understand the concept of the Kingdom of God in the Gospel of Matthew and its implications for the lives of believers. This research method uses textual and historical analysis to understand the concept of the Kingdom of God in the Gospel of Matthew. The results of the study show that the Kingdom of God has some very special characteristics, such as a government that is sinless and not weak before God, full of the Holy Spirit, and has great power to do extraordinary things.Jesus taught the concept of God's Kingdom through compelling parables and demonstrated important aspects of God's Kingdom. This research also shows that the coming of God's Kingdom refers to the second coming of Jesus, in which the Kingdom will be present in full power. Therefore, believers must be ready to receive the Kingdom of God in their lives and to demonstrate God's power in their actions.

The Gospel of Luke places special emphasis on the concept of the Kingdom of God as the core of the preaching of Jesus Christ. In Luke's understanding, the Kingdom of God is not merely an eschatological reality that will come in the future, but also a spiritual reality that has been present through the work, teachings, and ministry of Jesus. This study aims to explore in depth the meaning, characteristics, and implications of the Kingdom of God as presented in the Gospel of Luke. The research method used is a qualitative approach with a literature study of biblical texts and relevant theological references. The results of the study show that the Kingdom of God in the Gospel of Luke has several important aspects, namely being theocentric, dynamic, messianic, and closely related to salvation. The Kingdom of God is present in the ministry of Jesus and is marked by real actions such as forgiveness of sins, healing, and preaching to marginalized groups. The implications of this study emphasize that a correct understanding of the Kingdom of God will bring about radical changes in life and require repentance, faith, and active involvement in the preaching of the Gospel. Thus, the concept of the Kingdom of God in the Gospel of Luke has strong relevance to the lives of believers today.

This study examines the concept of the Kingdom of God in Peter's teachings within the early church, influenced by the Pentecost event. The aim of the research is to understand how Peter's teachings on the Kingdom of God evolved and were applied, as well as his role in the spread of the Gospel to both Jews and Gentiles. The method employed is a qualitative approach with literature study, analyzing biblical texts and related theological sources. Findings indicate that Peter's teachings emphasize the inclusivity of the Kingdom of God and the importance of living in holiness. Additionally, the research reveals that the persecution faced by the early church actually accelerated the growth of the Kingdom of God. The implications of this study provide a deeper understanding of the relevance of Peter's teachings for the development of contemporary church theology and practice.

This study examines the spread of Christianity by the Kingdom of God in Central Kalimantan, focusing on its history, challenges, and impact on local communities. Using a qualitative approach with a descriptive-analytical method, data were collected through interviews, observations, and document studies. The analysis was conducted using Miles and Huberman’s interactive model, including data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. The findings indicate that the spread of Christianity by the Kingdom of God was influenced by social, cultural, and political factors. The main challenges included local cultural resistance, social dynamics, and changing government policies. However, the teachings and values established have persisted in society to this day. These findings provide new insights into the interaction between religion and culture in the local historical context and its contribution to community identity. The implications of this research can serve as a reference for understanding religious dissemination patterns and preserving religious values amidst social changes.

This study explores the concept of the Kingdom of God in the book of Acts as a spiritual and eternal reality that transcends political power and geographical boundaries. Through the life and teachings of Jesus Christ and the work of the apostles led by the Holy Spirit, the Kingdom of God manifests and grows within the early Christian community. Using a qualitative approach through library research, this study examines how the Kingdom of God was understood, practiced, and proclaimed by the apostles, as well as its relevance for contemporary Christian life. The findings indicate that the Kingdom of God is a call to live in love, justice, and peace, with the Holy Spirit as the central force in gospel proclamation and the formation of a Christ-centered community.

