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This study examines the implementation of policies for the recognition and protection of the indigenous law community in Kampung Kuta, Ciamis Regency. A qualitative approach was employed, gathering data through in-depth interviews, observations, and document analysis. Thematic analysis identified key issues, and triangulation ensured validity by cross-referencing multiple data sources. A central finding is the ongoing conflict between customary laws in Kampung Kuta, which support communal land ownership, and national land regulations that emphasize individual land registration, leading to legal ambiguity and disputes. The study reveals substantial challenges, including inadequate socialization by the government, which has resulted in limited awareness within the indigenous community regarding their rights. Furthermore, limited financial and human resources impede effective implementation, while bureaucratic inefficiencies and poor coordination among implementing agencies have delayed policy outcomes. To address these issues, it is essential to improve resource allocation, conduct regular community workshops to enhance understanding of indigenous rights, and establish a legal framework that harmonizes customary and national laws. Strengthening local authorities and aligning policy objectives with the cultural context of Kampung Kuta are also critical steps. These measures are necessary to safeguard indigenous rights and preserve Kampung Kuta’s cultural heritage, fostering a sustainable model for indigenous rights protection in Indonesia.  

The objective this study is to analyze the implementation of Bandung Barat Regency Regional Regulation No. 5 of 2018 about the Placement and Protection of Indonesian Migrant Workers (PMI) originating from Bandung Barat Regency referring to the Hill and Hupe's theory of Policy Implementation. This matters all the more since the migrant worker-related cases that garner the highest volume if not interest–like illegal, clandestine worker departures, back wages, and exploitation–reflect the lack of protection systems, the unmet obligation towards the respect of individual rights and human dignity. This qualitative case study reveals key factors influencing policy implementation — low levels of socialization and knowledge about the regulation among migrant workers, absence of inter-agency coordination and poor resources for monitoring and enforcement In addition, it builds upon the variables presented by Hill and Hupe in order to present a more integrated analysis of the implementation process of the policy. These results highlight failures in the system, including the lack of inter- agency cross country collaboration and low resource allocation toward the functions that protect PMI. In light of this, the study makes a range of recommendations including for better policy socialization, improved inter-agency coordination and enforcement, and strengthening resourcing and legal compliance capabilities. Practical implications This study advances the theory of public administration and provides practical insights for policymakers, particularly for strengthening the protection of Indonesian migrant workers in an effective manner.

Climate-induced migration is becoming an increasingly significant global issue, driven by environmental changes such as rising sea levels, extreme weather events, and resource scarcity. Despite its growing importance, current legal frameworks inadequately address the protection of climate migrants, leaving them vulnerable and without clear legal rights. This research aims to propose an integrated social-environmental justice framework to address the legal accountability for climate-induced migration, focusing on the recognition of migrant rights, state responsibilities, and environmental protection. The study uses a comparative legal analysis to examine legal systems across various countries and incorporates field data from climate-vulnerable coastal communities through interviews, surveys, and legal case reviews. The research finds that the proposed framework enhances migrant recognition and clarifies state responsibilities in 70% of reviewed legal cases, offering a more comprehensive solution compared to traditional environmental and human rights approaches. The framework's integration of legal, social, and environmental elements provides a holistic response to climate migration, emphasizing equity and sustainability. However, challenges such as political resistance, fragmented governance, and limited funding hinder full implementation. The study concludes by recommending that governments and international bodies adopt this framework and strengthen their commitment to legal protections and climate adaptation strategies for displaced populations. Further research should focus on refining legal frameworks, addressing implementation barriers, and expanding the scope of social-environmental justice to better support climate migrants.

Children who have committed legal violations are inmates at the Class II Special Child Development Institution in Lombok Tengah. During the child rehabilitation process at LPKA Lombok Tengah, some children continue to violate the rules, making the conditions unfavorable. The purpose of this research is to ensure the legal basis for the imposition of sanctions and the enforcement of disciplinary sanctions, as well as the obstacles faced by LPKA Lombok Tengah. The method used in this writing is normative-empirical with a case, legislative, and sociological approach. The results of this study are as follows: First, the legal basis for imposing disciplinary punishment is outlined in the Decree of the Minister of Law and Human Rights Number M.HH-03.OT.02.02 of 2014 concerning guidelines for the treatment of children in LPKA. Second, the light disciplinary sanctions include verbal reprimands, moderate sanctions such as apologies and agreements between the staff and the inmates, and heavy disciplinary sanctions such as cleaning the bathroom and restricting visitation activities. The obstacles encountered include the factor of the inmates being difficult to discipline, the condition of the inmates being unwell when sanctions are to be imposed, and the factor of facilities and infrastructure.

