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Evolution is characterized by changes over time with one or more inherited traits that we often find in populations of organisms. Fossils themselves can be said to be traces/remains/marks of a life of an organism (animal/plant) that can be directly or indirectly preserved with the earth's crust, naturally occurring and usually solid/hard with a geological age of more than 11,000 years. Horse evolution is one of the interesting adaptations, with morphological changes related to environmental changes. The purpose of this study was to determine the evolution of horses from the fossils found and, to find out how to adapt and the changes that occur from the environment and factors of natural selection. The method used in this study is a literature review from several reference sources. Horse evolution shows how species can adapt to the environment through significant morphological changes, such as a reduction in the number of fingers and an increase in body size. and the role of natural selection in forming physical characteristics that support survival.

This article discusses the socialization activities of geological mapping, regional drainage, and groundwater basins (CAT) in Sadeng Village aimed at increasing public understanding of the conditions of their area in order to prevent landslides. This socialization involved various parties, including local agencies, academics, and community leaders, with a focus on geological conditions, drainage systems, and potential groundwater basins in the area. The methods used included field surveys, participatory mapping, and Focus Group Discussions (FGD) to identify geological conditions and major problems in the drainage system and groundwater management. The results of this activity showed that the community began to understand the conditions of the area, realized the importance of protecting the environment and was actively involved in improving the drainage system and groundwater management. The recommendations prepared included construction solutions according to the results of geological mapping, and improvements to drainage infrastructure. This socialization is expected to be a model for implementation in other areas with similar environmental characteristics.

This research aims to evaluate the governance of the Breksi Cliff Tourism destination in Yogyakarta based on the Sapta Pesona indicators. Breksi Cliff, which was originally a mining site, has developed into an attractive geological tourism destination thanks to the creative efforts of the local community. This research used a survey method by distributing questionnaires to 170 tourists who visited Tebing Breksi. The analysis was carried out using Importance Performance Analysis (IPA) to identify gaps between the level of importance and performance of Sapta Pesona indicators consisting of security, order, cleanliness, coolness, beauty, friendliness and memories. The results of the analysis show that most of the indicators are in quadrants I and II, which means they are considered important by tourists but their performance varies. Indicators such as staff knowledge, cleanliness of toilets and environmental planning are considered important and have good performance, while road access and prompt service require improvement. Based on these results, it is recommended to maintain good performance and improve aspects that have not met tourist expectations in order to improve the quality of tourism and the competitiveness of Tebing Breksi as a geological tourism destination.

This paper assesses the capacity-building program for tour guides in Pokdarwis KWIK Berkah Mandiri at Adiluhur Tourism Village, aimed at supporting Kebumen Regency’s bid for UNESCO Global Geopark status by 2024. The program utilizes a participatory approach with intensive training and workshops to enhance knowledge, communication skills, and storytelling related to local geological and cultural heritage. English language training is also included to improve interactions with international tourists. Featured on Asterdewi.id, the new "Go English Geopark" program contributes to better service quality, enhanced tourist experiences, and increased local engagement in geopark promotion and conservation. The program plays a significant role in Kebumen’s goal of achieving UNESCO Global Geopark status.

Groundwater is dynamic and influenced by a number of natural factors. Geology and geomorphology greatly determine the condition of the soil in an area. The geological structure influences the direction of groundwater movement, the type and thickness of the aquifer. The Karubaga District in Tolikara Regency is an area with a morphology of mountains, hills and valleys so it has the potential for rivers and streams that can be used as a source of raw water. Identification of the depth of the groundwater level in the Karubaga District is carried out using tools in the form of the AIDU Golden Rod (AGR), which is a special geophysical study instrument that provides a detailed vertical picture 300 m into the ground surface to read the resistivity values of rocks and aquifers by measuring the natural electric field

The natural disaster is one of the phenomena that can occur at any time, anywhere and anytime. The most common disasters are floods, landslides, tornadoes and earthquakes, which can cause damage, loss of life and even loss of life. The conditions of Tabaroge Village and its surroundings are prone to flooding geographically, geologically, hydrologically and demographically. The condition of the East Luwu Regency area is at the confluence of several earth tectonic plates. Therefore, most of the potential disaster threats are in the Tabaroge Village area and its surroundings. Based on the occurrence of natural disasters in East Luwu Regency in recent years, which occurred in several villages. Judging from the characteristics of the Tabaroge Village area, Efforts to Reduce Disaster Risk in Rural Areas by Utilising Remote Sensing Imagery aims to provide information on locations that have disaster risk. This research uses the analysis methods of Standardised Precipitation Index (SPI), Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Normalised Difference Water Index (NDWI), Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI) and Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) for data exploration using Arcmap (GIS). In future development, it is expected to be able to implement disaster risk reduction by utilising remote sensing imagery in Tabaroge Village, East Luwu Regency.

