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A research about study of sandstone slope stability using the Bishop Simplified method in Uu Samarinda has been conducted. This study was conducted to analyze the rebound number values of sandstone slopes, evaluate their stability level, and calculate the safety factor using the Bishop method. The results showed that the rebound number values were 22.34 at point 1, 19.83 at point 2, and 18.07 at point 3. The Uniaxial Compressive Strength (UCS) values at the observation points were 1.90 MPa, 1.62 MPa, and 2.21 MPa, respectively. Geological Strength Index (GSI) evaluation indicated a rating of 80–85, demonstrating intact/massive rock structure, fresh and unweathered rock surfaces, and very good rock quality. Based on the Bishop method analysis, the slope factor of safety in 6.525  with a probability of failure is 0.000%, indicating that the sandstone slope in Ulu Samarinda is highly stable even under external pressures such as heavy rainfall or minor earthquakes. This study provides crucial information on the mechanical characteristics and stability of sandstone slopes in ulu Samarinda, which can serve as a reference for technical planning, geotechnical risk mitigation, and the sustainable development of safe areas.

The limited number of studies examining organizational communication patterns within technical government institutions a research gap, particularly in understanding how communication mechanisms are implemented by public relations units in technical based governmental organizations. This research aims to identify the communication patterns applied by the Public Relations Unit of the Geological Survey Center (PSG) in Bandung, as well as the supporting factors and challenges encountered in its implementations. The study employs a qualitative descriptive approach wih data collected through interviews, observations, and literature review. The findings reveal that the organizational communication pattern operates in multiple directions using both formal communication channels, such as official letters and scheduled meetings through the Nadine system, and informal channels, including face-to-face interactions and digital messaging through WhatsApp. Supporting factors in the communication process include leadership support, a well-defined organizational structure, a collaborative work culture, and the availability of adequate communication facilities and media. However, several constraints remain, including technical and non-tehcnical challenges such as varying work priorities, inconsistents responses times, and unstable network connectivity during field activities.

The 2006 Yogyakarta earthquake, with a magnitude of 6.3 Mw, caused severe structural damage and significant casualties, highlighting the high seismic vulnerability in the Special Region of Yogyakarta (DIY). Tectonic activity in this region is strongly influenced by the subduction of the Indo-Australian Plate beneath the Eurasian Plate and the presence of active faults, particularly the Opak Fault. Local geological conditions dominated by young volcanic deposits and unconsolidated alluvial sediments further enhance seismic wave amplification. This study aims to estimate the Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) in Prambanan District using the empirical McGuire (1977) attenuation relationship based on parameters from the 2006 earthquake. Analysis was conducted on 113 observation points to map the spatial distribution of ground acceleration. The results indicate that PGA values range from 29.2 to 35.6 gal, with the highest values concentrated in the southern and southeastern parts of Prambanan, characterized by alluvial deposits of the Opak River. In contrast, lower PGA values occur in the northern area underlain by more consolidated young volcanic materials. These findings emphasize the significant influence of lithology and geomorphology on local site response to seismic shaking. The results provide an important basis for seismic hazard assessment and mitigation planning in Prambanan and surrounding areas.

The Special Region of Yogyakarta (DIY) is characterized by high seismic activity due to its proximity to the subduction zone and the presence of active fault systems, particularly the Opak Fault. The 2006 Yogyakarta earthquake revealed significant vulnerability in local building structures and highlighted the complex geological conditions governing seismic wave propagation. This study aims to calculate and map the Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) distribution in Prambanan District, Klaten Regency—one of the areas closest to the 2006 earthquake source. PGA values were estimated using the McGuire attenuation relationship, based on a moment magnitude of Mw 6.3 and the hypocentral distance to 88 observation points distributed at approximately 900-meter intervals. The resulting PGA map indicates values ranging from 26.7 to 31.7 gal, with a clear spatial trend showing increasing intensity from the northern to the southern parts of the study area. Higher PGA values occur in regions near the Opak Fault and in areas dominated by unconsolidated volcanic deposits of the young Merapi formation. These loose sediments amplify seismic waves, resulting in stronger ground motion compared to areas composed of more compact sedimentary rocks. The spatial pattern of PGA corresponds well with the distribution of structural damage recorded during the 2006 earthquake. The findings emphasize the significant role of local geology and fault proximity in shaping seismic hazard levels. Consequently, this study provides essential insights for disaster mitigation strategies, land-use planning, and structural vulnerability assessment within the Prambanan area.

