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The performance of Asphalt Concrete – Wearing Course (AC-WC) is greatly influenced by the characteristics of the mixture, one of which is the void value which plays a role in stability, durability, and resistance to damage. Rainwater is the most dominant environmental factor accelerating pavement damage through stripping mechanisms, bond release, and a decrease in the structural strength of the layer. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct a study on changes in void value with soaking duration, the relationship of void value to the design life of the road pavement, and an empirical model of the design life based on void value with variations in soaking in the mixture using a laboratory test approach. Based on the results of laboratory tests, it can be seen that changes in void values ​​due to variations in soaking time using rainwater indicate that the longer the mixture is soaked, the changes in VIM and VMA values ​​tend to decrease, while VFA increases. The relationship between VIM values ​​and the design life of road pavements in AC-WC layers due to soaking variations shows that the design life decreases sharply when the VIM value is <3%. Thus, long-term immersion can reduce the road life by more than 35% of its ideal design life and based on a simple empirical model equation to estimate the design life of the pavement based on the void value and immersion conditions, N0 = 12.5 years is obtained (Ideal mix design life at VIM = 4%).

Rainfall is a crucial factor in the stability of the Earth's ecosystem and has a significant impact on agriculture, forestry, energy, and water management. However, increasingly unstable climate change makes rainfall patterns difficult to predict accurately using traditional methods. The city of Medan, the capital of North Sumatra Province, has a tropical rainforest climate with an average annual rainfall of approximately ±2200 mm and an average temperature of 27°C. Significant weather fluctuations in this area can trigger flooding when rainfall increases and cause water shortages when rainfall decreases (BMKG, 2021). Therefore, a prediction approach that can manage non-linear and dynamic data is needed. Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) are one of the reliable machine learning methods for detecting data patterns. By using the backpropagation algorithm, the model can gradually reduce prediction errors, making it widely used in weather forecasting applications. In this regard, this study uses ANN with the backpropagation method to forecast monthly rainfall in Medan City by utilizing data from 2022–2024 as training and testing data.

This study aims to examine pragmatic aspects, particularly speech acts and implicatures, in the lyrics of the song “Sedia Aku Sebelum Hujan” by Idgitaf. By applying a qualitative descriptive method through pragmatic content analysis techniques, this study examines locutionary, illocutionary, and perlocutionary speech acts based on Austin's theory, as well as conversational implicatures based on Grice's framework. The results show that the song lyrics are dominated by expressive and commissive illocutionary acts that serve to express sacrifice, vulnerability, and unconditional commitment. Locutionary acts play a role in constructing a literal narrative about protection and relationship inequality, while perlocutionary acts are aimed at evoking feelings of security and gratitude in the listener. Furthermore, the study of implicature reveals deeper implied meanings related to self-sacrifice, acceptance of inequality in relationships, and anticipatory commitment, which are often conveyed through the metaphors of “rain” and “war”. This study concludes that the power of lyrics lies not only in explicit romantic expressions, but also in the strategic use of language to perform actions and convey implicit values of devotion, reflecting the complex dynamics of human relationships, even when they are unbalanced. These findings emphasize the importance of pragmatic analysis in fully understanding the communicative and artistic impact of song lyrics.

Rainfall plays a crucial role in determining flood risk, particularly in regions with high precipitation intensity and limited drainage capacity. Langkat Regency in North Sumatra is one of the areas frequently affected by seasonal flooding. This study aims to model the spatial distribution of rainfall and estimate the rainwater volume using the double integral approach as a basis for flood mitigation planning. Monthly rainfall data from various observation stations in 2024 were processed to obtain the average rainfall intensity, which was then converted into meters and multiplied by the total area of Langkat Regency to compute the rainwater volume. The results indicate that the total estimated rainwater volume throughout 2024 reached 16,409,819,800 m³, with peak precipitation occurring from September to November, contributing significantly to the increasing flood risk in low‐lying zones and riverine areas. These findings demonstrate that the use of double integrals is an effective quantitative method for predicting potential flood volume based on rainfall distribution. The outcomes of this study are expected to serve as a scientific reference for local governments in developing data-driven flood mitigation strategies, such as improving drainage capacity, constructing retention basins, and strengthening watershed management.

