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The relationship between Indonesia and Singapore has deep historical roots, tracing back to the ancient kingdoms. In the 7th century, the Strait of Singapore was part of the Srivijaya Empire. Later, in 1365, the Javanese hymn Nagarakretagama, written during the Majapahit era, mentioned a settlement on the island called Temasek, highlighting the long-standing connection between the two regions. Trade between Indonesia and Singapore has grown significantly over the years, reaching S$36 billion (US$29.32 billion), with Singapore being the largest foreign investor in Indonesia, having invested US$1.14 billion across 142 projects. Additionally, trade between the two nations surged to approximately $68 billion in 2010, with Indonesia's non-oil and gas exports to Singapore reaching their highest levels. The two countries have established robust cooperation in various sectors, including tourism, security, counter-terrorism, and environmental concerns. However, the relationship is not without its challenges. One significant issue is Singapore's role as a haven for Indonesian corruptors, with many fugitives from corruption cases seeking refuge there. This has led to tensions, particularly regarding the extradition of individuals convicted of corruption. To address these challenges, both nations must enhance the implementation of bilateral agreements, especially in political and security matters. There is a need to accelerate the technical finalization of military training areas as part of the defense cooperation agreement. Additionally, executing the extradition agreement and updating the memorandum of understanding between the Attorneys General of both countries would be crucial steps in addressing these issues and improving bilateral relations. In conclusion, while Indonesia-Singapore relations are multifaceted, with both cooperation and challenges, mutual commitment to resolving issues through diplomatic and legal means will be key to strengthening their ties in the future.

This study investigates the relationship between fiscal dependence, the effectiveness of locally generated revenue (PAD), and the degree of fiscal decentralization on the Human Development Index (HDI) in four regencies on Madura Island Bangkalan, Sampang, Pamekasan, and Sumenep which have consistently reported the lowest HDI scores in East Java Province. Utilizing panel data from 2011 to 2023, the findings indicate that all regencies remain highly fiscally dependent, with fiscal dependency ratios exceeding 89%. Central government transfers dominate local budget structures, significantly limiting local fiscal autonomy. While PAD effectiveness shows notable achievements such as Pamekasan’s 136.09% realization rate its contribution to total regional revenue remains relatively low. This is reflected in the modest degree of fiscal decentralization, which ranges between 8.56% and 10.72%. Such fiscal limitations hinder the ability of local governments to invest in strategic sectors that directly impact human development, including education, healthcare, and public services. The analysis also reveals that despite effective PAD realization, its nominal value is insufficient to drive substantial improvements in HDI, especially when not supported by strengthened fiscal capacity and local economic mobilization. These findings suggest that PAD effectiveness alone does not translate into better human development outcomes without broader fiscal empowerment. Therefore, a comprehensive fiscal decentralization strategy is required one that not only enhances revenue generation but also improves budgetary governance and optimizes local economic resources. Strengthening local fiscal autonomy is essential for ensuring targeted, efficient, and equitable investment in human development sectors, ultimately fostering sustainable regional development across Madura Island.

This study aims to analyze the impact of attractions and accessibility on tourist visitation interest in Sembungan Tourism Village, Wonosobo Regency. Sembungan Tourism Village is the highest village in Java Island with an altitude of 2,300 meters above sea level, featuring tourist attractions such as Sikunir Hill, Cebong Lake, Sikarim Waterfall, and the traditional Gimbal Hair Cutting ceremony. The research employed a quantitative approach with accidental sampling technique involving 100 respondents. Data analysis used multiple linear regression. The results show that attractions positively and significantly influence visitation interest with t-value 3.613 > t-table 1.985 (significance 0.000). Accessibility also has a positive and significant influence with t-value 2.760 > t-table 1.985 (significance 0.007). Simultaneously, attractions and accessibility significantly influence visitation interest with F-value 18.886 > F-table 3.09 (significance 0.000) and a determination coefficient of 0.280. The management of Sembungan Tourism Village needs to improve the quality of attractions and accessibility to increase tourist visitation interest through diversification of attractions and improvement of transportation infrastructure.

