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This study examines the effectiveness of urban city parks as a form of Urban Green Open Space (UGOS) in Jayapura City, focusing on Imbi Park (2,347.20 m²) and Mesran Park (2,122.88 m²). A mixed-methods approach combined direct observation of six park characteristics with a questionnaire-based rating-scale assessment of nineteen functional variables covering socio-cultural, aesthetic, and economic functions. Data were collected from 100 visitors and 31 street vendors, and analyzed using descriptive statistics and scoring analysis in accordance with Minister of Public Works Regulation No. 05/PRT/M/2008. Both parks share three dominant functions socio-cultural, aesthetic, and economic while the ecological function is present but not dominant. For Imbi Park, the socio-cultural function was moderately effective (1.8–2.0), aesthetic moderately effective to effective (2.4–2.6), and economic moderately effective (1.8–1.9). For Mesran Park, socio-cultural and aesthetic functions were moderately effective (1.8–2.2), while the economic function was ineffective (1.6). The main weaknesses across both parks are the unavailability of security posts and limited diversity of park-produce-based economic activities. The study recommends developing supporting facilities and a park-profile web portal to improve effectiveness and information accessibility.

The objectives of the study are: 1) To analyze the level of vulnerability of agricultural land to flash floods in Nagari Pauh Kamang Mudiak, 2) To analyze the condition of agricultural land in Nagari Pauh Kamang Mudiak before and after the flash flood. The results of this study: 1) Analysis of the level of vulnerability of agricultural land to flash floods in Nagari Pauh Kamang Mudiak, namely in the safe class covering an area of 8.34 hectares, the non-vulnerable class covering an area of 12.01 hectares, the vulnerable class covering an area of 51.91 hectares and the very vulnerable class covering an area of 18.13 hectares. This shows that most of the research areas have a high level of vulnerability to flash floods. Furthermore, the analysis of flash flood risks with 4 risk classifications is an area with a low risk of 16.94 hectares, a moderate area of 30.60 hectares, a high area of 37.78 hectares, and a very high area of 5.07 hectares. Based on the results of this analysis, the agricultural land most affected by the flash flood in Nagari Pauh Kamang Mudiak is rice fields covering an area of 72.2 hectares, 2) Analysis of the condition of agricultural land vegetation in Nagari Pauh Kamang Mudiak before and after the flash flood, namely with 5 classes, namely the very low greenness class covering an area of 12.69 hectares, low covering an area of 29.69 hectares, medium covering an area of 13.22 hectares, and high covering an area of 34.84 hectares. The results of the accuracy test using overall accuracy reached a suitability of 89.58% and the kappa coefficient reached a suitability of 84.32%, meaning good accuracysuitability between the classification results and actual conditions in the field.

The accelerating expansion of Indonesian hub ports under the Pelindo consolidation program and the national Sea Toll Road initiative has intensified the tension between port economic growth imperatives and environmental stewardship obligations, demanding an integrated sustainability governance framework capable of balancing these competing yet ultimately interdependent objectives. This study constructs and validates a sustainability performance scorecard integrating economic, ecological, and social dimensions for Indonesian hub ports, examining how current port development strategies align with Sustainable Development Goals and green economy targets. Employing a qualitative research design with thematic analysis, the study engaged port sustainability managers, environmental regulators, maritime economists, and community representatives from Indonesia's five major hub port corridors as primary respondents. Findings reveal an overall sustainability governance composite score of 4.02 out of 5.00, with green infrastructure investment and community social impact management identified as the most critically underdeveloped sustainability dimensions. The research demonstrates that Indonesian hub port sustainability is substantially constrained by fragmented governance frameworks, insufficient environmental monitoring capacity, and inadequate community stakeholder engagement mechanisms. The study contributes a replicable sustainability governance model for port authorities across the Indonesian archipelago, with direct implications for maritime policy education at STIP Jakarta.