This study aims to describe the forms and social functions of code-switching and code-mixing in the film Hujan Bulan Juni and to explain how language choice represents identity and social differences among the characters. The film was chosen because it portrays interactions between characters from different cultural backgrounds Javanese and Manadonese which allows for complex patterns of language contact. The study employed a descriptive qualitative method using observation and note-taking techniques on dialogues containing Indonesian, Javanese, and Manadonese linguistic elements. The data were analyzed using the sociolinguistic frameworks of Gumperz (1982) and Wardhaugh (2015) to uncover the social functions and identity meanings reflected in the speakers’ language choices.The findings reveal that code-switching from Indonesian to Manadonese serves to reinforce ethnic solidarity, emotional closeness, and cultural pride, while switching from Indonesian to Javanese reflects politeness, intimacy, and social hierarchy. Meanwhile, code-mixing between Indonesian and Manadonese marks distinctive speech styles and expresses regional identity, whereas code-mixing between Indonesian and Javanese functions to soften utterances and portray the speakers’ courteous demeanor. Overall, language choice in Hujan Bulan Juni is not merely a communicative tool but also a representation of identity and social differentiation within Indonesia’s multilingual society.

Negative Binomial Regression is a statistical modeling approach used to analyze count data with overdispersion, where the variance exceeds the mean. This study applies the method to examine the influence of weather factors on the daily number of cyclists crossing the Williamsburg Bridge in New York City. The independent variables used in the analysis include maximum temperature, minimum temperature, and precipitation. The dataset was obtained from the NYC Department of Transportation through the Kaggle platform and covers the period from April 1 to April 30, 2016. The analysis began with a Poisson Regression model; however, the presence of overdispersion was identified, indicated by a high AIC value of 8598.19, suggesting that the model was not suitable. The alternative Negative Binomial Regression model was then employed and produced a significantly lower AIC value of 518.77, demonstrating a superior fit. The findings indicate that maximum temperature has a positive effect on the number of cyclists, while precipitation shows a significant negative effect. Conversely, minimum temperature does not exhibit a meaningful influence. These results highlight the importance of considering weather conditions when planning bicycle-based transportation systems and support the development of sustainable mobility strategies in urban environments.

Puddles after rainfall remain a common environmental issue in urban areas, including in higher education environments. At Sultan Syarif Kasim State Islamic University (UIN Suska) Riau, post-rain flooding often disrupts academic activities and reduces comfort among campus residents. This study aims to identify the locations of post-rain flooding, analyze the contributing factors, and explore the perspectives and proposed solutions of the campus community through a participatory mapping approach. The study employed a qualitative descriptive method supported by Geographic Information System (GIS) spatial analysis. Data were collected through field observations, interviews with students, lecturers, and staff, and GPS-based flood point mapping. Results show that puddles frequently occur in main parking areas, inter-faculty roads, and flat areas around the Student Activity Center. The main causes include inadequate drainage systems, clogged channels due to waste, limited infiltration zones, and impervious surfaces. The campus community suggested solutions such as improving drainage, constructing infiltration wells, and adopting the green campus concept. Participatory mapping proved effective not only for identifying environmental problems but also for raising ecological awareness and shared responsibility among the academic community.

This study was conducted to analyze the effect of rainwater on the survival of koi fry. The background of this study is based on the increasing demand for koi fish which encourages breeders to improve the quality and quantity of fry production. However, the success of seeding is influenced by several factors, especially air quality such as temperature and pH. Rainwater is known to have less stable quality, especially due to its low pH value, so it is necessary to study its impact on koi fry. This study was conducted on November 25–28, 2024 in the Bossbaster experimental pond, Legok Nyenang Village, Kadudampit District, Sukabumi Regency. The media used were 15 plastic gallons, each containing 5 liters of air and 40 newly hatched koi fry. The experimental design used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 5 treatment levels and 3 replications. Treatments included A (100% rainwater), B (75% rainwater + 25% well water), C (50% rainwater + 50% well water), D (25% rainwater + 75% well water), and E (100% well water). The results of the ANOVA test showed that there was no significant difference (P>0.05) in the survival value of koi fish fry in the five treatments. Thus, it can be concluded that the use of rainwater does not have a significant effect on the survival of koi fish fry. In addition, the results of water quality observations showed that all parameters were still within the standard quality range, except for the temperature which was slightly below the standard.