Economic growth is one of the key indicators that reflects the welfare level of a country's population. Therefore, economic growth is always a central focus in national development planning, with the expectation of continuous improvement year after year. Java Island plays a vital role as the largest contributor to the national economy. However, the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic, which occurred recently, caused a significant economic contraction, and Java Island was the most affected region. This crisis has impacted all sectors of the economy, including industry, trade, and tourism, which in turn affected the national economy. Nevertheless, the economic recovery efforts have begun to show results, with the economy, especially in Java, growing significantly in 2021. However, rapid growth in certain districts/cities in Java has caused new issues, such as population explosions, environmental degradation, and increasing crime rates. Therefore, it is essential to conduct a thorough analysis of the factors influencing economic growth and to map out the potential economic indicators in various regions across Java. This study uses multivariate biplot analysis and spatial econometrics to analyze and map the uniformity of districts/cities, industry mapping, and areas that serve as growth centers and those that are less developed. The results show that factors affecting economic growth in districts/cities vary. Generally, inflation has both positive and negative effects on the economy, while the unemployment rate, human development index, and population growth rate have a positive impact on economic growth. This study provides clear insights to support more targeted and effective development policies on Java Island, as well as improve the quality of life for residents in less developed areas.

The human development index is a way to assess the extent of the welfare of society in an area. Human development in Lampung Province is ranked lowest among other provinces on the island of Sumatra with a percentage of 70.45% in 2022. Departing from the geographical context of Lampung Province which is a vital route for economic activity between the islands of Java and Sumatra, this province has the potential to become a center distribution of goods and services at the national level. It should be able to increase employment and income in Lampung Province. So, it can reduce poverty and reduce unemployment. However, in reality, Lampung Province is still far behind other provinces on the island of Sumatra. The formulation of the problem in this research is how poverty and unemployment influence the human development index in Lampung Province. This research uses a quantitative type of research with a descriptive approach using panel data with a fixed effect model approach. The population in this research is data from the Human Development Index contained in the Central Statistics Agency of Lampung Province. According to the research results, X1 has a significant negative effect, X2 has no significant effect. The results of statistical tests state that the value of Prob. (F-statistic) is 0.000000. This means 0.000000<0.05, so it can be concluded that the independent variable (X) has a significant effect on the dependent variable (Y) simultaneously (simultaneously). Based on the results of the statistical tests carried out, an R-squared value of 0.984344 was obtained. It can be concluded that the independent variable has an influence on the dependent variable of 98%, while 2% is influenced by other variables outside the model.

Madura, an island in East Java, is known for its rich cultural heritage. Despite this, prevailing stereotypes in society often emphasize negative aspects of Madurese culture, which can obscure its valuable and positive traditions. One such cultural gem is Daul music—a vibrant and rhythmic musical expression that deserves greater public appreciation. This study explores the design and development of a digital comic titled “The Sparkle of Madura’s Daul”, which aims to introduce Daul music to a younger audience, particularly teenagers aged 18–22, through the Webtoon platform. Utilizing a qualitative descriptive method, the research gathered data through observation, questionnaires, and interviews to inform the design process. The comic is created not only as an engaging entertainment medium but also as a tool for cultural education and preservation. By integrating narrative and visual storytelling, the comic presents Daul music in a compelling and accessible format, positioning it as a cultural asset comparable to the well-known Karapan Sapi. The final product is intended to reshape perceptions of Madurese identity, promote cultural pride, and encourage the appreciation of traditional music among youth. This initiative highlights the potential of digital media to bridge generational and cultural gaps while revitalizing local heritage through creative means.