Blasting and crushing are essential stages in the limestone mining process; however, both stages may contribute to material volume loss due to technical factors and geological conditions. This study aims to analyze the blasted volume, crushed volume, and the amount of volume loss occurring throughout these processes. The research utilizes primary data including blasting geometry, blasting patterns, crushing production, and secondary data such as regional geology and equipment specifications. Based on 15 blasting activities conducted from October to December 2024, the total blasted volume reached 71,691 tons with an average powder factor of 0.23 kg/m³. Meanwhile, the total volume produced from secondary crushing was 71,575 tons. The comparison indicates volume loss influenced by suboptimal fragmentation, rock characteristics, work efficiency of the crushing unit, and operational constraints in the field. The results of this study are expected to serve as a reference for optimizing blasting design and crushing operations to minimize volume loss and improve overall mining productivity.

The stability of slopes in open-pit coal mining in Indonesia is significantly influenced by geological faults, which are a major factor causing slope failures. This study aims to examine the impact of faults on slope stability by conducting a systematic literature review of 25 scientific publications from 2018 to 2025. The results indicate that faults and fault zones consistently reduce rock mass integrity through several mechanisms, including stress concentration in weak zones, the formation of preferential sliding surfaces, amplification of hydro-mechanical effects from groundwater and rainfall, and the reduction of rock strength parameters. Case studies in Kalimantan and Sumatra confirm these mechanisms with slope failures aligning with fault orientations. Kinematic and numerical analyses using the Limit Equilibrium Method (LEM), Finite Element Method (FEM), and Distinct Element Method (DEM) show a reduction in the safety factor (SF) by up to 36% on slopes affected by faults. Practical recommendations include continuous monitoring using Slope Stability Radar (SSR), optimization of slope geometry with angles < 18° in fault zones, groundwater control, reinforcement with anchors and bolting, and UAV-based discontinuity mapping for hazard zoning. This study concludes that managing slopes in fault zones requires an integrated approach combining detailed geological investigation, multi-method numerical analysis, real-time monitoring, and specific mitigation design.

This study was conducted to evaluate the level of conformity between actual mining activities in March 2025 and the monthly sequence design plan at PT Tama Raya's P3000BK14 pit. The evaluation focused on geometric deviations, volume achievement, and changes in field conditions that influenced these discrepancies. The data used included the sequence design, actual topography from the TLS (Low-Scale Land Survey), and weekly production realizations. The results showed significant discrepancies between the planned and actual operations in weeks 2 and 4, primarily in the form of overcuts, undercuts, non-designed contour changes, thinning of the coal seam, and hydrological obstacles such as ponding and unstable drainage. The R2 sequence redesign in week 4 proved to improve the overburden excavation flow but did not fully restore coal access due to persistent geological and water conditions. These findings emphasize the need for more rapid topographic updates, more intensive water handling, and interdepartmental coordination to ensure better synchronization of plans and operations.

This literature study evaluates the accuracy of the Slope Mass Rating (SMR) method for coal mine slope stability in Indonesia through a systematic descriptive synthesis of 25 empirical studies from 2020 to 2025. The objectives of the study were to identify the level of SMR prediction accuracy, factors affecting the method's performance, and modifications required for local Indonesian conditions. The research method involved a systematic search with inclusion criteria for empirical studies reporting SMR and/or Safety Factor (SF) values ​​for coal mines and associated slopes in Indonesia. Quantitative analysis showed a range of reported SMR values ​​between 41 and 96 with a median of 72, while SF values ​​ranged from 1.137 to 4.09 for normal operational conditions. The synthesis results indicated that SMR provides a consistent stability classification for initial slope design and failure mode identification (planar, wedge, toppling), with historical validation showing a correlation of up to 91.23% between SMR-based hazard zoning and actual field events in some cases. Key limitations include dependence on discontinuity data quality, sensitivity to groundwater conditions and tropical weathering, and variation in the interpretation of adjustment factors F1-F4. Modifications such as NAAF23 and integration with numerical modeling have been shown to improve prediction reliability. It is recommended that coal mining practitioners combine SMR with kinematic analysis and limit equilibrium modeling as standard operating procedures, and develop adjustment factors specific to Indonesian geological conditions. Further research should focus on standardizing parameter reporting and cross-site quantitative validation to enable more robust statistical meta-analyses.  