Rainwater is often considered to have a negative impact on the survival of fish fry, mainly due to its slightly acidic pH. However, this study aims to investigate the effect of rainwater on the survival rate of comet fish fry (Carassius auratus). The research was conducted at the Bossbaster experimental pond, Legok Nyenang Village, Kadudampit District, Sukabumi Regency, over a period of three days. The fish fry used were one day old after hatching, with a size of approximately 5 mm. The study utilized 15 containers with a water volume of 10 liters per gallon and 15 aeration devices to maintain water circulation. Five treatments were tested: A (100% rainwater), B (75% rainwater), C (50% rainwater), D (25% rainwater), and E (0% rainwater). The research design followed a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications for each treatment. The data were analyzed using the Median Test and Regression Test to maximize the obtained results. The results showed that rainwater did not significantly affect the survival rate of comet fish fry. The survival rate of the fry in all treatments ranged from 98.33% to 99.17%. This indicates that although rainwater has a lower pH, it does not significantly affect the survival of comet fish fry. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that the rainwater taken from the research site did not negatively impact the survival rate of comet fish fry. The quality of the rainwater used in this study is safe and can be used as a medium for raising fish fry without causing a decrease in their survival rate. This study provides valuable information on the use of rainwater in fish farming, especially for comet fish fry.

Information technology is a technology used to manage data, including processing, acquiring, organizing, storing, and manipulating data in various ways to produce high-quality information—namely, information that is relevant, accurate, and timely. This information is used for personal, business, and governmental purposes, serving as strategic information in decision-making. To anticipate changes in weather conditions, particularly rainfall, a valid and accurate report is needed that can be useful for the public. So far, the correlation or relationship between the factors influencing weather conditions—especially rainfall—has not been precisely determined, making it mathematically difficult to create a model that can describe the correlation among all these factors. This is where Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) come into play: to create such models and map out the existing problems purely based on the input data provided. One of the capabilities of neural networks is to make predictions based on previously learned data using the backpropagation method.

Currently, the world is facing Global Warning Phenomena, El Nino and La Nina, each of these natural phenomena makes above-average rainfall at a time and place and an area, especially impacting large cities that are passed through by water due to high rainfall. With inadequate city channels to accommodate rainwater flow, it results in, among other things, high floods, landslides due to the soil no longer being able to accommodate high rainfall, high Rob floods due to seawater overflowing into coastal areas of the city. Based on the disaster data due to high rainfall, Research, Handling and Mitigation Planning is needed with the aim of obtaining data for drainage design. The study is the observation of rainfall for 2 years, 5 years, 10 years, and 20 years, so that by calculating the intensity of rain using the Gumbel and Pearson III Log distribution methods, accurate data is obtained to determine the drainage dimensions that must be made in a city and the dimensions of retaining walls along the coast to overcome storm disasters in coastal areas or big cities.

This research is intended to analyze the physical and mental elements in four poems by Heri Isnaini, namely "BERSAMA HUJAN", "I BRING THE WIND", ME AND SENJA" The analysis is carried out with a structural approach to reveal how poets build meaning through language and feeling. The physical elements studied include diction, imagery, concrete words, majas, and rhyme, while the inner elements include themes, tone, atmosphere, and mandates. The results of the study show that Heri Isnaini uses simple but poetic diction, strengthening the visual and emotional impression of the reader. Natural imagery and feelings are strongly displayed, with language styles such as metaphors and personifications. The themes that emerge reflect contemplation, tranquility, and closeness to nature. The tone of the poem is calm and melancholy, creating a contemplative atmosphere. The mandate in the poem invites the reader to reflect on life, accept change and understand sincerity. The combination of physical and mental elements results in a simple but deeply meaningful poem.  

Flooding is one of the natural disasters that can occur in various parts of the world and may arise suddenly. However, flood events can be predicted or anticipated through relevant scientific approaches. One such method is by estimating the flood discharge in a given area. Rainfall data is one of the essential inputs required to determine flood discharge. In practice, however, ground-based rainfall measurements often have limitations. To overcome these shortcomings, satellite-based rainfall data can be utilized. There are notable differences between directly measured rainfall data and satellite-derived rainfall data; therefore, satellite data must be calibrated or validated prior to conducting further analysis. One of the most widely used satellite rainfall datasets is the GPM (Global Precipitation Measurement) satellite data, which has a spatial resolution of 0.1° x 0.1°. This study employs a combination of two statistical methods—validation and calibration—to evaluate rainfall data. Prior to evaluation, the RMSE and NSE values did not meet acceptable standards, and the correlation value was low. However, after the evaluation using both methods, improvements were observed: RMSE and NSE values became acceptable, and the correlation increased. These results indicate that the applied methods are effective for evaluating rainfall data. For future research, monthly or annual rainfall data can be utilized to further explore the relationship between different temporal scales of rainfall observations.