The bearing capacity of the soil is the support of the foundation, where the foundation transmits the loads derived from the weight of the building itself and the loads acting on the building to the surrounding soil. The purpose of this paper is to determine the handling of seepage and soil reinforcement needed in the case study of the Margatiga Dam Project, East Lampung. Based on the results of geological investigations, the Margatiga Dam is composed of a quarter-aged rock layer with a fragment composition of fine sand - gravel, with a soft - hard hardness level and the need for foundation repair. Based on the lithological conditions of the Margatiga Dam Extraction Gate foundation and the Spillway building which are composed of relatively deep and quite porous alluvial sand deposits, this causes the curtain grouting results to be ineffective, therefore it is necessary to change the seepage control design from the Grouting Curtain to the boundary wall. Based on the simulation check in Plaxis Software for Seepage and Excavation Staging, processing was carried out using Secant Pile and Soldier Pile with a depth of 30 meters with a stretch of 140 m and overlapping with Curtain Grouting of Embankment Dam on the left side and 5 m right side. Field PMT results showed that the maximum stress of the rock layer under the spillway foundation was 0.016 MPa and 0.630 MPa.    

Geologically, Indonesia is located along the Ring of Fire, a volcanic line that surrounds the Pacific Ocean, making Indonesia a vulnerable country and has the potential to experience natural disasters. This is not proportional to the ability and readiness of the community in dealing with natural disasters. This community service socialization and disaster mitigation simulation was carried out to Kemala Bhayangkari 9 Waru Junior High School Students which aims to provide education to be alert when facing natural disasters, especially earthquakes. This socialization and simulation is very effective as seen from the students practicing the simulations that we demonstrate, so it can also be assessed that students really understand and are ready if there is a natural disaster

Rock strength has an important role in the mining industry. These forces can determine many aspects of mining such as slope geometry, excavation, blasting, and drilling. Rock strength can include tensile strength, compressive strength, and shear strength. In this case, the test is carried out to determine the correlation of uniaxial compressive strength and indirect tensile strength. The method used to determine the correlation of compressive strength and indirect tensile strength is by linear regression approach, which will then be analyzed for accuracy through Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), and Mean Absolute Percentage error (MAPE). This study used quantitative and qualitative methods, starting from the coordinate data of rock sampling locations, physical properties and mechanical properties. In this study, there were 6 sampling locations located in 2 different areas, namely Loa Janan and Sanga-sanga. The secondary data used are regional geological maps and maps of the area where the study is located. Furthermore, secondary data is processed using Arcgis software for mapping, and using Microsoft Excel software to assist in calculations in determining the value of physical and mechanical properties of rocks. The results of the compressive and tensile strength tests in this study showed a perfect corelation using linear regression, namely UCS= 3.9582 σt - 0.4004, with a correlation coefficient (R) of 0.972 and a determination coefficient (R2) of 0.945. and obtained RMSE 0.033 and MAPE 5.89%.

The determination of changes in the land surface is an event caused by changes in the volume of the rock layer below. and geological processes such as tectonic and volcanic activity, removal of material from the subsurface such as mining and natural causes such as the occurrence of holes in limestone. The purpose of this study is to determine the magnitude of land surface changes that occur in the Nias Island area caused by earthquakes. The data used in the processing stage with the DinSAR method in 2022 recording, with specifications of dual polarization VV + VH, beam mode IW (interferometric wide) and flight direction ascending. Sentinel 1 data used in this study are 4 pairs of scans, where each pair of scans consists of one scans being the master and another scans being the slave. The master image is the SAR image before the earthquake, while the slave image is after the earthquake. The magnitude of land surface changes that occurred on Nias Island, based on the 2022 earthquake, the largest uplift was the earthquake on December 30, 2022, with a range of values (1.012042) mm with an area of 72,641,981 Hectares. The largest subsidence occurred in the earthquake on December 30, 2022, with a range of values ranging from (-1.373125) mm to (-1.235427) mm with an area of 61347,891 Hectares.