Carbonate rocks are one of the most important geological resources with a significant role in various industrial sectors, particularly as the main raw material in cement, lime, and construction industries. This study aims to review the characteristics, quality, and industrial potential of three major carbonate rock types—limestone, dolomite, and marble—based on relevant scientific literature. The research employed a literature review method using a qualitative-descriptive approach through analysis and synthesis of previous studies. Data were collected from scientific publications addressing the mineralogical, chemical, and physical aspects of carbonate rocks and their implications for industrial performance. The findings indicate that the quality of carbonate rocks is largely determined by mineral composition (calcite and dolomite), chemical purity (CaO and MgO), and the presence of impurities such as silica, alumina, and iron oxides. High-purity limestone rich in calcite is identified as the most efficient raw material for cement and lime industries due to its stable processing behavior and lower energy requirements. Conversely, dolomite with high magnesium content requires process adjustments to prevent excessive MgO formation during calcination. Marble, both in natural and waste powder form, shows promising potential as a supplementary material in sustainable cement production. Overall, this study emphasizes that understanding the mineralogical and chemical variations of carbonate rocks is essential for optimizing their processing strategies and promoting sustainable industrial utilization 

This community service program aims to enhance the understanding of Geology Engineering students at Universitas Sulawesi Tenggara regarding environmentally sustainable mining practices. The education was delivered through lectures, interactive discussions, and local case studies relevant to mining activities in Southeast Sulawesi. These methods were chosen to encourage active participation and ensure the materials were contextually relevant to the students’ local environment and future professional field. The results indicate that students gained new insights into the implementation of good mining practice, post-mining reclamation, and mining and environmental regulations, which fostered greater awareness of the environmental and social impacts of mining. In addition, the program facilitated critical thinking and encouraged students to analyze real-world mining problems from a sustainability perspective. Consequently, this program not only improved students’ environmental literacy but also developed a sense of responsibility and commitment to supporting sustainable mining practices. It is expected that the knowledge gained will influence their future decisions as professionals in the mining sector, promoting a more sustainable and responsible industry.

Reservoir heterogeneity has long been recognized as a critical factor influencing the efficiency of enhanced oil recovery (EOR) methods. Among the techniques applied, cyclic waterflooding is considered one of the promising approaches due to its relatively simple operational design and potential to improve sweep efficiency. This method involves alternating water injection in specific cycles to mobilize trapped oil and redistribute reservoir pressure. However, the variation in geological properties such as porosity, permeability, and fluid saturation creates challenges in achieving uniform displacement, especially in reservoirs with high heterogeneity. Understanding the role of heterogeneity is therefore crucial for optimizing cyclic waterflooding applications. This study applies a literature review approach by synthesizing findings from previous experimental and field studies that evaluated cyclic waterflooding under different reservoir conditions. The analysis compares the performance of cyclic water injection periods across reservoirs characterized by varying levels of heterogeneity. Parameters such as injection rate, water breakthrough time, and oil recovery factor were considered in evaluating the effectiveness of this method. The results highlight that reservoirs with high heterogeneity often experience uneven fluid distribution, leading to early water breakthrough and reduced oil recovery. In contrast, reservoirs with relatively low heterogeneity tend to respond better to cyclic waterflooding, resulting in improved sweep efficiency and higher incremental recovery. Moreover, the optimization of cycle timing and water injection intervals appears to significantly mitigate the negative effects of heterogeneity. In conclusion, the study emphasizes that reservoir heterogeneity plays a decisive role in determining the success of cyclic waterflooding. Tailoring injection strategies based on geological variability is essential to maximize recovery efficiency. Future research should focus on integrating advanced reservoir characterization techniques with adaptive cyclic flooding models to further enhance oil production outcomes.

Gorontalo Province is an area with a high level of disaster vulnerability, both from hydrometeorological disasters such as floods and landslides, as well as geological disasters such as earthquakes. This condition requires an integrated, modern, and sustainable disaster training facility. Unfortunately, until now Gorontalo does not have a representative disaster management education and training center to support community preparedness. This research aims to design a Disaster Management Education and Training Center that not only functions as an education and simulation place, but also integrates green architecture principles to create an environmentally friendly and energy-efficient learning environment. The method used is qualitative descriptive with primary data collection through observation, interviews with stakeholders, and field documentation. Secondary data were obtained from literature studies, disaster architectural precedents, and spatial planning regulatory studies. The design site was chosen in Limboto District with considerations of accessibility, development potential, and geographical conditions. Analysis is carried out on spatial, functional, and climatological aspects to produce an optimal zoning concept and the orientation of building masses according to the tropical climate. The design results show that an area of 19,371 m² can accommodate all space needs with the utilization of KDB of 25.4%. The application of green architecture is realized through the use of environmentally friendly local materials, natural lighting, cross ventilation, solar panels, and rainwater management systems. The simulation facilities for floods, landslides, earthquakes, and fires are designed based on experiential learning so that participants can experience disaster scenarios firsthand. This design is expected to be a model of sustainable tropical disaster architecture, replicate in other disaster-prone areas, and encourage the creation of a disaster-aware culture. This research also opens up further research opportunities related to energy performance evaluation and the application of digital technology in disaster education.