Indonesia's biodiversity holds great potential for drug development, including through the use of traditional medicinal plants such as tapak liman (Elephantopus scaber L.), suruhan (Peperomia pellucida L. Kunth), and temu ireng (Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb.). These plants have been used in traditional medicine and are known to contain bioactive compounds with potential anticancer properties. Tapak liman contains compounds capable of inducing apoptosis in cancer cells. Suruhan is known to have cytotoxic and immunomodulatory effects, while temu ireng contains compounds with antioxidant and anticancer activity. This study aims to identify and quantify the bioactive compounds in these three plants using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and to explore their therapeutic potential in cancer treatment. The results of GC-MS analysis successfully identified six main compounds that have potential as anticancer agents, namely Phytol, Caryophyllene, Apiol, Germacrone, Germacrene B, and one additional compound. Temu ireng contains Germacrone, Germacrene B, and Caryophyllene, while suruhan contains Caryophyllene, Apiol, and Phytol. Meanwhile, tapak liman shows the presence of bioactive compounds that support cytotoxic activity. The focus of this study is on the interaction of bioactive compounds with the Bcl-2 protein, which plays a role in inhibiting apoptosis in cancer cells. Additionally, molecular analysis revealed that Germacrone, Germacrene B, Caryophyllene, and Apiol can also bind to the p53 protein, known as a guardian of the genome and a trigger for apoptosis. These findings suggest that the three plants have high potential as natural sources of anticancer agents. Further in vitro and in vivo studies are recommended to test the biological efficacy of these compounds in the context of cancer therapy, thereby bridging traditional knowledge with modern scientific approaches in the development of natural-based medications.

Banjir merupakan bencana hidrometeorologi yang paling sering terjadi di Indonesia, dengan frekuensi kejadian yang terus meningkat setiap tahun. Dalam perencanaan infrastruktur, khususnya bangunan air, analisis banjir penting untuk menjamin keamanan struktur. HEC-RAS 2D banyak digunakan dalam pemodelan banjir karena efisien dan mampu memodelkan sebaran genangan secara akurat. Salah satu tantangan utama adalah keterbatasan data berkualitas, seperti Digital Elevation Model (DEM). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan pemodelan banjir menggunakan HEC-RAS 2D pada perencanaan jembatan di Sungai Mempawah sebagai bagian dari desain awal jalan hauling pengangkutan bauksit di Kabupaten Mempawah, Kalimantan Barat, serta mengevaluasi kombinasi DEMNAS dan data terestris untuk mengatasi keterbatasan data. Analisis hidrologi menggunakan metode hujan-limpasan dan hidrograf debit menggunakan metode Hidrograf Satuan Sintetis Snyder. Simulasi dilakukan menggunakan konfigurasi mesh 5×5 m, interval komputasi 10 detik, koefisien Manning 0.06 dan periode ulang 100 tahun. Luas DAS sebesar 1324,09 km², curah hujan rencana 234.5 mm, dan debit puncak 2733.48 m³/s. Muka air banjir mencapai +39 meter, kedalaman 15 m, dan kecepatan 4.48 m/s. Freeboard antara muka air dan jembatan hanya 0.3 meter, di bawah standar minimum 0.5 meter, sehingga perlu penyesuaian desain. Kombinasi DEMNAS dan data terestris terbukti efektif dalam pemodelan banjir.