In today's life, humans are faced with various challenges. A mature way of thinking is needed. Critical thinking is one of the thinking processes that is qualified in seeing, reading, analysing and responding to situations and issues that require solutions. Critical thinking is the process of analysing, examining and formulating judgements based on deeper thinking in addressing matters that need to be revealed. In this study, using descriptive qualitative research methods through a library research approach. As a result, it was found that the purpose of critical thinking is to reveal the truth by attacking and eliminating everything that is wrong, to reveal the truth. In building a critical mind, humans need the right foundation. Both in terms of knowledge and religion. In research related to building critical thinking skills is through a religious approach, in this case the Christian faith. The Bible is the basis of Christian life. The Bible is the authoritative Word of God in Christian life. The Bible as the foundation of critical thinking reveals that building critical thinking skills requires: Wisdom; Transformation of the intellect; and Testing and Evaluating everything before it is accepted and applied in life.

This study aims to analyze the implementation of the fulfillment of socio-economic rights of the community in Rote Ndao Regency, as one of the underdeveloped regions in Indonesia, and to identify the obstacles faced by the local government in its efforts to fulfill them. Socio-economic rights, such as access to education, health, employment, and public services, are part of the human rights guaranteed by the constitution. However, their implementation often encounters various obstacles in areas with less developed socio-economic conditions. This study uses a qualitative method with a descriptive analytical approach. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, document studies, and field observations. The results of the study indicate that the implementation of socio-economic rights in Rote Ndao Regency is still not optimal. This can be seen from the low level of community access to educational facilities, health services, and basic infrastructure. On the other hand, the local government faces a number of significant obstacles, such as budget constraints, lack of adequate infrastructure, low quality of human resources, geographical barriers, and weak coordination between agencies. As a solution, this study recommends increasing budget allocations for priority sectors, developing basic infrastructure, improving the quality of human resources through education and training, and strengthening cross-sectoral coordination. In addition, active community involvement in the planning and implementation of development programs is also very important to improve the effectiveness of policies. The results of this study are expected to contribute to local governments and other stakeholders in formulating more effective strategies to accelerate the fulfillment of people's socio-economic rights, while improving the quality of life in Rote Ndao Regency.

International law plays a crucial role in addressing human rights violations during armed conflicts. This study examines the effectiveness of international legal frameworks, including the Geneva Conventions and the Rome Statute, in protecting civilians and prosecuting war crimes. By analyzing recent case studies from conflict zones, this research highlights the challenges of enforcing international law and suggests strategies for improving compliance among state and non-state actors.

This research aims to analyze the implementation of legal protection for citizenship rights of former transnational terrorist Indonesian citizens within Indonesia's legal system. Using normative juridical method with statutory and conceptual approaches, this study examines secondary data from primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials. The results show that Indonesia's legal system has an adequate legal framework to protect the citizenship rights of former transnational terrorists, although its implementation faces various challenges. The deradicalization program and status verification mechanism implemented by the government have not been fully effective due to inter-institutional coordination constraints and community resistance. Additionally, the study identifies that citizenship status cannot be automatically revoked without proper legal process according to Law No. 12 of 2006 on Citizenship, as terrorist groups cannot be categorized as "foreign military" as specified in the law. This research contributes significantly to the development of returnee handling policies by balancing aspects of national security and human rights protection.

The rise of mass surveillance technologies has raised significant concerns regarding digital privacy and human rights. This paper explores the legal implications of government surveillance programs and their impact on fundamental rights, such as freedom of expression and the right to privacy. Through a comparative analysis of data protection laws in different jurisdictions, this study assesses the balance between national security and individual rights in the digital age.

The existence of law within a state is one of the fundamental aspects and not merely a formality of the state. Law has a very significant function and influence, both in creating justice, order, protection of human rights, and welfare. Indonesia is one of the countries that has legal pluralism, namely customary law, Islamic law, and national law. These three legal systems are important components in every agenda for the formulation and creation of laws in Indonesia. The tendency of legal characteristics includes regulating societal behavior, being coercive and binding, containing prohibitions and commands. Its purpose is to regulate behavior and relationships among humans. Thus, justice, harmony, and social order are created.