This study aims to examine the relevance of Paul's teachings on the Kingdom of God in the context of marturia (testimony) for the Batak community. In Paul's teachings, the Kingdom of God is not only understood as an eschatological dimension, but also as a calling for every person to live as a Witness of Christ in the midst of the world. This teaching invites Christians to live in love, justice, and hope based on the values ​​of the Kingdom of God. For the Batak community, which has a strong social and cultural tradition, Paul's teachings on the Kingdom of God have great potential to be applied in their daily lives. This study reveals how the teachings on the Kingdom of God can have a positive impact on the formation of authentic marturia in the midst of Batak socio-cultural life. By combining the principles of Paul's teachings and Batak cultural values, this study shows that the teachings are not only relevant for spiritual life, but also for the development of a more just and prosperous society, in accordance with the principles of the Kingdom of God.  

This article discusses the concept of the Kingdom of God in Jesus' teaching according to the Gospel of Mark. The Kingdom of God is understood as a spiritual and eschatological reality that is present through the ministry of Jesus Christ. In the Gospel of Mark, Jesus' teaching about the Kingdom of God challenges the traditional view that expects the coming of the Messiah as a political leader. Using a qualitative approach, this study examines the verses of Mark 1:15, 4:11-12, 4:30-32, and 10:15 to explain the characteristics of the Kingdom of God, such as its theocentric, messianic, and dynamic nature. The study highlights that the Kingdom of God is the active rule of God in human history, with two main dimensions: "already present" through Jesus' ministry and "not yet fully realized" until His second coming. This article provides theological and historical insights into the relevance of Jesus' teachings on the Kingdom of God for the life of the church and society today.

Against the background of differences in understanding and views, both in matters of divinity, views of the Bible, and the rules of worship and celebration of major holidays. The understanding of the Kingdom Hall of Jehovah's Witnesses is different from the understanding of Protestant Christians in general, Jehovah's Witnesses do not recognize the concept of the Triune God, do not use the sign of the cross either in places of worship or for funerals. This study is based on the results of research conducted in the field with qualitative research and using a case study approach. Jehovah's Witnesses prioritize Easter celebrations over Christmas celebrations, because there are no verses in the holy book that encourage Christians to celebrate Christmas. Jehovah's Witnesses are a Christian denomination known for its unique interpretation of the Bible. They emphasized the importance of God's name, Jehovah, and rejected the doctrine of the Trinity or the concept of a Triune God. This community is also known for its door-to-door preaching activities and rejection of Christmas celebrations. This paper will discuss a brief history, core beliefs, and religious practices of Jehovah's Witnesses, as well as analyze their relationships with communities of other religious groups and society's views of these groups

Paul's theology of the Kingdom of God provides a profound understanding of God's governance that is already present and continues to develop in the lives of humanity. This concept encourages Christians to live according to Christian values such as love, justice, forgiveness, and peace. In Batak society, which upholds the principles of Dalihan Na Tolu and mutual cooperation, the values of the Kingdom of God can be integrated with local traditions to create social harmony. Active participation in the community through customary practices and social activities becomes a tangible manifestation of Paul's teachings about the Kingdom of God. Furthermore, this understanding offers hope and strength to Batak Christians in facing life's challenges, making their identity as citizens of the Kingdom of God a source of spiritual motivation. The integration of Paul's theology and Batak culture not only enriches local traditions but also strengthens Christian faith identity within the community. Through this contextual approach, a synergy between faith and culture is created, positively impacting daily life.