The global maritime industry faces an unprecedented imperative to decarbonize in alignment with the International Maritime Organization's 2050 net-zero targets, yet developing maritime nations such as Indonesia confront distinctive structural and institutional barriers in transitioning their domestic vessel fleets toward green shipping corridors. This study investigates the viability and strategic design of decarbonization pathways for Indonesian domestic vessel operations, with particular emphasis on alternative fuels, energy efficiency technologies, and policy alignment mechanisms. Using a qualitative research design with thematic analysis, the study engaged maritime engineers, port environmental officers, shipping company executives, and maritime policy academics as primary respondents. Results demonstrate a high overall readiness and receptivity score of 4.28 out of 5.00 toward decarbonization strategies, with alternative fuel adoption and shore power infrastructure emerging as the most critically endorsed intervention areas. The research contributes an indigenously developed decarbonization roadmap tailored to the operational realities of Indonesian domestic shipping, addressing a significant gap in maritime sustainability literature dominated by developed-nation contexts.

UMKM Kerupuk Subur is one of the SMEs quite well-known for its cracker products and is located at Jl. Gedongkuning Gg. Nuri No.66, RT.2/RW.33, Wonocatur, Banguntapan, Bantul Regency, Special Region of Yogyakarta. Product packaging is one of the important factors in maintaining the quality of the crackers to keep them crispy and not easily soggy. Currently, UMKM Kerupuk Subur still uses ordinary plastic packaging that is only tied with a string, so its protection against physical damage and product quality deterioration is still limited. Besides functioning as a protector, product packaging also serves as a consumer attraction that can influence purchasing decisions. In 2024, UMKM Kerupuk Subur experienced a production and sales decline of 4.58 percent, which is suspected to be influenced by packaging factors. This study aims to develop Kerupuk Subur packaging based on customer criteria and needs. The Green Quality Function Deployment approach is used to obtain comprehensive information in designing packaging according to consumer needs and preferences. The results of identifying consumer needs show priorities such as packaging that is easy to open, resealable, transparent, environmentally friendly, durable, and tear-resistant. Based on these needs, packaging development alternatives were designed, including an easy-open system, durable and tear-resistant packaging, and resealable packaging to maintain product quality and crispness. Then, testing was conducted with 50 respondents to assess consumer satisfaction. The level of consumer satisfaction falls into the satisfied category, with an average score of 4.18, where 80% of respondents stated they were satisfied or very satisfied with the designed packaging prototype.

This research assesses stakeholder perspectives on green port development and environmental compliance challenges presented by the International Maritime Organization's 2023 Greenhouse Gas Strategy within Indonesian maritime contexts. Employing qualitative-dominant mixed methods, the study gathered insights through Focus Group Discussions, interviews, and surveys with thirty-four participants comprising maritime students, lecturers, and veteran practitioners at Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Pelayaran Jakarta. Thematic analysis revealed strong consensus on green port development importance (mean priority score: 4.37/5.0), with environmental training programs identified as highest priority (4.57/5.0). However, significant regulatory knowledge gaps emerged, particularly among students (awareness score: 2.7/5.0) and practitioners (3.3/5.0). Financial constraints dominated implementation challenges (32%), followed by technical infrastructure gaps (26%) and regulatory compliance capacity limitations (18%). Findings emphasize that successful environmental compliance requires systematic capacity development, innovative financing mechanisms, and phased implementation strategies addressing resource constraints characteristic of emerging economy contexts. The research highlights maritime education institutions' critical role in developing environmental competencies, regulatory literacy, and sustainable operational practices preparing Indonesian ports for green transformation aligned with international regulatory expectations.

This study aims to examine the impact of green economy initiatives on Indonesia’s GDP growth, with a particular focus on public perceptions of sustainable economic practices. The research employs a descriptive quantitative approach, collecting primary data through an online survey administered to twenty respondents. The survey measured perceptions related to sustainable innovation, environmentally friendly resource management, and energy efficiency as key components of green economy implementation. The findings indicate that respondents hold a generally positive view of green economy practices, as reflected in a high average score of 4.24, suggesting strong agreement regarding their implementation and potential benefits. In addition, perceptions of economic development linked to green initiatives were also rated highly. These results imply that the public perceives a meaningful relationship between the adoption of green economy principles and long-term economic prosperity in Indonesia. Further analysis suggests that green practices can contribute to increased income levels, improved social welfare, and enhanced productivity, while simultaneously supporting environmental sustainability. From a practical perspective, the study highlights the importance of greater community participation, stronger policy commitment from the government, and increased green innovation by corporate entities. Theoretically, the results support existing economic and sustainability theories that emphasize the role of green economy strategies in fostering resilient, inclusive, and equitable economic growth. Overall, this study reinforces the relevance of green economy initiatives as a viable pathway toward sustainable national development.