Muhammadiyah is an Islamic movement with the preaching of Amar Makruf Nahi Munkar which is based on Islamic faith and is based on the Qur'an and As-Sunnah. Many things drive the progress of this Muhammadiyah organization, such as the vision-mission, educational concept, goals, and curriculum that are mutually continuous so that Muhammadiyah can process well in the life of society. In Islamic education there are challenges that must be faced by Muhammadiyah because considering the development of Islam is very fast and also flexible and always relevant from time to time. One of the challenges to the development of Islamic education is the advancement of technology. The advancement of science and technology (iptek) requires all parties to be competent so as not to be eroded and crushed by the times. The negative and positive impacts of technological progress must be addressed with the right innovation. Innovation that can be applied by the Muhammadiyah organization is through the field of education. Education is a process that can shape human beings such as potential, personality, intelligence, noble morals, self-control, religion and skills needed in oneself and society.

Biotechnology has brought extraordinary advances in health, agriculture, and scientific research, but it has also raised complex ethical challenges, especially in human cloning technology. In the context of biotechnology, cloning refers to the creation of a genetic copy of an organism, and although animal cloning has been successfully carried out for research purposes and increasing agricultural yields, human cloning remains a controversial issue. Ethically, human cloning raises a number of questions regarding human rights, identity, and the potential misuse of this technology for unethical purposes, such as genetic programming or the creation of "design babies." This article examines various ethical views regarding the limits of the use of biotechnology, with a focus on human cloning. The research uses qualitative methods through literature study. Despite the efforts of scientists to continue developing human cloning, as Christians we must take a stand on this matter. The Bible teaches that God as the first initiator created humans in the image and likeness of God, in this case creating humans, God's sole right and obligation.

Drones are a new technology that can pose a threat to the sovereignty of many countries. Therefore, preventive efforts are necessary for a government to safeguard its interests. In this context, Indonesia needs to establish a legal framework from an international legal perspective, supported by national positive law, to mitigate the use of drones. The research, conducted through a normative-judicial analysis approach, concludes that a considerable number of legal instruments are aimed at protecting Indonesia from drone threats. However, Indonesia's military capability is not yet fully equipped to enforce the mandates of these laws. Consequently, the approach that can be taken is to prohibit drones altogether because they violate human rights and harm society.

Biotechnology has brought extraordinary advances in health, agriculture, and scientific research, but it has also raised complex ethical challenges, especially in human cloning technology. In the context of biotechnology, cloning refers to the creation of a genetic copy of an organism, and although animal cloning has been successfully carried out for research purposes and increasing agricultural yields, human cloning remains a controversial issue. Ethically, human cloning raises a number of questions regarding human rights, identity, and the potential misuse of this technology for unethical purposes, such as genetic programming or the creation of "design babies." This article examines various ethical views regarding the limits of the use of biotechnology, with a focus on human cloning. The research uses qualitative methods through literature study. Despite the efforts of scientists to continue developing human cloning, as Christians we must take a stand on this matter. The Bible teaches that God as the first initiator created humans in the image and likeness of God, in this case creating humans, God's sole right and obligation.

The educational program “Strengthening Awareness of Rights and Obligations through an Educational Program at Class IIA Pamekasan Narcotics Prison” aims to improve the understanding of prisoners regarding their rights and obligations in the context of prison guidance. Implemented at Class IIA Pamekasan Narcotics Prison, the program integrates a participatory-based educational approach with materials covering basic rights, legal protection, and responsibilities as prisoners. Methods used include lectures, group discussions, and case simulations, with evaluation conducted through surveys and interviews. The results of the program showed a significant increase in prisoners' awareness of their rights and obligations, as well as positive changes in behavior and participation in prison activities. Challenges encountered include limited resources and initial resistance from some participants. However, the success of this program shows great potential for improving the quality of rehabilitation in prisons. Recommendations for similar programs include improved educational materials and adaptation for other prisons to expand the positive impact. This program makes an important contribution to the development of more effective and humane coaching practices in prison settings.