This study aims to describe and analyze the natural landscape of Banyuwangi as experienced on the journey to Ijen Crater. Using a descriptive qualitative approach, this study records the physical, ecological, social, and emotional transformation of the landscape through direct observation, visual documentation, and reflective narratives. Ijen Crater as a natural tourism destination not only presents geological phenomena such as blue fire and acid lakes, but also represents a mosaic of landscapes that include agricultural zones, montane forests, community activities, and tourism dynamics. The findings show that the journey to Ijen Crater shows the complexity of landscape elements, the involvement of local communities in managing the space, and the appreciation of tourists that form personal and spiritual meanings. The conclusion of this study is that the journey is not just a physical movement, but a means to understand the relationship between humans and living nature. The implications of this study underline the importance of participatory and sustainable landscape-based ecotourism management.

  This research is motivated by the importance of disaster education from an early age, particularly in disaster-prone areas such as Indonesia, and the need for innovative learning media to enhance students' preparedness. Therefore, the researcher chose documentary films as a learning medium, as they present objects, concepts, or processes in a concrete and realistic manner. Consequently, documentary films serve not only as a learning resource but also as a means for students to understand appropriate actions for disaster mitigation and adaptation.The objectives of this study are to determine the effect of documentary film as a learning medium on students' cognitive abilities, to examine the effect on students' psychomotor skills, and to assess the extent to which cognitive abilities influence psychomotor skills.The research method used is quantitative with an experimental approach. The subjects of this study were students of class XI-H at SMAN 1 Karangan, Trenggalek. The instruments used included cognitive ability tests, psychomotor project assessments, and reports. Data analysis techniques involved the use of t-tests and regression analysis, calculated using IBM SPSS Statistics 26. The results showed that the use of documentary film as a learning medium had a positive effect on students' psychomotor abilities. This is supported by the results of a simple linear regression test, which produced a significance value (Sig. 2-tailed) of 0.015 < 0.05, indicating that H₀ is rejected and H₁ is accepted.

Geologically, Indonesia is an archipelagic country that is prone to natural disasters, this is due to Indonesia's geographical location which is surrounded by three earth plates, namely the Eurasian plate, the Indo-Australian plate, and the Pacific plate. As a result of the meeting of the three global plates, Indonesia is located on the path of the fire mountains or what is known as the Ring of Fire which makes Indonesia prone to natural disasters in the form of volcanic eruptions, natural disasters, earthquakes, tsunamis, landslides, floods, droughts, and others. Every region is vulnerable to natural disasters, both those directly influenced by nature and those influenced by humans. Natural disasters can have negative impacts in the form of economic losses, building damage, and loss of life. One effort to anticipate the negative impacts of natural disasters is through disaster mitigation. The purpose of this PKM Activity is to Teach the Community about Community-Based Disaster Management Through the Alert Village in Pagertoyo. Because emergencies can happen anytime and anywhere without exception, the method of implementing the activity consists of the preparation stage by providing socialization, implementation by providing training, assistance and evaluation. The results of the activity showed that most participants understood the material on Community-Based Disaster Management Through the Alert Village. The community is able to demonstrate disaster simulations for evacuating disaster victims and is able to demonstrate resuscitation on victims with respiratory arrest. With this PKM, it is hoped that the community will be able to carry out disaster mitigation to help disaster victims by evacuating victims and can help provide assistance to victims who have experienced respiratory arrest.

Durability is defined as a measure of a rock's resistance to weathering and disintegration when the rock undergoes weathering processes over a short period of time. The susceptibility of rocks to disintegration is related to their low durability. Rock durability is often measured using the slake durability test. The slake durability test is widely used to assess physical changes resulting from wetting-drying processes (Franklin and Chandra, 1972). Therefore, slake durability testing is conducted to understand the weathering of rocks caused by heat and water, particularly clay stones which are one of the constituent rocks on a slope. The sampling location is around Sanga-sanga and Muara Badak. Sampling was conducted with coordinate points and the Balikpapan and Kampungbaru formations. The claystone samples taken were then brought to the Mineral and Coal Technology Laboratory of the Engineering Faculty of Mulawarman University for Slake Durability tests. In this study, the lowest index value obtained was 45.7% and the highest value was 93%, indicating high to very high durability. The difference in the durability index values of claystone at the research locations indicates the presence of variables that can affect the slake durability index values of the claystone in the Balikpapan and Kampungbaru formations, including grain size and mineral content as well as geological conditions at the research site. Based on the results of the claystone durability tests, the durability index value (Id2) was obtained, indicating that the sandstone at the research location falls into the classification of high to low.