Global environmental challenges require active engagement from all sectors, including education. For Muslim youth, awareness of environmental sustainability aligns with Islamic ethical principles such as stewardship (khalifah), justice (ʿadl), and social welfare (maslahah). This study examines the influence of green economy education within Islamic higher education on students’ eco-literacy, ethical awareness, and sustainable economic behavior. A quantitative approach was employed using a structured questionnaire distributed to students from both Islamic economics and non-economics programs. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, independent t-tests, and one-way ANOVA to identify differences in environmental knowledge, attitudes, and behavior. Findings show that students with an Islamic economics background consistently achieve higher scores in knowledge, attitudes, and behavioral engagement related to sustainability compared to non-Islamic economics students. Integrating Islamic ethical values into the curriculum provides a holistic framework for internalizing sustainability principles, encouraging students to translate ethical knowledge into practical action. Pedagogical strategies such as project-based learning, reflective exercises, and experiential programs further enhance engagement and eco-conscious behavior. The study highlights the critical role of Islamic education in fostering a generation of ethically aware and environmentally responsible students. By embedding moral and ecological principles in academic programs, educational institutions can strengthen students’ capacity for sustainable decision-making and support broader goals of responsible economic and environmental stewardship.

Klasifikasi kualitas biji kopi merupakan langkah penting dalam menjaga mutu dan konsistensi produk kopi, terutama di sektor industri dan agribisnis. Penilaian kualitas secara manual seringkali bersifat subjektif, sehingga dibutuhkan pendekatan berbasis teknologi untuk memberikan hasil yang lebih objektif. Penelitian ini mengusulkan penggunaan arsitektur Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) ResNet50 untuk mengklasifikasikan citra biji kopi berdasarkan tingkat sangraian, yaitu Dark, Medium, Light, dan Green. Dataset yang digunakan terdiri dari 1.600 citra biji kopi, dibagi menjadi data pelatihan (1.200 gambar) dan validasi (400 gambar). Model dikembangkan dengan memanfaatkan bobot pralatih ResNet50 dari ImageNet dengan seluruh layer dasar dibekukan, dan ditambahkan lapisan GlobalAveragePooling2D, Dense, BatchNormalization, Dropout, serta output layer softmax. Pelatihan dilakukan tanpa preprocessing atau augmentasi data. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa model mampu mencapai akurasi sebesar 99%, dengan precision, recall, dan f1-score yang tinggi dan seimbang pada seluruh kelas. Model kemudian diimplementasikan dalam aplikasi berbasis web menggunakan Streamlit yang memungkinkan pengguna mengunggah citra biji kopi dan memperoleh hasil klasifikasi secara otomatis. Temuan ini menunjukkan bahwa pendekatan ResNet50 efektif untuk mendukung proses penilaian kualitas biji kopi secara cerdas, serta dapat dikembangkan lebih lanjut untuk penerapan di industri.  

This study aims to analyze the role conflict experienced by PGSD (Elementary School Teacher Education) students at the University of Riau between academic and organizational activities, as well as to examine its impact on students’ self-development. This research employed a descriptive quantitative approach involving 30 active students engaged in both academic and student organization activities. Data were collected through a Likert-scale questionnaire based on three dimensions of role conflict proposed by Greenhaus and Beutell (1985): time-based, strain-based, and behavior-based conflicts. The results show that the level of role conflict among PGSD students is categorized as moderate, with an average score of 64.61. This indicates that most students are able to balance academic and organizational roles, although they face challenges in time management and role pressure. Furthermore, role conflict contributes positively to self-development, as students enhance their time management, responsibility, leadership, and communication skills. Therefore, role conflict can serve as a learning medium if managed adaptively. This study recommends that universities provide training in time management and organizational guidance to help students achieve a balanced integration between academic and extracurricular commitments.