Indonesia, as a country with complex geological conditions due to the convergence of various tectonic plates, is highly susceptible to natural disasters such as earthquakes, tsunamis, and volcanic eruptions. The city of Semarang, as the capital of Central Java Province, also frequently faces disasters such as floods, landslides, and earthquakes. Predicting the occurrence of natural disasters becomes crucial to mitigate the negative impacts they cause. This study uses the Markov chain method to predict natural disasters in the city of Semarang based on disaster data from 2018-2022. The prediction results indicate a 16% chance of floods, 34% chance of landslides, 10% chance of tornadoes, 22% chance of fires, and 17% chance of falling trees in 2023. Validation of the predictions against actual data for 2023 shows a relatively good match for floods and fires, but there are significant differences in the predictions for tornadoes and falling trees. These results indicate that the Markov chain method has potential in predicting disaster occurrences, but accuracy improvements are needed to account for weather variability and dynamic environmental factors. This research is expected to assist the government and society in enhancing disaster preparedness and mitigation in the future.

The Equator Pasaman Geopark area, with its natural beauty and cultural diversity, is a potential destination to be developed. Equator Pasaman Geopark is a geopark located in West Sumatra, Indonesia, which combines geological, biological, and cultural diversity. In addition to being an attractive tourist destination, this geopark also plays a role in the preservation of nature and culture, as well as sustainable local economic development. The uniqueness of the geopark, such as its location on the equator line, national history with the figure of Tuanku Imam Bonjol, and biodiversity, make it a valuable asset for tourism promotion and environmental education. Service activities were carried out at the National Cross Tourism Competition (LAWNAS). The purpose of this community service activity is the promotion of geoparks, environmental promotion, cultural preservation, local economic development, increasing tourism, and external party partnerships. The research method is to identify service to the integrated tourism system, then organize competitions, as well as promotion and marketing of geotourism and finally environmental education and conservation. The parties involved in this activity include local governments, communities, and community service teams. The results of this community service activity show that all contribute and are actively involved in this activity, thus making a positive contribution to the development of local tourism

Landslides are natural disasters that can result in loss of life and property. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out inventory research on areas prone to landslides. The model applied to determine the point of distribution of landslide disasters and areas of potential distribution of landslide disasters is a qualitative descriptive spatial method. Several factors that cause landslides are geology, rock properties, stratigraphy, geological structure, level of weathering and seismicity, climate, rainfall, thick soil, solum. , slope topography, vegetation density and human land use. The results of the analysis show that in Jayaura Regency, Sentani District, there are 3 classes of landslide hazard levels, namely not vulnerable, somewhat vulnerable, quite vulnerable, and vulnerable. In general, Jayapura Regency, Sentani sub-district, is quite prone to the spread of landslides, but there are three sub-districts that are vulnerable, namely Hinekombe sub-district, Sentani village, Bart, Sentani sub-district, Sereh village in the middle and Sentani sub-district, Tollan village,      

This research aims to investigate and optimize drilling strategies as an effort to increase production efficiency in the geological context of oil and gas production. Effective drilling is a key element in the exploitation of hydrocarbon resources, and this research combines geological analysis and drilling techniques to achieve optimal results. This study begins with an in-depth characterization of the physical and chemical properties of the reservoir rocks to understand the geological challenges faced. Next, existing drilling techniques are evaluated and analyzed in the context of a particular production field. The results of this analysis are the basis for developing an integrative model that combines aspects of geology and drilling techniques.Through this approach, this research aims to identify potential improvements in drilling strategies that could significantly increase production. Simulation and modeling results illustrate the positive impact of implementing optimized drilling strategies on production efficiency and hydrocarbon recovery. The conclusions of this research provide a new perspective on the importance of integration between geological science and drilling techniques in achieving efficient production goals. It is hoped that these findings will provide practical guidance for the production geology industry to increase the sustainability of oil and gas production.