Penelitian ini mengevaluasi dan membandingkan strategi pengendalian banjir di kawasan Sungai Cikeruh, Sapan, Kabupaten Bandung, yang rawan banjir akibat luapan sungai dan perubahan tata guna lahan. Analisis hidrologi menggunakan data curah hujan maksimum tahunan (2001–2023) menunjukkan bahwa distribusi Gumbel paling sesuai untuk menentukan hujan rencana. Debit puncak banjir periode ulang 20 tahun diperoleh sebesar 150 m³/s menggunakan metode Hidrograf Satuan Sintetis (SCS) yang telah dikalibrasi. Simulasi hidraulika dengan HEC-RAS 2D membandingkan kondisi existing dengan dua alternatif: pembangunan tanggul dan normalisasi sungai. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa pembangunan tanggul efektif menghilangkan genangan, sementara normalisasi sungai meningkatkan kapasitas aliran dari 75 m³/s menjadi 136,67 m³/s, meskipun terdapat kebocoran pada drainase kecil. Evaluasi alternatif menggunakan metode Weighted Average berdasarkan tujuh kriteria, termasuk efektivitas, biaya, dan dampak sosial. Hasilnya, pembangunan tanggul dipilih sebagai solusi paling efektif dan efisien. Penelitian ini memberikan rekomendasi teknis dalam perencanaan pengendalian banjir Sapan, dengan penekanan pada pentingnya pemeliharaan sistem secara berkelanjutan.

Hidrograf banjir umumnya digunakan dalam ilmu hidrologi untuk menganalisis dan menentukan besarnya debit banjir rencana. Salah satu masukan penting dalam analisis ini adalah model distribusi hujan jam-jaman, yang mengubah hujan rancangan menjadi hujan jam-jaman. Meskipun data hujan per jam hasil pengukuran dapat digunakan untuk mengembangkan model ini, metode empiris alternatif seperti Mononobe dan Alternating Block Method (ABM) dapat digunakan ketika data pengamatan tidak tersedia. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kuantitatif dengan pendekatan komparatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa hidrograf banjir yang dihasilkan dengan menggunakan model distribusi curah hujan Mononobe menunjukkan korelasi dan akurasi yang lebih baik dibandingkan dengan yang dihasilkan menggunakan model ABM, terutama jika dibandingkan dengan hidrograf berdasarkan model distribusi hujan terukur. Temuan ini didukung oleh koefisien korelasi (r) sebesar 0,9990 dan nilai koefisien normalized root mean square error (NRMSE) sebesar 0,1606. Oleh karena itu, untuk studi kasus yang dilakukan di DAS Progo, model distribusi empiris Mononobe merupakan alternatif yang sesuai ketika data curah hujan per jam tidak tersedia.

Coal mining in indonesia mostlyuses open pit mining methods. Including coal mines owned by PT Bima Nusa Internasional. Administratively, the research area is located in the muara komam area, batu sopang sub-district, paser district, east kalimantan. Open pit mining is a direct method that is exposed to free air above the surface. This study aims to determine the effect of rainfall on the production of coal hauling equipment at PT Bima Nusa Internasional. High rainfall can affect the performance of coal hauling equipment, which in turn has the potential to disrupt operational smoothness and reduce productivity. This study uses a quantitativeapporach by analyzing daily  rainfall data for two months and coal hauling equipmentproduction data for a two months period. The results of the study show that there is a significant negative relationship between rainfall and the amount of coal transport equipment production.

This study aims to analyze the figurative language in the novel Hujan by Tere Liye using a stylistic approach and to evaluate its relevance as teaching material for Indonesian language education. The main focus is on comparative figurative language such as personification, metaphor, simile, and hyperbole found in the novel. The research method applied is qualitative descriptive, with data collection through reading, noting, and classifying stylistic elements. The results show that these figurative languages play an important role in enriching the aesthetic value of the work, developing character portrayal, creating atmosphere, and effectively delivering moral messages. Moreover, the use of these stylistic features can help students improve their literary appreciation and language skills more deeply. Therefore, the novel Hujan is suitable as instructional material to enhance students’ interest and understanding of literary works

Poetry is a form of literary expression that contains physical and mental elements that are interrelated in building deeper and more complex meanings. The problem studied in this study is the identification and analysis of the physical and mental elements contained in the poems of Heri Isnaini, which are known for their imaginative power and emotional depth. This research aims to examine how these elements contribute to the formation of the meaning and aesthetics of poetry, as well as how these poems are able to provide an aesthetic experience to the reader through the choice of words and distinctive language styles. The method used in this study is a literature study, with an approach to literary text analysis to understand the elements that form poetry, both in terms of language and the message conveyed. The results of the study show that the physical elements in these poems include the use of diction rich in imagery, metaphorical and personified majas, and rhyme patterns that strengthen emotional and aesthetic nuances in each stanza. Meanwhile, the inner element depicts universal themes, such as longing, loneliness, love, and reflection of life, which are meaningfully expressed through the use of symbols and implied meanings in each line of the poem.