This community service program was designed to empower the women’s group PKK RT 01 RW 08 in Tembalang, Semarang, through education and innovation in processing used cooking oil into eco-friendly floor cleaner. Household cooking oil waste, commonly known as “jelantah,” is often discarded and contributes to environmental pollution, while in fact it can be reused as a valuable resource. The program aimed not only to provide technical skills but also to increase environmental awareness and promote sustainable household practices. The implementation took place over three months (June–August 2025) using a participatory approach that included socialization, training, mentoring, and evaluation. During the activities, participants were introduced to the principles of green chemistry, practiced step-by-step floor cleaner production, and learned packaging and digital marketing techniques. As a result, the group successfully produced 65 bottles of “Lely Eco Floor” cleaner (260% of the initial target), distributed them for household use, and established an environmental movement group named “Lely Bersih Lestari.” Pre- and post-test scores indicated significant improvement in participants’ knowledge and skills. The program brought multiple impacts: reducing oil waste pollution, enhancing social cohesion, and opening opportunities for micro-scale entrepreneurship. Overall, this activity demonstrates how simple technology and community engagement can support sustainable development and women’s empowerment at the grassroots level.

Indonesia, as an archipelagic nation, faces considerable challenges in meeting its food requirements in accordance with Law No. 18 of 2012 on Food Security. The country’s heavy reliance on wheat imports, ranking as the largest wheat importer globally, highlights the urgency of diversifying local food sources. This study aims to explore the utilization of jali flour (Coix lacryma-jobi L.), mocaf flour (Modified Cassava Flour), and soybean flour as raw materials for producing fettucini pasta, with the addition of green spinach extract for natural coloring and nutritional enhancement. A quantitative experimental method was employed, testing three formulations of jali and mocaf flour combined with soybean flour. Sensory evaluations were conducted with 35 panelists—comprising trained, semi-trained, and untrained participants—to assess color, aroma, taste, texture, and overall acceptability. The findings revealed that flour composition significantly influenced pasta’s sensory attributes. The F2 formulation (50% jali flour, 50% mocaf flour, 20% soybean flour) achieved the highest acceptance, with average scores across all parameters rated as “liked” to “highly liked.” The incorporation of spinach extract not only imparted an appealing natural green hue but also enhanced the product’s nutritional profile, particularly in iron and dietary fiber content. These results underscore the potential of combining jali and mocaf flours as a nutritious, gluten-free pasta alternative that supports local food diversification and reduces reliance on imported wheat.

The community service program carried out at Stella Matutina Salatiga Junior High School aims to strengthen environmental awareness while supporting the implementation of sustainable education through the manufacture of biopesticides made from eco enzymes. This activity is based on students' low understanding of the impact of the use of synthetic chemical pesticides on health and the environment. Therefore, the program is designed for students to gain hands-on experience in processing organic waste into eco enzymes and using it as the main ingredient of environmentally friendly biopesticides. The implementation method includes socialization on the importance of protecting the environment, introduction to natural biopesticides, training in making biopesticides with simple techniques, and intensive assistance to teachers and students. The evaluation process was carried out through an interactive quiz using the Kahoot application to measure participants' understanding. In addition, the follow-up of the program includes the preparation of materials, creative workshops, the development of interactive modules, teacher training, classroom implementation, and exhibitions of student works. The results of the program showed that the training was effective, as evidenced by the application of biopesticides in school parks and the increase in student knowledge, namely from a pre-test score of 53% to 59% in the post-test. These findings confirm that the application of eco enzymes is not only beneficial in reducing the use of chemical pesticides, but also able to foster students' environmental awareness and practical skills. In the future, this program has the potential to be replicated in other schools as a project-based learning model that is applicable and sustainable.

Local food such as chayote (Sechium edule) has great potential as a healthy and environmentally friendly product that can support food security and improve the economic value of local communities. The innovation of processing chayote, particularly into jam, not only helps reduce agricultural waste but also opens up promising new market opportunities. This study applied an experimental design to produce chayote jam with variations in the use of granulated sugar, glucose, and the addition of mint leaves to enhance flavor. The production stages included grating fresh chayote, cooking until the water content was reduced, adding sugar and pectin to achieve a thick and stable texture, and finally packaging the product in sterilized glass jars. An organoleptic test was conducted with 32 panelists to evaluate the color, aroma, taste, texture, and overall acceptability of the product. The results indicated that jam dominated by granulated sugar (Sample A) gained the highest level of preference, with an overall acceptance of 81%. In contrast, jam made with full glucose substitution (Sample C) received the lowest score of 66%. Generally, chayote jam had a natural green color, distinctive aroma, and thick texture that were well accepted by consumers. The main factors determining jam quality were cooking techniques, the balance of thickening agents, and the proper combination of ingredients. Therefore, chayote jam has the potential to become an innovative, healthy, and value-added local food product. Support in the form of training, technology application, and promotional strategies is essential to strengthen its competitiveness, improve farmers’ welfare, and enhance food diversification based on Indonesia’s local resources.