This research aims to explore how price and product quality influence purchasing decisions for Y.O.U cosmetics at Panda Lovely Jombang. Given the rapid growth of Indonesia's cosmetics market, Y.O.U has emerged as a local brand offering quality products at competitive prices. Panda Lovely, with its numerous branches across Java Island, is one of Y.O.U’s primary distributors. The study adopts a quantitative approach using associative methods, with data collected through questionnaires from 100 Panda Lovely Jombang customers. Multiple linear regression analysis was employed to examine the relationship between independent variables (price and product quality) and the dependent variable (purchase decisions). The findings reveal that both price and product quality, individually and combined, significantly impact purchasing decisions. Key factors influencing consumer choices include affordability, the alignment of quality with expected benefits, and product durability. This research offers valuable insights for both Panda Lovely managers and Y.O.U producers to refine marketing strategies that cater to consumer needs and preferences.

Fiscal decentralization is a tool to achieve maximum public welfare and the provision of essential public services. The essence of fiscal decentralization is the provision of transfer funds to local governments. In addition, through transfer funds, it is hoped that there will be equity and fiscal balance vertically and horizontally. However, the existence of transfer funds caused a response that the central government responded to as the main fund for regional spending. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of the flypaper effect on the balance fund and local revenue on education spending, health spending, and infrastructure spending. Using data from 2019-2023 in municipalities and cities on the island of Java and regression using a fixed effect model, it shows the occurrence of a flypaper effect on education and infrastructure spending through DAK. As a result, every increase in DAK will encourage an increase in education and infrastructure spending. Meanwhile, different results are shown in health spending, that every increase in DAU decreases health spending. Different tests were carried out using dummy variables in the year before and after the implementation of the latest policy. As a result, the regulation of the DAU Specific Grant was able to increase health spending, but not as much as the influence of PAD.

The growth of Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP) as a benchmark for a region's economic growth is closely linked to regional tax revenue and government expenditure, as these policies are components of aggregate demand, whose increase will drive GRDP growth. On the other hand, inflation is an economic phenomenon that is always intriguing to discuss, particularly regarding its broad impact on economic growth. This study aims to analyze the impact of inflation, regional tax revenue, and government expenditure on economic growth across provinces in Java Island from 2010 to 2019. The data analysis method used is Vector Autoregression (VAR) analysis, employing EViews 10 software. The study's findings indicate that inflation has a significant positive effect on economic growth. Meanwhile, regional tax revenue and government expenditure have a positive but not significant impact on economic growth. As a fiscal policymaker, the government must be cautious in managing the state revenue and expenditure budget, ensuring that sectors prone to price increases in goods and services are carefully monitored. Additionally, the government should continue to optimize regional tax collection while maintaining efficient spending to increase government savings, which are essential for development, particularly in opening economic sectors in underdeveloped areas.

The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of problem-focused coping and self- efficacy on stress that occurs in the early adult phase. The participants of this study are 101 individuals who are in the early adult phase, namely 21-40 years old who live on the island of Java. This research design is cross sectional and non-experimental research. The measuring instruments used are DASS-21 to measure stress, GSES to measure Self-efficacy, and adaptation of The Way of Coping to measure Problem-Focused Coping. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling. The results obtained in this study are the absence of the overall influence of the two variables, namely Problem-Focused Coping and Self- efficacy.

The Madurese language, which is used by the Madurese ethnic community both on Madura Island and outside the island, has significant dialect diversity. The mobility of the Madurese people and interaction with the Javanese language on the island of Java resulted in a mixture of dialects, which influenced the formation of new vocabulary through morphophonemic processes. This research aims to analyze the affixation process in Madurese, especially the use of the prefixes {-e} and {-pa} in the Sekar Assre’ 4 textbook. In this research, the prefixes {-e} and {-pa} are analyzed based on form, function , and its meaning in the formation of verbs, adjectives and nouns. The research uses a qualitative descriptive approach with listening and listening methods, as well as data analysis techniques such as drop and replace. The research results show that the prefix {-e} and its allomorphs (e-, epa-, eka-) function to form passive verbs and adjectives, while the prefix {pa-} functions to form nouns, especially those related to certain professions or activities . It is hoped that this research can contribute to understanding the morphological structure of the Madurese language, especially related to the role of the prefixes {-e} and {-pa} in everyday communication and in learning Madurese in schools.