Skripsi  ini  memiliki  tujuan  untuk  menjelaskan  tanggung  jawab  Gereja sebagai   organisasi   cinta   kasih   dalam   mengentaskan   kemiskinan.   Kemiskinan perlu  dituntaskan  sebab  kemiskinan  memiliki  dampak  negatif  terhadap  kualitas hidup  dan  perkembangan  sumber  daya  umat.  Jika  kemiskinan  dituntaskan  maka akan  sangat   membantu   masyarakat   miskin   yang  terkait.  Namun,  kemiskinan sulit   untuk   diselesaikan.   Karena   itu,   Gereja   perlu   membantu   menyelesaikan masalah  kemiskinan  masyarakat,  sekalian  juga  mewartakan  kerajaan  Allah. Penelitian  ini  menggunakan  studi  Pustaka.   Penelitian  ini  dilaksanakan dengan  mengumpulkan  sumber-sumber  yang  berkatian  dengan  tanggung  jawab Gereja  dan  masalah  kesejahteraan,  serta  mengumpulkan  beberapa  teori   yang relevan untuk penelitian ini. Setiap teori yang dipilih adalah relevan dan dapat menjawab   persoalan-persoalan   berkaitan   dengan   tanggung   jawab   Gereja   dan masalah   kesejahteraan.   Dari   semua   teori   yang   dikumpulkan   lalu   penulis mengambil  simpulan. Gereja memang memiliki dasar-dasar tanggung jawab untuk membantu mengentaskan  kemiskinan  tanpa  memandang  etnis  ataupun  agama.  Dasar-dasar untuk  membantu  mengentaskan  kemiskinan  dapat  ditemukan  baik  dalam  Kitab Suci,     Dokumen     Gereja     maupun     Katekismus     Gereja     Katolik.     Gereja mengentaskan  masalah  kemiskinan  agar  masyarakat  memiliki  hidup  yang  lebih baik.   Jika   masyarakat   sejahtera,   maka   sumber   daya   manusia   yang   dimiliki masyarakat  akan  turut  meningkat,  menyebabkan  daya  saing  ekonomi  maysarakat juga   turut   meningkat.   Selain   pengentasan   kemiskinan   ini   menguntungkan masyarakat  yang  dibantu,  juga  menguntungkan  Gereja  selaku  organisasi  cinta kasih   yang  ingin  menghadirkan  kerajaan  Allah  dan  mewartakan  cinta  kasih Allah  di  tengah  dunia.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana pandangan umat Katolikdalam Budaya Dayak Ngaju tentang Ritual Sangiang, bagaimana penghayatan dari masyarakat Dayak Ngaju beragama Katolik  terhadap sakramen pengurapan orang sakit, dan bagaimana perbandingan pelaksanaan sakramen pengurapan orang sakit dan ritual sangiang dalam budaya Dayak Ngaju. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu metode penelitian kualitatif.  Data diperoleh dengan cara wawancara, observasi, dan dokumentasi. Data yang diperoleh  dianalisis menggunakanMiles dan Huberman langkah-langkah yang digunakan melalui,  reduksi data, penyajian data dan penarikan kesimpulan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa umat bersuku Dayak Ngaju mengetahui tentang ritual sangiang sebagai ritual penyembuhan yang ada dalam budaya. Dan umat mengetahui tentang sakramen pengurapan orang sakit yang ada dalam Gereja Katolik sebagai salah satu sakramen yang memohon agar orang yang sedang mengalami sakit dikuatkan agar mampu melewati segala penyakitnya berkat pertolongan Tuhan. Kesimpulan  ini adalah ritual sangiang memiliki dimensi sosial yang mengarahkan, dan  membawa orang untuk menyadari bahwa hidup bersama sangat diperlukan rasa kepedulian anatara satu dengan yang lain. Nilai yang terdapat dalam ritual sangiang adalah nilai kebersamaan dan persaudaraan. Kehadiran Gereja dalam budaya tersebut merupakan pintu masuk untuk mewartakan tentang kerajaan Allah terutama memberikan katekse berkaitan dengan sakramen pengurapan orang sakit karena Allah sendirilah yang bekerja yang menyembuhkan terutama dalam ritual sangiang tersebut.

The relevant Catechism in the midst of the struggling of the life of the faithful is an urgent task of the Church. Catechism cannot be given just to the point of the church’s routine, but should be started from the basic needs of the faithful and the church itself as to grow in faith. Model of catechism that oriented to the kingdom of God is one of the answers toward the struggling of the faithful in relation to the environment and local situation as well as with God. There is a positive hope to create such group of the faithful through this effort. St. Therese of the Child Jesus’s Parish, Simpang Tiga chose such model to discover the reality of catechism’s activity during these periods. By such perspective of catechism, this Parish wants to shape a strong and substantial communion of faithful – having an experience of God, and dialogue with their roots of life in Kalimantan.