The rapid population growth and urbanization in Jakarta have led to various urban challenges, one of the most significant being traffic congestion, which incurs substantial economic losses. One proposed solution is the development of Transit Oriented Development (TOD) areas, particularly through the expansion of mass transit infrastructure such as the Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) system. This study examines the potential for TOD development in the planned East–West MRT Corridor, with a case study focused on the Grogol MRT Station. This area is considered strategically significant due to its integration with multiple transportation modes, including TransJakarta, microtrans services, and a Type B bus terminal. This research employs a quantitative approach, utilizing both primary and secondary data. The assessment is conducted using a TOD Index method based on three core principles: density, diversity, and design. The analysis reveals that the Grogol MRT Station area has a population density of 19,953 people/km² and a building density of 2,741 units/km², both of which meet the criteria for an urban-scale TOD. The land use entropy index is 0.63, indicating a moderate level of land-use diversity. However, the availability of pedestrian paths (33.96%), bicycle lanes (1.67%), parking facilities (1.84%), and open green space (1.79%) remains significantly below the ideal TOD standards. Overall, the TOD Index score for this area is 0.417, placing it among the bottom five MRT stations in Jakarta. Despite this, the area fulfills the density requirements for urban TOD classification. Nevertheless, challenges remain, including insufficient pedestrian and bicycle infrastructure, limited green spaces, and low land-use diversity. Planning interventions are thus necessary, focusing on the provision of integrated pedestrian and cycling infrastructure, functional public spaces, and mixed-use zoning to promote sustainable urban mobility.

The increasing number of elderly people in Yogyakarta City demands the provision of an inclusive environment that supports the welfare of the elderly. This study aims to assess the suitability of Yogyakarta City for the concept of an elderly-friendly city based on seven main variables: green open space, public transportation, pedestrian facilities, health services, social support, elderly-friendly intergenerational interactions, and advocacy for the basic rights of the elderly. The research used a quantitative approach with observation and questionnaire methods to elderly people in all sub-districts in Yogyakarta City. The data were analyzed using a Guttman scale to determine the level of suitability of each variable. The results showed that overall Yogyakarta City is classified as “suitable” for the concept of an elderly-friendly city, with a total score of 5.32 out of a maximum scale of 6.80. Four variables meet the suitability criteria, namely public transportation, health services, social support, and intergenerational interaction. Meanwhile, the other three variables are still not fully suitable and require improvement. This study recommends improvements in these three aspects so that the implementation of the concept of an elderly-friendly city in Yogyakarta City can be more optimal and sustainable.

This study aims to assess the feasibility of facilities and infrastructure at the Dok IX Flats (Rumah Susun) located in Tanjung Ria Sub-district, North Jayapura District, Jayapura City, based on the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) 03-1733-2004, as well as residents’ perceptions. The research uses a mixed methods approach, combining quantitative and qualitative methods. Data were collected through field observations and questionnaires distributed to 43 respondents using the Likert scale. The results show that, in general, the housing complex is considered feasible, with an average score of 70 or 76.1%. Facilities such as education, health, worship, green open space, road access, and drainage are considered adequate. However, inconsistencies were found in the disaster mitigation system. Although categorized as "Feasible," field observations revealed damaged evacuation routes and the absence of essential firefighting equipment (APAR). In conclusion, the Dok IX Flats are generally suitable for habitation, but urgent improvements are needed, particularly in the disaster mitigation aspect, to ensure the safety and comfort of the residents.