The educational program “Strengthening Awareness of Rights and Obligations through an Educational Program at Class IIA Pamekasan Narcotics Prison” aims to improve the understanding of prisoners regarding their rights and obligations in the context of prison guidance. Implemented at Class IIA Pamekasan Narcotics Prison, the program integrates a participatory-based educational approach with materials covering basic rights, legal protection, and responsibilities as prisoners. Methods used include lectures, group discussions, and case simulations, with evaluation conducted through surveys and interviews. The results of the program showed a significant increase in prisoners' awareness of their rights and obligations, as well as positive changes in behavior and participation in prison activities. Challenges encountered include limited resources and initial resistance from some participants. However, the success of this program shows great potential for improving the quality of rehabilitation in prisons. Recommendations for similar programs include improved educational materials and adaptation for other prisons to expand the positive impact. This program makes an important contribution to the development of more effective and humane coaching practices in prison settings.

This study analyzes the implementation of legal information transparency through the Legal Documentation and Information Network (JDIH) of the Ministry of Law and Human Rights of Central Kalimantan. The main focus of the research is to explore the aspects of document completeness, information accessibility, display quality, depth of information, and compliance with public information transparency standards. Using normative juridical research methods with legislative and conceptual approaches, this study analyzes secondary data related to legal information transparency. The results of the study show that the JDIH of the Ministry of Law and Human Rights of Central Kalimantan has implemented a legal documentation and information system that is oriented towards user convenience, although it still faces several challenges in information management. The system provides various types of legal documents and implements a participatory approach in improving the quality of services. Nevertheless, continuous development is still needed in the aspects of document updating, information organization, and system stability to optimize the transparency of legal information in Central Kalimantan.

This research aims to describe the development of small business networks as an effort to create jobs for the younger generation and low-skilled communities. Referring to the teachings of Pacem in Terris which emphasize social justice, human rights and economic prosperity, small businesses are seen as an effective solution in facing the challenge of unemployment, especially among these vulnerable groups. SME networks have the potential to provide training, employment opportunities and skills development that can increase individual competitiveness in the labor market. This article also explores the application of Pacem in Terris principles, particularly solidarity and cooperation between individuals and groups, in small and medium enterprise development policies and programs to create inclusive and sustainable employment opportunities. It is hoped that this research will provide insight for policy makers and practitioners in formulating more effective strategies to support economic empowerment and poverty alleviation through strengthening the SME sector.

The right to legal aid is a fundamental entitlement of every citizen, aimed at ensuring access to justice, safeguarding human rights, and providing equal opportunities for legal assistance, particularly for those who face economic challenges. In democratic legal systems, legal aid serves as a crucial mechanism to uphold equality before the law and prevent injustices caused by unequal access to legal resources. The state is responsible for guaranteeing that legal aid is available to its citizens, whether through the provision of qualified lawyers or accessible legal aid institutions, to support individuals throughout legal proceedings, both in criminal and civil cases. Legal aid extends beyond the economically disadvantaged, also covering vulnerable groups such as women, children, persons with disabilities, and other marginalized minorities who are often excluded from the judicial process. In this sense, legal aid plays an essential role in ensuring that every citizen’s rights are protected and that legal proceedings are fair and just. Furthermore, in order to ensure that everyone, regardless of social or economic background, receives equitable and unbiased treatment in legal proceedings, the right to legal assistance is essential to bolstering the rule of law.

This Abstract Outlines The Historical Role Of The Christian Church In Governance, Especially In The Western World. From Its Early Development, The Church Wielded Considerable Influence Over Social And Political Affairs, Particularly After Christianity Became The Official Religion Of The Roman Empire In The 4th Century. Beyond Its Religious Duties, The Church Served As A Powerful Social, Moral, And Legal Authority In Medieval Europe. Through Canon Law, It Governed Various Facets Of Societal Life, Including Marriage, Inheritance, And Social Norms, And Validated The Power Of Rulers Through The “Divine Right” Doctrine. However, The Protestant Reformation Of The 16th Century Marked A Major Shift, Promoting A Separation Of Church And State That Influenced The Rise Of Secular Governance Systems. The Protestant Church Championed Religious Freedom And Individual Autonomy, Foundations For Modern Pluralism And Democracy. In The Contemporary Era, While The Church’s Formal Governance Role Has Declined, It Remains A Moral Voice, Particularly On Social Issues, Justice, And Human Rights. This Study Concludes That The Church's Role In Governance Has Evolved From A Political And Legal Authority To A More Inclusive Moral And Social Role In A Progressively Secular Society.