A landslide that occurred on May 24, 2024, in Pekon Datarajan, Ulubelu District, Tanggamus, Lampung, caused significant disruption to provincial road access and resulted in material losses. This study aims to assess the post-failure slope stability through field geotechnical investigation and numerical analysis using the Limit Equilibrium Method (LEM), and to propose immediate countermeasures. The slope materials consist of MH (inorganic silt) and ML (elastic silt) with high moisture content and moderate to high swelling potential. The lithology is dominated by montmorillonite clay, which has hygroscopic characteristics, making it highly vulnerable to water infiltration that reduces shear strength and increases the risk of slope failure. Stability analysis indicates a post-failure factor of safety (FoS) of 1.36 (static loading) and 1.03 (dynamic loading), which decreases to 1.07 beneath raised groundwater conditions. Recommended immediate mitigation includes surface runoff control, the construction of impermeable drainage systems, the sealing of cracks using impermeable materials, and the installation of temporary slope reinforcements such as sheet piles. The implementation of these measures increased the FoS to 1.61 (static loading) and 1.16 (dynamic loading). This study provides a technical basis for the rapid and effective mitigation of landslides in areas with similar geological and hydrological conditions.

Disposal area is an area at an open pit mine that is used as a place to store or dispose of worthless materials. Disposal must also follow the specified safety factor standards, if the disposal design is not safe after being analyzed by a geotechnical engineer, the design must be redesigned to achieve the desired safety factor value. One way to increase the fk value is to make a Counterweight plan in making disposal. Where Counterweight is a fill material that is made with special treatment so that the soil bearing capacity increases which functions to withstand the load on it. Landslides on disposal slopes are one of the serious problems faced in mining activities, especially in areas with vulnerable geological and topographic conditions. PT Jembayan Muarabara, which operates in Marangkayu District, Kutai Kartanegara Regency, East Kalimantan Province, is no exception to this challenge. The A–A’ cross section shows a safety factor value of 1.118 in saturated conditions, which indicates that the slope is at a stable limit and needs to be improved through engineering such as adding counterweights. The B–B’ cross-section has a safety factor value of 2.332, which is included in the safe category and has met the provisions of the ESDM Ministerial Decree No. 1827 K/30/MEM/2018. The C-C’ cross-section has a safety factor value of 1.511, which is included in the safe category and has met the provisions of the ESDM Ministerial Decree No. 1827 K/30/MEM/2018.

Amethyst crystal is one type of rock that is widely studied in the field of geology, especially because of its beauty and interesting formation process. Amethyst is a variety of quartz mineral (SiO2) that is purple in color due to the presence of oxidized iron ions. As a mineral that is often used in jewelry, amethyst also has high economic value. The Geological Museum often displays amethyst crystals to provide more insight into the geological processes that occur beneath the earth's surface and the importance of recognizing various types of minerals and rocks. The purpose of exhibiting Amethyst Crystals at the Geological Museum is to provide information and knowledge to the public about the geological properties of Amethyst Crystals and their role in the world of geology and their formation process. The implications of Amethyst Crystals provide deeper insight into the geological and mineralogical processes to the public, thereby increasing understanding of the earth and nature.

West Sumatra, situated at the convergence of the Indo-Australian and Eurasian tectonic plates, experiences frequent earthquakes and aftershocks due to the complex geological setting. This study utilizes the Omori-Utsu method, a modified version of Omori’s law by seismologist Tokiji Utsu, to estimate aftershock duration. Data on aftershocks from significant earthquakes (magnitude ≥5.5M) between 2021 and 2023 were accessed through the BMKG earthquake catalog. The study finds that aftershock durations vary significantly depending on the earthquake's tectonic origin. The longest recorded aftershock duration occurred after the West Pasaman earthquake on February 22, 2022, lasting 21 days, while the shortest was one day following the Mentawai earthquake on September 11, 2022. These variations highlight the influence of tectonic structures on aftershock activity, with subduction zones exhibiting shorter decay times. This research provides critical insights into earthquake behavior, aiding in disaster preparedness and mitigation strategies for the West Sumatra region.