In Indonesia, dry noodles are one of the most widely consumed foods because they are easy to cook. The use of banana flour as a substitute for making noodles is an effort to diversify food in reducing imports of wheat flour. This study dried noodles were made from katuk leaf extract and from the substitution of banana kepok flour with wheat flour. The chemical and organoleptic properties of noodles added with banana kepok flour and katuk leaf extract as natural dyes are the focus of this study. A two-factor factorial Complete Randomized Design (RAL) was used in this study, specifically the ratio of wheat flour to cocoon banana flour (5:95, 10:90, 15:85 g) and the concentration of katuk leaf extract (10/100, 20/100, 30/100 ml). The results showed that katuk leaf dried noodles the ratio of cocoon banana flour and wheat flour 5:95 with katuk leaf extract 30g/100ml contain an ash content of 3.43%; protein content of 14.72%; crude fiber of 11.11%; antioxidant activity of 17.32%; reduced sugar content of 0.24%. The organoleptic test results of dry noodles of katuk leaves compared to banana kepok flour and wheat flour 5:95 with katuk leaf extract 30g/100ml resulted in a stable green color with a score of 2.95 (quite like), aroma 2.52 (strong enough), taste 2.10 (quite like), and overall liking 2.99 (quite like). The highest antioxidant activity parameter was obtained with a ratio of banana kepok flour and wheat flour 15:85 with katuk leaf extract 30g/100ml with a yield of 23.07%. The noodles that the panelists liked the most were the ratio of banana kepok flour and wheat flour 5:95 with katuk leaf extract 30g / 100ml with a result of 2.99 (quite like). Dried noodles made from katuk leaves and banana kepok have high enough antioxidant activity so that they can become nutritious foods that also have beneficial values for body health.

Introduction: The integration of Digital Twin (DT) technology and the Internet of Things (IoT) into Building Energy Management Systems (BEMS) offers a transformative approach to optimizing energy consumption in buildings. This study explores the development of a Digital Twin based BEMS prototype, which leverages real time data collection, predictive analytics, and machine learning to enhance energy efficiency, reduce costs, and support sustainability goals in modern buildings. The research also addresses key gaps in current energy management systems, including real time adaptive control and integration with smart grid platforms. Literature Review: Previous research highlights the limitations of traditional BEMS, which often rely on static control strategies and lack real time adaptability. Recent advancements, including predictive maintenance and machine learning integration, have improved energy optimization. However, challenges such as data interoperability, scalability, and cybersecurity remain. This review consolidates current approaches and identifies opportunities for enhancing BEMS through the integration of DT technology, IoT, and machine learning. Materials and Method: The methodology employed involves the design of a Digital Twin based BEMS prototype, incorporating IoT sensors for real time data collection on variables such as HVAC load, occupancy, and environmental factors. The system uses time series forecasting and adaptive control strategies to optimize energy consumption. A case study building is used for validation, with performance metrics such as energy savings, CO₂ footprint reduction, and peak load reduction assessed to evaluate the system's effectiveness. Results and Discussion: The results demonstrate a significant reduction in energy consumption (up to 50%) compared to traditional BEMS, along with improved forecasting accuracy and sustainability performance. The prototype achieved a high R² score in predicting energy usage, validated through real world application in the case study building. The economic feasibility analysis showed substantial cost savings and a strong return on investment, making the system a financially viable solution for energy efficient building management.

This study is motivated by conditions affecting the scalp and hair, one of which is hair loss. To prevent this issue, hair care is conducted using hair tonic as it is more effective in nourishing hair. The objective of this research is to analyze the effect of hair loss treatment through the use of hair tonic made from Green Spinach Leaves, applied once a week and twice a week over a one-month period. This research employs a quasi-experimental method with a Nonequivalent Control Group Design. The population consists of students from the Beauty and Aesthetics Department, class of 2020. Sampling is conducted using Purposive Sampling technique. Data collection methods include observation, documentation, and assessment sheets. Data analysis techniques utilized are Normality Test, Homogeneity Test, and Hypothesis Test. The results of the Normality Test indicate that the data is normally distributed, with significance scores of 0.120 for the control group (X₀), 0.200 for Experimental Group 1 (X₁), and 0.200 for Experimental Group 2 (X₂). The Homogeneity Test yields a significance value of 0.327, which is greater than 0.05, indicating that the data is homogeneous. Based on the ANOVA test, the significance score is 0.001, which is less than 0.05, leading to the acceptance of the alternative hypothesis (Ha). This indicates significant differences among the three groups, which is further analyzed using Duncan's test. The results conclude that the control group (X₀) with an average of 96.42 significantly differs from Experimental Group 1 (X₁) with an average of 68.33, while X₁ does not significantly differ from Experimental Group 2 (X₂) with an average of 62.33. Thus, it is concluded that there is a significant difference between X₀ and X₁, while X₁ and X₂ do not differ significantly.